PCR方法检测我国脊髓灰质炎病毒Ⅰ型野毒株的研究

用聚合酶链反应试验（ＰＣＲ）检测我国脊髓灰质炎病毒Ⅰ型（ＰＶＩ）野毒株,仅需５μｌＰＶＩ细胞培养液,方法简便、快速、敏感、特异,用本法对我国１４个省市７９份ＰＶＩ分离株的检测结果,能与检定ｓａｂｉｎⅠ相关株的ＳＩ／ＰＣＲ法的检测结果相印证,与其中３１份核苷酸测序判断为野毒株的结果相一致。其检测阳性率为８４．４％,基本能检测我国流行过的５个ＰＶＩ基因型野毒株。另外,从检测结果看,除北京市未发现野毒株外,其它１３个省区都有野毒株流行,表明当前我国消灭脊灰的任务还很重。     

中国脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗株基因变异的分析

从急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）病例分离的３２株脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）病毒,在ＶＰ１编码区,经ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ方法鉴定,并经核酸测序进一步证实力疫苗株,其中５株为Ｉ型疫苗,１６株Ⅱ型疫苗株,１１株Ⅲ型疫苗株,以同样的分析方法检测这些毒株基因组的３Ｄ聚合酶编码区,发现２株Ｉ型疫苗株在３Ｄ区的４３１个核苷酸序列为野毒序列,即这２株Ｓａｂｉｎ１基因型（ＶＰ１）与野毒基因型（３Ｄ）重组株;其余３株Ｉ型疫苗株未发现基     

1989－1994年中国脊髓灰质炎病毒的分子流行病学

１９８９～１９９４年中国发生的脊髓灰质炎流行,疫情开始集中于华东、中南地区,后期趋于南部沿海一带。对近百份来自１８个省、市、自治区脊灰病毒流行期间标本的分子生物学特征分析,发现流行主要由脊灰病毒Ⅰ型野毒株引起,未发现Ⅱ型野毒株,但１９９３年在新疆分离到１株Ⅲ型野毒株。Ⅰ型野毒株中共存在４个基因型病毒,其中ＣＨＮＰ１－Ｒ９１型病毒为这几年流行中新产生的重组病毒,在ＶＰ１／２Ａ区含有一段疫苗株序列,另一段野毒株序列很可能来自ＣＨＮＰ１－ＪＸ８９型病毒。这两个基因型病毒分布在全国大部份地区。病毒核酸的亲缘关系研究还证明,９２～９４年流行在南方沿海一带的脊髓灰质炎,主要由９１年产生的重组病毒引起。此研究揭示了各地区、各基因型病毒与疫情之间的流行病学关系及传播模式。     

中国脊髓灰质炎Ⅰ型野毒株的PCR－RFLP法分析

近年来我国流行地区分离的脊髓灰质炎病毒多为Ⅰ型野毒。本文报导对我国一些省、自治区防疫站从急性驰缓性麻痹病人粪便中分离的７７株Ⅰ型野毒株,经ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ法分析结果,发现不同地区分离的野毒株在电泳图像上有明显差异。根据电泳图像所显示的三种酶切条带的数目,可分为１４个类型,而且同一省、自治区内不同地区（如新疆）,或同一地区不同年份（如广东）的毒株也存在着明显差异。但在某些相邻省份如广东省与海南省,９２年流行毒株电泳图像完全一致。说明本法虽不如核酸序列分析精确,但在一定程度上也能反映毒株间的差异,有助于说明流行株的亲疏关系,可用于研究毒株的分子流行病学。     

中国脊髓灰质炎病毒中II17和中III2疫苗株部份基因序列的分析

对中国脊髓灰质炎ＩＩ型减毒活疫苗株－中ＩＩ１７和ＩＩＩ型减毒活疫苗株－中ＩＩＩ２和ＶＰ１段部份核酸片进行序列分析,并分别与相应的Ｓａｂｉｎ２和Ｓａｂｉｎ３株有关片段的核苷酸序列进行比较。在４１６个核苷酸序列中,中ＩＩ１７与Ｓａｂｉｎ２有９９．３％同源性,中ＩＩ２与Ｓａｂｉｎ３株完全一致。从我国服用国产活疫苗地区急性弛缓性订痹病例中分离到的部份２型疫苗株,分别与中ＩＩ１７和Ｓａｂｉｎ２相比较,发现与     

脊髓灰质炎病毒Sabin株减毒的遗传学基础的研究进展

用Ｓａｂｉｎ株生产的口服脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗（ＯＰＶ）由１、２、３型组成,疫苗株是由强毒株经连续传代突变而来,对每种疫苗株而言只有少数位点与减毒有关,特别是５′端非编码区的第５个茎 环结构。现已证实Ｓａｂｉｎ株病毒在人体中复制时由于病毒的回复突变或第２位点的抑制突变导致毒力回升,可能在疫苗接种者和接触者中引发脊髓灰质炎病例。用聚合酶链式反应和限制性内切酶酶切技术作突变分析（ＭＡＰＲＥＣ）对疫苗中的痕量回复突变进行定量分析已成为可能,正逐步用于从分子水平监测ＯＰＶ生产的连续性,成为评价３型ＯＰＶ质量的一个重要指标。     

