两例新的稀毛小鼠突变基因的染色体定位

用连锁分析法对乙烷基亚硝基脲(ENU) 诱变获得的两例被毛突变小鼠(snthr 1Bao及snthr 2Bao) 的突变基因进行定位。选择平均分布于小鼠基因组且在C57BL/6J和DBA/2 间有差异的39 个微卫星对B6D2F1 互交得到的稀毛F2 进行全基因组扫描。扫描了9个微卫星后发现snthr 1Bao突变基因与D9Mit243 的LOD值为7 73。突变基因被定位于9号染色体。在此基础上又选择了D9Mit355 和D9Mit18 两个微卫星进行检测, 并扩大F2 的数量至145只。结果发现, snthr 1Bao与D9Mit18间无1 例重组, 稀毛突变基因与该微卫星紧密连锁, 距着丝点71cM。同理, 将snthr 2Bao突变基因也定位在与snthr 1Bao相近的区域。检索发现snthr 1Bao是一尚未克隆的新基因。     

两种白斑小鼠突变基因的染色体定位

以本中心ENU诱变获得的两种白斑突变小鼠W-4Bao与Kitl-1Bao为研究对象[均为C57BL/6J(B6)背景],遗传试验表明它们都为单基因显性遗传,W-4Bao及Kitl-1Bao突变基因纯合子小鼠的表型分别为全白色及“黑头白”;将白斑杂合子小鼠与DBA/2(D2)交配获得具有白斑表型的F1小鼠,F1小鼠再回交D2繁殖[(B6×D2)F1×D2]F2小鼠,利用微卫星标记对F2代小鼠进行连锁分析。结果发现W-4Bao与微卫星D5Mit356、D5Mit308之间的LOD值分别为56.82、51.50,从而把该突变基因定位于第5号染色体D5Mit356与D5Mit308之间;Kitl-1Bao与微卫星D10Mit70、D10Mit68之间的LOD值分别为27.37、21.20,从而把该突变基因定位于第10号染色体上D10Mit70与D10Mit68之间。经过检索小鼠基因组数据库确认它们的候选基因分别为kit及kitl。     

先天性骨-肾畸形综合征小鼠(KM-ld)致病基因1d的染色体定位

对KM－1d小鼠的致病基因ld进行染色体定位。采用异构蛋白及同功酶电泳技术和体外扩增技术对同源导入近交系小鼠C57BL／6·KM－1d20对染色体上的14个生化标记基因位点和61个SSLP位点进行筛选,发现ld基因与2号染色体上的D2Mit30、D2Mit62和D2Mit633个SSLP位点连锁,从而把ld基因初步定位于2号染色体。为进一步对ld基因准确定位,培育了86只（C57BL／6×KM－ld）F1×KM－ld回交后代小鼠用于连锁分析。体外扩增所有回交后代的D2Mit13、D2Mit30、D2Mit62和D2Mit634个SSLP位点,结合表型,分析与ld基因的连锁关系,通过计算遗传距离,将ld基因具体定位于2号染色体上76cM处,距D2Mit30、D2Mit62和D2Mit6325．58cM,距D2Mit1331．39cM。     

snthr-1Bao稀毛小鼠突变基因的精确定位及克隆鉴定

snthr-1Bao稀毛小鼠足本实验室培育的呈单基因隐性遗传的突变系小鼠,突变基因已被初步定位于第9号染色体末端;为了精确定位并鉴定snthr-1Bao稀毛小鼠的突变基因,将(C57BL/6Jxsnthr-1Bao)F1代互交繁殖F2代小鼠4400余只,其中稀毛小鼠1100只,并在2个微卫星、35个可能的简单序列重复标记(simple sequence repeat,SSR)及3个酶切扩增多态性序列(cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences,CAPS)标记中找到4个合适的基因组标记.利用这些标记及F2代稀毛小鼠将突变基因精确定位到第9号染色体距着丝粒117.763 kb及119.129kb之间1.367Mb的范用内,在其问的21个基因中确定Plcdl为稀毛突变的强力候选基因.通过对基因组的直接测序,发现snthr-1Bao稀毛小鼠基因组上有一个14883bp的缺失,这一缺失包含了Plcd1基因的4-15号外显子及Vill基因的10-19号外显子.推测极可能是Plcdl基因缺失导致snthr-1Bao小鼠出现稀毛表型.     

