新生犊牛胰腺内分泌机能的某些特点

６头装有暂时性颈静脉血管瘘的黑白花品种新生犊牛,在从出生至１５日龄的围产期内每天测定血浆葡萄糖（Ｇ）、胰岛素（Ｉｎｓ）和胰高血糖素（Ｇｃ）的基本浓度,可见１日龄喂初乳前Ｇ、Ｉｎｓ和Ｇｃ的浓度分别是１１９６．０±１５２．２ｍｇ／Ｌ、（７．３３±１．４３）×１Ｏ３Ｕ／Ｌ和６８５．３９±９５．４２ｎｇ／Ｌ。Ｇ于第２天明显下降,第３天回升,以后相对稳定;Ｉｎｓ第２天升高,以后下降,５日龄后相对稳定;Ｇｃ４日龄内逐日下降,５日龄后达到相对稳定水平。第１天喂初乳引起Ｉｎｓ显著升高,Ｇｃ下降,Ｇ无变化或者降低;以后喂初乳或常乳均引起Ｉｎｓ和Ｇ一致性升高,进食引起的Ｉｎｓ释放反应随日龄增长明显增加,Ｇｃ下降。不同日龄时灌注精氨酸均引起Ｉｎｓ显著增加,Ｇｃ早期无显著变化,７日龄后显著增加,同时Ｇ并无明显变化。灌注Ｇ引起Ｇ和Ｉｎｓ两者都增加,Ｇｃ下降。随日龄增长胰岛Ｂ细胞对精氨酸和Ｇ的反应明显加强。     

N~+离子注入对不同辐射敏感性微生物超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响

以Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ和耐辐射生球菌（Ｄｅｉｎｏｃｏｃｃｕｓｒａｄｉｏｄｕｒａｎｓ）为试材,研究了Ｎ＾＋离子注入对其ＳＯＤ,ＣＡＴ和ＰＯＤ活性的影响及共对自由基的清除,结果表明：Ｄ．ｒａｄｉｏｄｕｒａｎｓ经Ｎ＾＋离子注入后ＳＯＤ和ＣＡＴ酶活高于Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ的,而ＰＯＤ酶活不仅很低于Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ的;随剂量的增大,两者ＳＯＤ和ＣＡＴ酶活均为增后减,只是其ＳＯＤ酶活的变化峰值对应剂量分别为６×１０＾１５Ｎ＾＋／     

高浓度CO2对三种澳大利亚园林植物插条的影响

在繁殖棚内昼夜施放ＣＯ２,使棚内ＣＯ２浓度保持在８００±１００μｌＬ－１,对三种澳大利亚园林植物：Ｃｈａｍｅｌａｕｃｉｕｍｕｎｃｉｎａｔｕｍ、Ｃｏｒｒｅａｒｅｆｌｅｘａ和Ｐｒｏｓｔａｎｔｈｅｒａｉｎｃｔｓａ进行插条试验。结果表明：高浓度ＣＯ２处理的Ｃｈａｍｅｌａｕｃｉｕｍｕｎｃｉｎａｔｕｍ和Ｃｏｒｒｅａｒｅｆｌｅｘａ插条干物质重量和淀粉含量显著增加,使插条出根早、出根率高和根量多,据后４０ｄ的插条出根率分别比对照高２６．６％和３３．４％．然而,同样的ＣＯ２处理对Ｐｒｏｓｔａｎｔｈｅｒａｉｎｃｉｓａ的插条没有明显影响。这可能是由于后者对ＣＯ２处理不敏感之故。     