中国脊髓灰质炎病毒中Ⅱ_（17）和中Ⅲ＿2疫苗株部份基因序列的分析

对中国脊髓灰质炎Ⅱ型减毒活疫苗株──中Ⅱ１７和Ⅲ型减毒活疫苗株──中Ⅲ２的ＶＰ１段部份核酸片段进行序列分析,并分别与相应的Ｓａｂｉｎ２和Ｓａｂｉｎ３株有关片段的核苷酸序列进行比较。在４１６个核苷酸序列中,中Ⅱ１７与Ｓａｂｉｎ２有９９．３％同源性,中Ⅲ２与Ｓａｂｉｎ３株完全一致。从我国服用国产活疫苗地区急性弛缓性麻痹病例中分离到的部份２型疫苗株,分别与中Ⅱ１７和Ｓａｂｉｎ２相比较,发现与中Ⅱ１７株更为近缘,海南、山东、湖南株分别只有０、１或２个核苷酸的改变。     

中国急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例中脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗株VP1区基因变异的研究

为研究中国急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例中脊髓灰质炎(简称脊灰)病毒分离株的分子特征,为中国继续维持"无脊灰野毒状态"提供理论依据,对2002年所有省级疾病预防控制中心送检的脊灰分离株,用PCR-RFLP法及ELISA法进行型内鉴定.用PCR-RFLP法筛查出与疫苗株相比有异常酶切图谱的毒株共24株,其中Ⅰ型毒株1株,Ⅱ型毒株21株,Ⅲ型毒株2株;用ELISA法筛查出与疫苗株相比有不同的抗原抗体反应的毒株共22株,其中Ⅰ型毒株7株,Ⅱ型毒株4株,Ⅲ型毒株11株,在7株Ⅰ型毒株中有3株为非疫苗类似株(NSL),其余为双反应毒株(DRV).随后对这46株毒株进行了全VP1区的基因序列分析.结果表明:2002年脊灰分离株都是疫苗株或疫苗衍生株,没有发现野毒株,中国继续保持着"无脊灰野毒状态";口服减毒活疫苗(OPV)株与其它野毒株在稳定性性质方面是类似的,即通常是不稳定的,在人体肠道内有很强的选择性;在人体肠道内,病毒复制产生的基因变异导致毒力升高,是引起疫苗相关麻痹病例(VAPP)的重要原因,但宿主本身的因素也有很大的作用;在局部地区有疫苗株的循环或脊灰疫苗衍生株(VDPV)的存在;最终消除疫苗株引起的AFP病例可能还需要脊灰灭活疫苗(IPV)的介入.     

我国脊髓灰质炎Ⅰ型野病毒JX基因型特异RNA探针及其应用

及时发现脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）野病毒,是消灭脊灰工作中病毒学监测的首要任务。近期我国存在４个脊灰Ⅰ型野病毒基因型,其中Ｐ１／ＣＨＮ－ＪＸ８９和Ｐ１／ＣＨＮ－Ｒ９１为两个主要的流行基因型。在分析了我国大量脊灰野病毒ＶＰ１核酸序列的基础上,选取了１３３８ＪＸ８９病毒ＶＰ１５′端的９６个核苷酸片段（２４８０－２５７５）,经ＰＣＲ扩增,克隆至ｐＵＣ／Ｔ７质粒,线性化后,用Ｔ７ＲＮＡ多聚酶制备ＲＮＡ探针,并将Ｄｉｇ标记物渗入探针分子中。经杂交试验,两个主要基因型病毒全部与此探针呈阳性反应,而其它基因型和疫苗相关病毒均为阴性反应,体现了较好的特异性与敏感性,而且实验结果由核酸序列分析等证实。脊灰野毒探针的应用在国际上尚未见报道,它克服了疫苗探针杂交中容易遗漏野毒株的缺点,直接查出野病毒。这对疫苗株中混有少量野毒株的分离物有重要意义。     

流行性感冒病毒鸡胚高产株的遗传特性分析

流行性感冒（流感）病毒的基因组由分节段的单股负链RNA组成,其中A、B型流感病毒含8个基因节段［1］。它的第4和第6节段分别编码病毒的血凝素（HA）和神经氨酸酶（NA）,决定病毒的抗原性,其它6个节段与病毒的生长特性有关［2］。在流感疫苗生产中,为了提高产量,利用高产毒株与流行毒株基因重配获得重组病毒,它含有流行毒株的第4、第6节段和高产毒株的其它6个节段,这样既具有流行毒株的抗原性又具有高产特性,可以用来降低疫苗的生产成本。     