小鼠Uncv基因克隆及真核表达

目的 克隆小鼠的Uncv基因并在真核细胞表达.方法 采用RT-PCR方法扩增小鼠皮肤组织中Uncv基因编码区,以真核表达质粒pcDNA 3.1-Flag为载体,构建Uncv真核表达质粒,将重组载体转染Hela细胞并用Western blot法检测基因表达.结果 构建Uncv基因真核表达载体pcDNA 3.1-Flag/Unev,重组质粒在Hela细胞中有效表达约95×103的融合蛋白.结论 成功构建真核表达载体pcDNA 3.1-Flag/Uncv,并且在真核细胞中有效表达,为研究Uncv基因生物学功能奠定基础.     

家蚕油蚕oc突变体突变基因的精细定位

【目的】油蚕oc突变体是家蚕Bombyx mori油蚕突变体的一种,经典遗传学连锁图谱已经将oc突变基因定位在5号染色体40.8 c M座位。本研究旨在对oc突变体候选基因进行精细定位并克隆,探究oc性状形成的分子机制。【方法】以油蚕oc突变品系和野生型家蚕品系大造(Dz)为亲本,其杂交产生的F1代雄性个体与oc突变的雌性个体进行回交得到的1 397头BC_1代个体为定位材料,以家蚕已经报道的基因组序列为参考设计markers,通过亲本及F1代个体筛选多态性markers,并利用多态性markers和BC_1代个体对oc突变基因进行精细定位。通过半定量RT-PCR和实时荧光定量PCR(q PCR)筛选oc紧密连锁区间内的候选基因,确定目标候选基因,继而克隆和测序该基因,分析油蚕oc突变的原因。【结果】利用1 397头BC_1代个体和11对有效的多态性markers将oc突变基因定位在M10与M11两个markers之间,物理图谱距离大约为234 kb。通过家蚕基因组数据库对oc连锁区域内的基因进行检索发现该区域有5个预测基因。对这5个预测基因在10个家蚕品系中进行的表达分析发现,只有BGIBMGA003572基因在oc突变个体体壁的表达量明显比正常个体中的低。通过基因的同源分析发现该基因编码的蛋白和人类单羧酸转运蛋白9(可能的尿酸转运蛋白)是同源蛋白,推测其为oc突变的候选基因。对BGIBMGA003572进行的克隆和测序结果显示其编码序列有5个氨基酸在oc突变体中发生了突变。【结论】通过定位克隆,本研究将oc突变基因定位在了234 kb的紧密连锁区间,其中编码单羧酸转运蛋白9的BGIBMGA003572可能和oc突变体的表型有关。     

用微卫星标记技术对国内BALB/c小鼠遗传质量的分析

为了解和掌握国内BALB/c小鼠遗传质量状况,验证微卫星标记技术在近交系小鼠遗传检测中应用的可靠性,应用所筛选的小鼠不同染色体上的14个微卫星基因座,通过PCR扩增对北京、上海、沈阳、广州、长春、重庆和哈尔滨7个地区11个厂家提供的BALB/c小鼠进行遗传质量分析.结果北京、上海、哈尔滨及广州地区7家BALB/c小鼠在14个基因座均呈现一条清晰条带,且群体间呈单态性.沈阳、广州、长春和重庆4个群体有8个基因座在群体内表现杂合或呈多态性;其中沈阳和长春分别在1个基因座上表现多态性和杂合;广州另一群体有4个基因座出现杂合或多态性;重庆群体有7个基因座表现为杂合或多态性,在D10Mit180基因座与上海群体比较呈现多态性.     

拟南芥雄性不育突变体ms1142的遗传定位与功能分析

经EMS诱变野生型拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)群体筛选得到一株雄性不育突变体ms1142, 突变体的果荚短小, 不含种子。细胞学观察和扫描电镜结果表明, 突变体花药发育过程中, 花药中小孢子外壁异常、破裂, 最后没有花粉形成。遗传分析表明, 该突变体为隐性单核基因突变所致; 利用图位克隆的方法将MS1142基因定位于第1条染色体的BAC克隆F16P17上44 kb区间内, 目前尚未见该区间内有雄性不育基因的报道。以上结果结合生物信息学分析表明, MS1142是一个新的调控花药发育的关键基因。该工作为花药发育关键基因MS1142的克隆及功能分析奠定了基础。     

一个拟南芥矮化突变体表型与遗传的初步分析

经EMS诱变ag-10拟南芥后筛选获得一株矮化且叶色较深的突变体ah45,该突变体与ag-10相比具有开花时间晚,叶片更圆更小,果荚长度缩短,种子数目减少,生长周期延长等表型。遗传分析表明ah45的表型由隐性单基因突变所致。利用图位克隆的方法对突变位点进行初步定位,结果表明ah45突变基因位于第2号染色体的BAC克隆F5E13(1)与F6E13(2)之间61 kb区间内。     