丘陵旱作区农业产业结构优化模式的研究

丘陵旱作区农业产业结构优化模式的研究吴明根,张哲鸿,李宗铁,郑哲（延边农学院,１３３４００）ＢｒｅｅｄｉｎｇＳｔｒｕｃｔｕｒａｌＯｐｔｉｍｉｚｉｎｇＭｏｄｅｌｏｆＵｐｌａｎｄＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｎＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎｏｕｓＲｅｇｉｏｎ￥．ＷｕＭｉｎｇｇｅｎ;ＺｈａｎｇＺｈｅｈｏｎｇ;ＬｉＺｏｎｇｔｉｅ;ＺｈｅｎｇＺｈｅ（ＹａｎｂｉａｎＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＣｏｌｌｅｇｅ,ＪｉｌｉｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ１３３４００）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｆｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（２）：４９－５０．Ｏｎｔｈｅｂａｓｉｓｏｆｒａｔｉｏｎａｌｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｏｆｆｏｒｅｓｔ,ｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄａｎｄｆｒｕｉｔｇａｒｄｅｎｉｎａｇｒｏｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍ,ｔｈｅａｇｒｏｅｃｏ－ｌｏｇｉｃａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｏｆｈｉｌｌｙｕｐｌａｎｄｃｒｏｐｐｉｎｇａｒｅａｉｓｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄｂｙｒｅａｄｊｕｓｔｉｎｇｌａｎｄｕｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ,ｅｘ－ｐａｎｄｉｎｇｖｅｇｅｔａｔｉｖｅｌａｎｄａｒｅａａｎｄｏｐｔｉｍｉｚｉｎｇｂｒｅｅｄｉｎｇｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ．Ｎｏｎｅ—ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｏｕｔｐｕ     

氧代赖氨酸抗真菌作用机制的初步研究

氧代赖氨酸对致病真菌类秃发念珠菌的ＭＩＣ为０．８－３．１μｇ／ｍｌ,而两性霉素Ｂ为１．６－３．１μｇ／ｍｌ．氧代赖氨酸高于赖氨酸１０倍浓度,无明显抑制白含珠菌对Ｌｙｓｉｎｅ的吸收。Ｏｘａｌｙｓｉｎｅ０．４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ对白色念珠菌细胞膜透性,如胞内物于ＵＶ２６０ｎｍ下的吸收物质外泄无明显影响。放射性前体物渗入试验结果指出,Ｏｘａｌｙｓｉｎｅ０．４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ弱抑制（＾１４Ｃ）－Ｍｅｔｈｉｏｎｉｎ和（     

根癌土壤杆菌介导的水稻高效转化和转基因植株的高频再生

利用根襄封杆菌（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｕｍ ｔｕｍｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓ（Ｓｍｉｔｈ ｅｔ Ｔｏｗｎｓｅｎｄ）Ｃｏｎｎ）介导的转化方法对４个粳稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．ｓｓｐ．ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ）品种和２个灿稻（Ｏ．ｓａｔｉｖａ ｓｓｐ．ｉｎｄｉｃａ）品种进行了转化。在对影响根癌土壤杆菌转化水稻效率的多种因素进行比较研究后,建立了根癌土壤杆菌介导的水稻高效转化和再生系统。将水稻成熟胚和未成熟胚来源的     

水分胁迫下湖北海棠根系脂氧合酶活性与ABA积累的关系

采用无细胞体系（ｃｅｌｌ－ｆｒｅｅ ｓｙｓｔｓｍ）及非离体根,研究了湖北海棠（Ｍａｌｕｓ ｈｕｐｅｈｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｐａｍｐａｎ．）Ｒｅｈｄ．）实生幼苗根中脂氧合酶（ＬＯＸ）活性和脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）生物合成及胁迫诱导ＡＢＡ积累的关系。结果表明,水分胁迫（３０％ＰＥＧ处理或０．６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ甘露醇处理）及盐胁迫（０．２ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＣｌ）诱导ＡＢＡ积累的同时,ＬＯＸ活性也上升,两者呈一致关系。ＬＯＸ专一抑制     

