人文世界里的锹甲

锹甲作为一类观赏昆虫在人文世界里受到长久的关注,文章对人文世界里的锹甲进行回顾：综述不同国家和地区中锹甲的多种称谓;从历史文化角度追溯锹甲学名的由来、锹甲与天牛科学名的关系、欧洲宗教中的锹甲、民间故事与风俗中的锹甲;从艺术欣赏角度介绍锹甲与绘画、锹甲与邮票、锹甲与装饰;着眼与现实生活,对锹甲的综合现状进行评述,并总结锹甲作为物种正面临的问题,呼吁人们在欣赏锹甲的同时,更要关注锹甲的物种多样性保护。     

西藏地区锹甲科一中国新纪录种

记述采自西藏林芝地区锹甲科Lucanidae鬼锹甲属Prismognathus中国1新纪录种——吹拔氏鬼锹甲Prismognathus fukinukii Nagai,并给出了新纪录种的整体图,标本保存于西藏大学农牧学院。     

中国锹甲科六新纪录种

记述中国锹甲科6新纪录种:艾氏半刀锹甲Hemisodorcus arrowi Boileau,1911、叉齿莫锹甲Macrodorcas séguyi De Lisle,1955、锐眦新锹甲Neolucanus vicinus Pouillaude,1913、佛氏六节锹甲Hexarthrius forsteri、巨鹿锹甲Rhaetus westwoodi(Parry,1862)、戈齿前锹甲Prosopocoilus giraffa(Oliver,1789),并给出了6新纪录种的整体图。观察标本如无特殊说明均保存在中国科学院动物研究所昆虫标本馆。     

云南地区锹甲科一中国新纪录种

记述采自云南地区锹甲科Lucanidae深山锹甲属Lucanus中国1新纪录种——普氏深山锹甲Lucanus prossi Zilioli,2000,并给出了新纪录种的外形图,标本保存于贵州大学昆虫研究所。     

锹甲科昆虫后翅脉相分析及其分类学意义探讨

采用Bartolozzi & Sprecher(2006)分类系统,对锹甲科6亚科19属43种个体后翅脉相进行研究,从亚科阶元对翅脉性状进行描述与比较分析,初步探讨了后翅脉相的分类学意义:1)RA4脉与RP1脉是否融合以及RA3+4端部是否反折等特征在不同亚科间差异明显,可作为亚科分类检索的重要特征;2)刀锹甲亚科Dorcinae与锹甲亚科Luncainae代表性属种后翅翅脉特征存在显著不同,表明Holloway(2007)将两者合并的结论并不适用于古北、东洋界种类;3)盾锹甲属Aegus应归入奥锹甲亚科Odontolabinae;柱锹甲属Prismognathus和环锹甲属Cyclommatus应归入锹甲亚科Lucaninae;4)不同属间后翅脉相特征为探讨疑难属广义刀锹甲属Dorcus(s.l.)的分类问题提供了参考。     

贵州省黔东南州锹甲科(鞘翅目:金龟总科)昆虫调查初报

对贵州省黔东南州的锹甲科Lucanidae(鞘翅目:金龟总科)昆虫进行调查研究,查视锹甲科昆虫标本100余号,鉴定得到锹甲8属19种(亚种),其中包括15个贵州新纪录种(亚种).所有查视标本保存在凯里学院昆虫标本室.     

内蒙古中生代锹甲化石(鞘翅目:金龟子总科:锹甲科)

文中记述内蒙古赤峰地区中生代锹甲化石2新属4新种.道虎沟中侏罗统的Juraesalus atavus gen.et sp.nov.是最古老的金龟总科化石.其余3种,Sinaesalus longipes gen.et sp.nov.,S.curvipes gen.et sp.nov.和S.tenuipes gen.et...     

全球锹甲的几何形态学数据集

几何形态学是通过定量分析手段对生物的形态特征在几何空间中的变化进行测量, 并将这些测量得到的信息转变为数字信息进行统计学分析以达到形态特征间比较的目的, 目前被越来越多地用于探索生物的特征进化和多样性研究。先前的研究通常提取、比对生物的间断性特征信息用以类群之间的划分, 针对连续性特征研究的缺乏使得有关生物进化和形态学的相关知识变得匮乏。锹甲(鞘翅目: 锹甲科)由于其性二型、雄虫多型性和独特的习性成为形态学研究的重要类群。基于此, 本研究中我们提供了一个包含1,302种锹甲成虫(涵盖全世界99%已知种)的形态学数据集, 数据集包含锹甲的典型的连续性特征, 即前胸背板和鞘翅的外轮廓形态。我们提供的数据集为甲虫的生物多样性、系统发育和进化生物学在内的多个学科的研究提供基础。     