遗传背景对小鼠四倍体胚胎发育的影响

不同遗传背景的小鼠2-细胞期胚胎经过电融合后,胚胎的融合效率和四倍体胚胎的发育能力存在着一定的差异。本试验采用C57(C57×C57)、ICR(ICR×ICR)、BALB/c(BALB/c×BALB/c)、B6D2F2(B6D2F1×B6D2F1)、B6C3D2F2(B6C3F1×B6D2F1)品系的二倍体2-细胞期胚胎在相同的条件下经过电融合处理,结果表明:小鼠四倍体胚胎的获得效率受小鼠遗传背景的影响,远交系小鼠胚胎B6D2F2和B6C3D2F2的融合率显著高于近交系C57,ICR和BALB/c(P<0.05);四倍体胚胎在体外的发育情况也受其遗传背景的影响,在桑椹胚发育率和囊胚发育率上B6D2F2和B6C3D2F2品系的四倍体胚胎都显著高于C57和BALB/c品系的四倍体胚胎(P<0.05);杂合和纯系遗传背景的小鼠四倍体胚胎囊胚细胞数目相比具有显著差异(P<0.05或P<0.01);不同遗传背景的小鼠四倍体胚胎着床率间不存在显著差异(P>0.05);杂合背景的小鼠四倍体胚胎得到5只发育至13.5dpc(dayspostcoitum,dpc)的胎儿,纯合背景的小鼠四倍体胚胎得到0只发育至11dpc的胎儿。     

植物基因组比较作图研究进展

基因组比较作图是基因组研究的重要内容。植物比较作图研究表明,在长期的进化过程中,基因的组成表现出高度的保守性。随着植物遗传图谱和物理图谱的迅速发展,为植物比较作图奠定了重要的基础。现就植物基因组遗传图和物理图以及比较作图的最新研究进展作一介绍。     

植物细胞遗传图及其应用

细胞遗传图（cytogenetic map）综合了来自遗传图（genetic map）和细胞学图（cytological map）两方面的信息,它既能反映基因或DNA标记之间在染色体上的真实距离,又能显示它们与染色体的细胞学结构间确切的位置关系。构建植物细胞遗传图的宗旨是将遗传图上的诸多标记与其在染色体的具体位置联系起来。目前主要有两种方法用于细胞遗传图的构建。较广泛使用的一种方法是借助染色体断点来确定遗传标记在染色体上的位置,另一种方法是利用荧光原位杂交（FISH）直接把DNA序列定位到染色体上。此外,利用RN-cM图也可以把遗传标记定位于粗线期染色体。从细胞遗传图可以看出,染色体两臂的远端有较高的基因密度和重组频率。细胞遗传图在比较近缘植物基因组的同线性、揭示植物的进化关系、研究基因定位克隆等方面都有重要意义.     

Bovine chromosome 4 workshop: consensus and comprehensive linkage maps

The report of the bovine chromosome 4 (BTA4) workshop is presented. Six laboratories contributed a total of 30,168 informative meioses from 62 loci. Twenty-two loci were typed by at least two independent laboratories and were used to construct a consensus linkage map of BTA4. The remaining 40 loci were subsequently incorporated into a comprehensive map. The sex-averaged consensus map covered 131.4 cM. The female map was 124.3 cM in length, while the male map was 134.3 cM. The comprehensive sex-averaged map spanned 141.6 cM. The length of the female and male comprehensive maps were 123.1 cM and 156.4 cM, respectively. Average genetic distance between loci was 6 and 2.3 cM for the consensus and comprehensive linkage maps, respectively.     

A protocol for assessment and integration of vegetation maps,with an application to spatial data sets from south‐eastern Australia

Abstract Maps are important tools in natural resource management. Often, there may be multiple maps that represent the same resource, which have been constructed using very different philosophies and methods, at different scales, for different dates and areas. In such cases, conservation planners and other natural resource managers are faced with a choice of map that will best serve their decision making. However, the best available information for a given purpose is often a combination of data from a number of different source maps. In this paper we present a protocol for assessing and integrating multiple maps of vegetation for a particular area of interest. The protocol commences with a consideration of management or policy context and technical issues to determine the basic specifications for the map. It then defines and assesses a set of measurable attributes, representing the concepts of theme, accuracy, precision and currency, for all candidate maps available for compilation. The resulting ranks for accuracy, precision and currency are used to compute a suitability index, which is used to assemble a composite map from the most suitable candidate maps. The final step in the protocol is to display spatial patterns in thematic consistency, accuracy, precision and currency for the composite map. We demonstrate the application of the protocol by constructing a map that discriminates structurally intact native vegetation from cleared land for the whole of New South Wales, south‐eastern Australia. The source data include 46 maps that cover various parts of the region at various scales and which were made at different dates using different methods. The protocol is an explicit and systematic method to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of alternative data sets. It implements spatial integration in a way that promotes overall accuracy, precision and currency of map data. It also promotes transparent reporting of map limitations, to help map users accommodate risks of map errors in their decision making, and to inform priorities for future survey and mapping.     