膜荚黄芪毛状根培养系统的建立和外界因子对其生长的影响

建立了由发根农杆菌（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｒｈｉｚｏｇｅｎｅｓ）感染膜荚黄芪（Ａｓｔｒａｇａｌｕｓｍｅｍｂｒａｎａｃｅｕｓ（Ｆｉｓｃｈ．）Ｂｇｅ．）叶片外植体形成的毛状根培养系统并研究了外界因子对其生长的影响。ＭＳ基本培养基（无激素）适合于黄芪毛状根的生长,但是由于ＮＨ４ＮＯ３具有抑制作用而被省略。３％的蔗糖和培养基ｐＨ６适宜毛状根生长。光抑制毛状根生长。每天１２ｈ的１５℃处理对黄芪毛状根生长的影响不明显。与黄芪药用根生物活性成分比较表明,毛状根组织含有较多的粗皂甙和可溶性多糖。讨论了毛状根培养技术在中药材生产中的应用和潜力。     

柑橘抗寒育种早期鉴定的一种指标

以５个抗寒性不同的柑橘品种或杂交后代：“山金柑”（ＦｏｒｔｕｎｅｌａｈｉｎｄｓｉＳｗｉｎｇｌｅ）、“伏令夏橙”（ＣｉｔｒｕｓｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＯｓｂ．ｃｖ．Ｖａｌｅｎｃｉａ）、“伏令夏橙”＋“宁波金柑”（Ｃ．ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓｃｖ．Ｖａｌｅｎｃｉａ＋Ｆ．ｃｒａｓｉｆｏｌｉａＳｗｉｎｇ．ｃｖ．Ｍｅｉｗａ）、“Ｐａｇｅ”橘柚（Ｃ．ｒｅｔｉｃｕｌａｔａＢｌａｎｃｏ×Ｃ．ｇｒａｎｄｉｓＯｓｂ．ｃｖ．Ｐａｇｅ）、“Ｍｕｒｃｏｔ”橘橙（Ｃ．ｒｅｔｉｃｕｌａｔａＢｌａｎｃｏ×Ｃ．ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＯｓｂ．ｃｖ．Ｍｕｒｃｏｔ）为材料,研究了低温锻炼期间柑橘原生质体抗寒性的变化及其田间植株的冬季抗寒性,表明离体原生质体抗寒性与田间植株抗寒性之间有显著的正相关,因而前者可以作为衡量后者的指标。     

菹草（Potamogeton crispus）对水中氮、磷的吸收及若干影响因素

菹草（Ｐｏｔａｍｏｇｅｔｏｎ ｃｒｉｓｐｕｓ）对水中氮,磷的吸收与ＰＨ,光照,水温,根／茎生物量比及底泥间隙水与上覆水中营养盐浓度比有关。在ＰＨ为８．０－９．５,水温为１９－２８℃的实验条件下,水中ＮＨ４－Ｎ浓度低于０．３５ｍｇ．１＾－１左右时,菹草茎,叶优先吸收ＮＯ３－Ｎ;水中ＮＨ４－Ｎ浓度大于０．３５ｍｇ．１＾－１左右时,菹草测优先吸收ＮＨ４－Ｎ这一选择吸收与ＮＨ４－Ｎ／ＮＯ３－Ｎ比值无关,强     

野葛地下器官的解剖学研究

野葛（Ｐｕｅｒａｒｉ９ａ ｌｏｂａｔａ（ｗｉｌｌｄ．）Ｏｈｗｉ．）的地下器官包括初生根、块根、不定根和根状茎４部分。初生根为四原型,内皮层明显,可见到凯氏带。块根的次生木质部发达,民管周转存在额外形成层。成熟块根中积累丰富的淀粉。不定根为三原型,具次生结构。根状茎作为营养繁殖器官,产生不定根,其中不定根可发展成蓼根。无论初生根、收缩不定根或根状茎的细胞中均示发现淀粉积累,这可能与贮藏器官块根的发达     