锹甲的头部形态及常用分类特征

锹甲的外部形态纷繁多样,头部形态尤其复杂并导致种类鉴定混乱,有必要对其深入研究。文章介绍锹甲的头部形态,并以代表性属种为例,比较与讨论上颚、上唇、下颚和下唇、复眼、触角等常用分类特征及其分类学意义。     

彩虹锹甲不同发育阶段肠道真菌群落特征研究北大核心

【目的】肠道微生物中的真菌群落在宿主生命活动中具有多种功能。锹甲是常见的腐食性甲虫,但目前对其肠道真菌群落的研究较少,本研究分析彩虹锹甲(Phalacrognathus muelleri)不同发育阶段的肠道真菌群落结构和多样性,试图阐明彩虹锹甲在不同发育阶段中肠道真菌群落的特征。【方法】本研究通过高通量测序(Illumina MiSeq)技术对彩虹锹甲不同发育阶段(包括新生幼虫、成熟幼虫、成虫)之间肠道真菌群落结构进行比较研究,分析其α多样性、β多样性和功能预测。【结果】彩虹锹甲肠道优势真菌类群为假丝酵母属(Candida)、Phialocephala、青霉属(Penicillium)、烧瓶状霉属(Lecythophora)。肠道真菌群落组成与多样性在幼虫期和成虫期存在显著差异,成虫与幼虫食性差别可能是导致肠道真菌群落组成和多样性差异的重要原因。功能预测结果显示,幼虫肠道中含有更高的内共生菌多样性与相对丰度,说明幼虫可能更加依赖其肠道有益真菌来获得充分的养分。β零模型结果显示,成虫肠道对其真菌群落具有更强的过滤作用,从而选择特定的肠道真菌类群,导致成虫肠道真菌群落共现网络具有更高的稳定性,增强成虫对环境波动的适应能力。【结论】本研究发现彩虹锹甲不同发育阶段参与食物降解的功能真菌类型不同,幼虫可能对肠道真菌的依赖性更强,而成虫肠道较强的选择作用有助于选择特定真菌类群和保持肠道真菌群落稳定。本研究有助于更好理解锹甲肠道真菌群落的多样性,为开展腐栖甲虫作为生态系统重要功能群的利用与保护提供更多理论参考。     

Effects of Clearfell Harvesting on Lucanid Beetles (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) in Wet and Dry Sclerophyll Forests in Tasmania

The effects of commercial forestry harvest and regeneration practices (clearfelling and slash-burning) on the lucanid fauna of the wet sclerophyll forests of southern Tasmania and the dry sclerophyll forests of eastern Tasmania were examined using pitfall catches. Lucanids are saproxylic beetles, dependent on dead, moribund and decaying wood. Samples taken from old-growth forest and from a chronosequence of sites regenerating after logging, in each forest type, were used to compare the species richness and abundance of the lucanid assemblages. In both forest types, species richness and abundance was highest in the youngest regeneration sites (1–3 year), reflecting the species richness of the original and adjacent unlogged forest, lowest in the older (20–25 year) sites, and variable in the old-growth sites. TWINSPAN cluster analysis showed no clear distinction between regeneration and old-growth forest. The post-harvest slash and stump residue provided an important refugium and initial habitat, but our research indicates that some species may not maintain populations in the long term. Our results suggest that most species of lucanids will find a continuous supply of suitable habitat only in old-growth forests; and such species may become less common as clearfell harvesting leads to a replacement of heterogeneous old-growth forest with single-aged monospecific stands. Continuity of supply of wood in all decay stages, the maintenance of sufficient source areas, and biological connectivity between old-growth stands to enable dispersal, are all likely to be essential to maintain lucanid beetle community integrity. If similar principles apply to other saproxylic species of invertebrate, then clearfelling and slash-burning may cause a gradual extinction of an important element of the forest biota.     

Stag beetle fauna of Cambodia (Coleoptera: Lucanidae)

To date, no species catalogue of stag beetles (Lucanidae) has been compiled for Cambodia. According to the available literature, we assembled the checklist based on the previously recorded and recognized Cambodian lucanid species in the country. In the present paper, we newly record four species from Cambodia: Falcicornis axisopsis (Séguy, 1954); Neolucanus similis Bomans & Ratti, 1976; Prosopocoilus suturalis (Olivier, 1789); and Prosopocoilus jenkinsi (Westwood, 1848). An updated checklist of the Cambodian stag beetles is given. The total number of the Cambodian lucanid species has now reached 29, but this species count is considerably less diverse than those in neighboring countries. Our study suggested that this poor diversity is not primarily due to biogeography or small country size but to a lack of research effort.     