Comprehensive linkage map of bovine chromosome 11

The results of genotypic data contributed to the International Society of Animal Genetics (ISAG) Bovine Chromosome 11 (BTA11) Workshop are presented. Six laboratories contributed a total of 26 199 informative meioses from 80 loci. Thirty-six loci were typed by at least two independent laboratories and were used to construct a consensus linkage map of the chromosome. The remaining loci were subsequently incorporated into a comprehensive map. The sex-averaged consensus map covered 128.9 cM. The female consensus map was 101.2 cM, while the male consensus map was 129.8 cM. The comprehensive sex-averaged map was 134.2 cM and the average genetic distance between loci was 1.72 cM.     

Comprehensive linkage map of bovine chromosome 27

The results of genotypic data contributed to the International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG) Bovine Chromosome 27 Workshop are presented. Eight laboratories contributed 23 261 informative meioses from 44 loci. Eighteen loci were typed by at least two laboratories and were used to construct a consensus linkage map. Twenty-one loci were subsequently incorporated into a comprehensive map. The sex-averaged consensus map covered 66.9 cM. The sex-averaged comprehensive map was 75.5 cM, while the female and male maps were 73.1 and 63.7 cM, respectively. Five loci were excluded from the analysis because of ambiguous position in the linkage group and a low LOD score (less than 2.0). Average distance between loci in the comprehensive map was 1.98 cM.     

Development of an in silico coding gene SNP map in pigs

A total of 5450 sequences obtained from the NCBI pig SNP database were consolidated into 465 unique sequences (189 singleton sequences and 276 contigs). These 465 sequences contained 1787 putative SNPs and had strong sequence homology to 433 human protein-coding genes based on blast analyses. These genes were assigned to the pig QTL maps ( http://www.animalgenome.org/QTLdb/pig.html ) via the human and pig comparative maps established by a pig radiation hybrid (RH) map. The SNP information characterized from this study provides a useful functional gene variation resource to facilitate QTL data mining in the pig genome.     

MapGene2Chrom基于Perl和SVG语言绘制基因物理图谱

遗传图谱表现形式简洁明了,为分析遗传规律、克隆基因提供了便利。Gbrowse、MapViewer等工具虽然能够协助研究人员绘制相似形式的物理图谱,但有很大的局限性:(1)数据需提前布置好;(2)输出结果无法灵活修改。鉴于此,文章基于Perl和SVG语言,开发了一款生物辅助作图软件MapGene2Chrom的本地版与网页版,该软件能够依据输入数据快速绘制相应的物理图谱。该软件输入数据格式简单,输出结果易于修改,图片格式为SVG矢量图,具有很好的移植性,以期为研究人员绘制物理图谱提供便利。     

Chromosomal assignment of chicken clone contigs by extending the consensus linkage map

The bacterial artificial clone-based physical map for chicken plays an important role in the integration of the consensus linkage map and the whole-genome shotgun sequence. It also provides a valuable resource for clone selection within applications such as fluorescent in situ hybridization and positional cloning. However, a substantial number of clone contigs have not yet been assigned to a chromosomal location or have an ambiguous chromosome assignment. In this study, 86 single nucleotide polymorphism markers derived from 86 clones were mapped on the genetic map. These markers added anchoring information for 56 clone contigs and 13 individual clones, covering a total of 57,145 clones.     

Mapping a new frontier; development of integrated cytogenetic maps in plants

Cytogenetic maps, as the name implies, incorporate data from genetic maps with actual cytological features of chromosomes such as centromeres, knobs and, recently, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) signals. Integration of genetic and cytological maps has been accomplished primarily in two ways. The first general strategy is to create a chromosome breakpoint, then determine its cytological position using microscopy, and its position on the genetic map using genetic techniques. A second strategy is by the direct hybridization of genetically mapped sequences onto chromosomes by FISH. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the state of this field in plants. We review the history and uses of cytogenetic maps, and discuss future directions based on what we have learned. Electronic Publication