人参根系发育形态学的研究

人参(Panax qinseng C. A. Meyer)属于直根系植物,有次生构造。一年生苗只具有主根和侧根。二年以上的人参常在根状茎上长出不定根,即人参根系包括主根和不定根及其各级分枝。主根初生木质部为三原型,侧根和不定根及其分枝多为二原型,偶见三原型。根系随参龄的增加而增大。每年末级分枝自基部于休眠前萎缩、脱落,并在萎缩部分的上一级支根内部产生越冬根原基,越冬根原基是翌年形成全部吸收根的基础。一年生人参由中柱鞘产生一圈初生树脂道,由形成层产生一圈(或二圈)次生树脂道,以后次生树脂道的圈数随参龄的增加而每年增加一圈,自第五年开始渐缓。根内淀粉粒含量随发育时期的变化而相应变化,其积累高峰出现在果后期。研究人参根系发育形态学不仅对全面正确认识人参根系具有理论意义,而且对改进人参栽培管理和评价人参质量具有指导意义。     

栽培太子参块根的发育解剖学研究

应用石蜡制片技术研究了栽培太子参纺锤状块根的发育过程。结果表明,栽培太子参的块根是由其不定根发育而成。太子参不定根的初生结构与次生结构的发育可分为4个阶段:原分生组织阶段、初生分生组织阶段、初生结构与次生结构阶段,类似一般草本双子叶植物根的发育。其特点是初生结构的皮层细胞大,仅3 ~4层,内皮层细胞具凯氏带;初生木质部多为三原型,少数为二原型、四原型与五原型。次生结构中次生木质部约占根面积80 %,主要为薄壁组织细胞,导管呈稀疏的放射状分布其中。由不定根发育成块根过程中,根据从根头至根尾不同距离的各组成部分的面积及细胞层数分析,从上向下其维管形成层活动强度不同,从而根的直径大小不同,使根发育成上粗下细的纺锤状肉质块根。高碘酸-Schiff反应显示,在成熟的块根中次生韧皮部的薄壁组织细胞和次生木质部射线间的木薄壁组织细胞内富含淀粉粒,在有些木薄壁组织细胞中还含有草酸钙簇晶。     

白鲜根的发育解剖学研究

应用半薄切片、常规石蜡切片并结合离析法,对药用植物白鲜(Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz.)根的发生发育过程进行了研究。结果表明:白鲜根的发生发育过程包括4个阶段,即原分生组织阶段、初生分生组织阶段、初生结构阶段以及次生结构阶段。原分生组织位于根冠内侧及初生分生组织之间,衍生细胞分化为初生分生组织。初生分生组织由原表皮、基本分生组织以及中柱原组成。原表皮分化为表皮,基本分生组织分化为皮层,中柱原分化为维管柱,共同组成根的初生结构;在初生结构中,部分表皮细胞外壁向外延伸形成根毛,皮层中分布有油细胞,内皮层有凯氏带,初生木质部为二原型或偶见三原型,外始式;根初生结构有髓或无。次生结构来源于原形成层起源的维管形成层的活动以及中柱鞘起源的木栓形成层的活动;白鲜次生韧皮部宽广,其中多年生根中可占根横切面积的85%,另外除基本组成分子外,还分布有油细胞;周皮发达,木栓层厚;初生皮层、次生木质部和次生韧皮部薄壁细胞中常充满丰富的淀粉粒。     