蕲州地区的蕲艾、青蒿、黄花蒿与茵陈的考订

<正> 蕲州是我国中药材主要产地之一,是湖北省蕲春县的一个集镇,,是我国中医药大师李时珍的家乡。该地区生长的菊科蒿属植物Artemisia Linn。颇多,其中入药的有十余种,并在李时珍《本草纲目》中曾有记载。这里仅对该地区常见入药的蕲艾、青蒿、黄花蒿与茵陈结合《本草纲目》记载的材料作初步的考订。     

Unintentional introductions of microscopic organisms associated with forest insects

International trade and travel are devastating native flora and fauna in many countries through the intentional and/or unintentional introduction of exotic organisms. Pathway control appears to be particularly effective for microscopic organisms such as mites, nematodes, and fungi that are difficult to see with the naked eye. However, taxonomic and ecological information on such organisms is scarce, sometimes causing time lags or failure in eradication programs. Several groups of mites, nematodes, and fungi commonly share a habitat with insects or use them as dispersal agents (phoresy). Some exotic mites and nematodes are introduced simultaneously with exotic insects, sometimes in wood materials. In Japan, mites, nematodes, and fungi have been collected from lucanid beetles introduced as pets from Southeast Asia. While no lethal nematode species have been collected from lucanid beetles, one hemolymph-sucking mite species, inhabiting the sub-elytral space of its native host, is able to easily switch to the Japanese beetle, Dorcus rectus, killing the insect. Yeasts have also been reported on exotic beetles and laboulbeniomycetes have been found on mites associated with the beetles, although their interactions are unknown. Despite the lack of information available about other mites, nematodes, and fungi associated with intentionally and unintentionally introduced forest insects, our analysis of insect species listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature suggests that unintentional introductions of the microscopic organisms are quite common as a consequence of the existence of symbiotic relationships such as phoresy and parasitism.     

被子植物非国产科汉名的初步拟订

报道了中国产12种苔藓植物染色体数目,结果为:壶苞苔Blasia pusilla,n=9;艳 绿光苔Cyathodium smaragdinum,n=9;紫背苔Plagiochasma rupestre,n=9;石地钱Rebou lia hemisphaerica,n=9;宽片叶苔Riccardia latifrons,n=10;尖叶美喙藓Eurhynchium eustegium,n=11;东亚沼羽藓Helodium sachalinense,n=11;白齿藓Leucodon sciuroides,     

论“风邪犯肺”的肺微生态失调与中医药干预

肺为"娇脏",易受风邪侵袭而出现咳嗽喘息等症状。研究发现,微生态的平衡对人体健康的保持意义重大。在本文中我们解释了中医病机"风邪犯肺",并从微生态失衡的角度来思考"风邪犯肺"的科学内涵,探讨风邪犯肺与微生态失衡的联系。认为中医药主要通过直接作用于微生物、改变机体内部环境以及肺—肠轴这三种途径来调整风邪犯肺导致的微生态失衡。旨在将现代研究理论与中医理论相结合,挖掘中医药在调整微生态失衡方面的可能作用机制和潜力,深入探讨中医认识疾病、治疗疾病的本质和优势,以期为微生态学的研究和中医药的现代化开拓思路。     

关于规范涉及喜马拉雅山的物种中文命名的建议

虽然国际生物科学联合会已经明确了“学名”的法定地位,但在实际工作中仍然离不开中文名的使用。本文通过对以“himalaya”拉丁化命名的6个属、402个物种,以及涉及“喜马拉雅山”的1个属、37个种中文名的分析,发现有3个属和35个物种中文名命名不规范。这些命名中不恰当的简化违反了地名法定原则、史料记载和行业惯例,由此提出修订不规范命名的建议。     

"Our Child Doesn't Talk to Us Anymore": Alienation in Immigrant Chinese Families

Drawing on ethnographic data on two Chinese immigrant families over a five-year period, I illustrate how and why growing alienation occurred in these families. My analysis shows that a host of developmental, immigration-related, and cultural factors lead to growing alienation in parent—child relations. Social class also plays an important role in shaping family relations after migration. This article complicates understandings of the Chinese American home context and provides educational anthropologists with a useful framework to understand changing dynamics in immigrant families.     

关于订正＂野茉莉＂一名的商榷

“野茉莉”一名出自清代的《植物名实图考》,曾长期作Styracaceae科、Styrax属的汉名,至今仍作S.japonica的汉名使用。但经考证,“野茉莉”的原植物系明代《草花谱》中的紫茉莉(Mirabilis jalapa)．因此,将Styracaceae、Styrax的科、属汉名订正为“安息香”是正确的、合理的;但“野茉莉”既属误称,便不宜再作种或变种的汉名使用。故建议对S.japonica及其变种var.colycothrix以及该属植物S.grandiflora的汉名作相应的订正。     

罂粟正名考

十世纪前罂粟传入中国后,随着岁月的迁移出现了大量的中文名称。其中不少的名称曾作为正名载于古籍。本文讨论了古代罂粟用名的混乱和正名的选用。