MORPHOLOGY OF HUMULUS LUPULUS. II. SECONDARY GROWTH IN THE ROOT AND SEEDLING VASCULARIZATION

Miller , Robert H. (U. Nevada, Reno.) Morphology of Humulus luppulus. II. Secondary growth in the root and seedling vascularization. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(4): 269–277. Illus. 1959.—In the primary state the roots of Humulus lupulus L. have a diarch xylem plate with 2 strands of primary phloem lying on either side of the primary xylem. Secondary histogenesis is described for the primary root. Fibrous and fleshy storage roots are developed by the hop plant and their respective developmental and anatomical structures are described. Lateral roots are initiated in the pericycle opposite the protoxylem poles. The architecture of these secondary roots is similar to that of the primary root. The seedling develops a fleshy storage organ through secondary growth of the primary root and the hypocotyl. The hypocotyl eventually resembles a fleshy taproot throughout most of its extent. The vascular cambium differentiates large amounts of parenchymatous tissues. A relatively smaller amount of tracheary tissue is formed. The secondary phloem comprises a high percentage of phloem parenchyma and ray cells containing numerous large starch grains, and constitutes the larger portion of the fleshy storage root. Numerous thick-walled lignified fibers occur throughout the secondary vascular tissues. Resin and tannin cells are abundantly distributed. A phellogen is differentiated from the pericycle and develops a persistent periderm on the outer surface of the fleshy storage organ. A relatively short transition region occurs in the upper part of the hypocotyl. The transition takes place from a radially alternate arrangement of the vascular tissues in the root to a collateral arrangement in the cotyledons.     

怀地黄块根的形态发生和结构发育

观察了怀地黄(Rehmannia glutinosa cv．Hueichingensis Hsiao．)块根的形态发生和生长发育过程中的形态结构变化。采用怀地黄的传统栽培方法,即用上一年的块根作母根进行繁殖,分别从母根和不定芽的茎基部发生不定根。怀地黄不定根的初生结构和维管形成层的发生与一般双子叶植物相同,但其次生生长却有两种方式,即正常次生生长和异常次生生长。一类不定根的形成层产生的次生结构与一般双子叶植物相同,即次生木质部中主要是导管,而薄壁细胞较少。这类不定根其次生生长为正常次生生长(normal secondary growth),是担负吸收和固着作用的正常根。另一种类型的不定根,其形成层产生的次生木质部含有大量的薄壁细胞,少量的导管分散在薄壁细胞之间。这种次生生长为异常次生生长(anomalous secondary growth),从而使不定根膨大,形成块根。因此,怀地黄的药用部分在起源和结构上都属于根的性质,其药用部分应称为块根。     

Comparative root anatomy of papilionoid Legumes

The aims of the present study were (i) to compare the anatomical structures of roots from legume species belonging to the tribes Aeschynomeneae, Fabeae (syn. Vicieae), and Trifolieae (Papilionoideae); (ii) to characterize those developmental stages of roots that are most useful for comparative studies; (iii) to characterize root developmental patterns during their growth from primary to adult structures; and (iv) to identify developmental patterns that are typical for particular tribes within this plant group. To this end, serial transverse cuts of the main roots of 20 species belonging to the above-mentioned tribes were made from the root tip to the root collar. Vessel density, vessel diameter, secondary cortex area, and xylem area were quantified using appropriate software. Based on root ontogeny, four stages giving evidence for important developmental events were chosen based on which a comparison of the species-specific structures became possible. The first stage corresponds to the primary structure of a root. The second stage corresponds to the onset of cambium and phellogen division, when their first division products become differentiated. The third and fourth stages correspond to adult roots with a well-developed secondary structure. These developmental stages that allowed between-species comparison turned out to be useful characterising those patterns that best typify a particular tribe within the subfamily. Vessel density, vessel diameter, and the xylem transverse area were found to differ significantly between the tribes examined. Some of the analyzed morphological variables had a tribe-specific consistency, so that, together with other characteristics, they should be included in approaches to clarify systematic problems in the legume family.     

黄连体内黄连素的组织器官定位和根尖屏障结构特征研究

黄连(Coptis chinensis)是毛茛科著名药材,该文研究了黄连体内黄连素在组织器官中的分布规律和根尖屏障结构特征。在白光和荧光显微镜下,组织器官中黄连素在蓝色激发光下自发黄色荧光,黄连素-苯胺兰对染研究细胞壁凯氏带和木质化,苏丹7B染色栓质层,间苯三酚-盐酸染色木质化。结果表明:黄连不定根初生结构为维管柱、内皮层、皮层、外皮层和表皮组成;次生结构以次生木质部为主、次生韧皮部和木栓层组成。黄连根茎初生结构由角质层,皮层和维管柱组成;次生结构由木栓层、皮层和维管柱组成,以皮层和维管柱为主。叶柄结构为髓、含维管束的厚壁组织层、皮层和角质层。黄连不定根的屏障结构初生结构时期由栓质化和木质化的内皮层、外皮层;次生结构时期为木栓层组成;根状茎的为角质层和木栓层。黄连素主要沉积分布在不定根和茎的木质部,叶柄的厚壁组织层,木质部和厚壁组织是鉴别黄连品质的重要部位。黄连根尖外皮层及早发育,同时初生木质部有黄连素沉积结合,可能造成水和矿质吸收和运输的阻碍,也是黄连适应阴生环境的重要原因。     

Comparative Anatomical Studies on Root Structure of Ranunculaceae

This paper deals with comparative studies of the root structure in 65 species of 36 genera of Ranunculaceae. Five types of the root structure were recognized in these species. A. The roots, in which the primary xylem was surrounded by the tracheary elements of the secondary xylem and the ray was absent, were always diarchy, as seen in Coptis. B. The rays were narrow and the tracheary elements of the secondary xylem were semicircle in shape, and the roots were diarchy, as seen in Leptopyrum. C. The rays and tracheary elements of the secondary xylem were sector in shape, and the roots were di-, tri-, and tetrarchy, as seen in Cimicifuga, etc. D. There was a few secondary xylem in the roots. D1. Primary structure was diarchy, in Kingdonia. D2. The roots were di-, tri-, tetra- and pentarchy, in Ranunculus etc. E. The secondary structure was absent. El. The roots were diarchy, in Asteropyrum. E2. They were di-, tri-, tetra- and pentarch, as seen in Caltha. According to comparative anatomical studies on the characteristics of the vessel elements and other parts of plant (carpel, petiole and vena- tion), the roots which were always diarcby whether in older or young, and whether the tra- .cheary elements of the secondary xylem well orless developed, could be considered as the most primitive type, for example: type A (Coptis) and type El (Asteropyrum). It would be con- cluded that the evolution of the root structure from primitive to specialized type was in the order from type A→B→C→D2→E2 and E1→D1 in Ranunculaceae.     

What information is conveyed by an ABA signal from maize roots in drying field soil?

During two seasons, ABA concentrations were monitored in roots, leaves and xylem sap of field-grown maize. The water status of soil and plant was also measured. Plants were grown on plots with compacted or non-compacted soil, which were irrigated or remained unwatered. ABA concentration in the xylem sap before dawn and in the roots increases 25-fold and five-fold, respectively, as the soil dried, with a close correlation with the soil water status, but with no clear effect of the soil structure. In contrast to the results of several laboratory experiments, no appreciable increase in xylem [ABA] and reduction in stomatal conductance were observed with dehydration of the part of the root system located in soil upper layers. These responses only occurred when the water reserve of the whole soil profile was close to depletion and the transpiration declined. Xylem [ABA] measured during the day was appreciably higher in the compacted treatment than in non-compacted treatment, unlike that measured before dawn. Since a mechanical message is unlikely to undergo such day-night alterations, we suggest that this was due to a faster decrease in root water potential and water flux in the compacted treatment, linked to the root spatial arrangement. These results raise the possibility that ABA concentration in the xylem sap could be controlled by two coexisting mechanisms: (1) the rate of ABA synthesis in the roots linked to the soil or root water status, as shown in laboratory experiments; (2) the dilution of ABA in the water flow from roots, which could be an overriding mechanism in field conditions. This second mechanism would allow the plant to sense the water flux through the root system.