PCR法检测外环境水中脊髓灰质炎病毒Ⅰ型基因的研究

应用聚合酶链反应（PCR）技术检测外环境水中分离的脊髓灰质炎病毒Ⅰ型（PVⅠ）毒株基因型,发现所分离的22株病毒．均为疫苗SabinⅠ相关株．脊髓灰质炎病毒的温度敏感（T特征）试验亦提示为弱毒株,与PCR试验相吻合。表明在实施强化免疫和常规免疫后,外环境中的脊髓灰质炎病毒已被疫苗相关株循环所取代。同时证实用PCR作为环境中PVⅠ病毒株的基因型分析的检测方法是特异和敏感的。     

Presence of polioviruses and other enteral viruses in sewage: a survey in the Czech Socialistic Republic 1969-1976

Monitoring polioviruses in sewage is a permanent task within the poliomyelitis vaccination control programme in Czechoslovakia. The results of sewage examination in certain localities of the CSR in the years 1969 to 1976 are reported. During the study years, nearly 3600 samples of sewage were examined. The yield was about 9 percent of samples positive for polioviruses and 22 per cent of samples positive for other viruses. The virus positivity rate was roughly the same in samples from municipal sewers and samples from children's facilities. The majority of polioviruses were detected within 3 to 4 months after mass vaccination campaigns, which in Czechoslovakia are carried out in spring. In some years types 2 and 3 polioviruses tended to occur in later months after vaccination as well. Antigenic characterization of the polioviruses isolated in Prague showed that polioviruses possessing an rct+ marker and antigenically related but not identical with the original vaccine strains were sometimes present late during the intervals between vaccination campaigns. It may be assumed that vaccine strains which have been in circulation for sufficiently long time are subject to a gradual change or that vaccine-like strains have been imported.     

The epidemiological surveillance of poliomyelitis in the Ukraine]

Correlation has been revealed between the circulation of polioviruses among the population and environmental objects. A rise in the circulation of polioviruses, type I, was caused by a decrease in collective immunity to this virus type. Water supply and sewage system purification was found ineffective with respect to enteroviral contamination. Vaccinal prophylaxis, carried out for many years, did not lead to the elimination of poliovirus strains, genetically different from vaccine ones.     

中国五省市甲型肝炎病毒基因分型的研究

为了解甲型肝炎（甲肝）病毒（ＨＡＶ）在中国几个城市的基因型分布,选择浙江杭州、江苏启东、安徽铜陵、云南昆明和上海市等的甲肝病人粪便标本或血清标本,以逆转录－套式聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ｎＰＣＲ）扩增合成ＨＡＶ ＶＰ１／２Ａ交接区基因区,并进行直接核苷酸序列分析和差异比较。结果表明,从这些城市甲肝病人分离到的１７株ＨＡＶ株均属基因Ⅰ型,为ＩＡ和ＩＢ亚型;所有ＨＡＶ株间核苷酸差异均小于１５％,但约５０％Ｈ     

Antigenic Analysis of Polioviruses Isolated from a Child with Agammaglobulinemia and Paralytic Poliomyelitis after Sabin Vaccine Administration

A 3-year-old boy with agammaglobulinemia developed paralytic poliomyelitis on day 553 after being fed poliovaccine. Non-vaccine-like type 2 polioviruses were isolated from 22 stools obtained within 684 days after the onset of illness. Antigenic variations were observed among these viruses. The non-vaccine-like virus isolated 1 week after the onset of paralysis differed in virulence from the Sabin type 2 vaccine strain in the neurovirulence test in monkeys, and did not have the same antigenic character as the wild virulent strains. Another virus isolated on day 348 before the onset of illness was also classified as non-vaccine-like. However, the Sabin type 2 strain was shown to be homologous with this strain by the McBride test. Some Sabin-like particles were found in this stock virus. We may conclude that the non-vaccine-like virus isolates were derived from Sabin vaccine by antigenic variation that occurred during long-term multiplication in the intestinal tract.     

A comparative seroepidemiologic study of the neutralizing antibody against the virulent standard strains and the Sabin vaccine strains of poliovirus among healthy Japanese

The neutralizing antibody of 160 serum specimens collected in 1978 from healthy residents in five prefectures in Japan was titrated against both the virulent standard strains and the Sabin vaccine strains of three types of poliovirus. Antibody-positive rates with both strains of respective types at a level of 1:4 were comparable in all three types of poliovirus. However, the geometric mean titers (GMTs) obtained against both strains showed statistically significant difference depending on the age-cohort's previous history of exposure to the wild or the vaccine strains of polioviruses: the younger age cohorts showed higher GMTs to the Sabin strains, while adults responded higher to the virulent standard strains. The difference was most pronounced in type 1.     

Patterns of the epidemic process in poliomyelitis with regular live vaccine immunization of the population

The results of the study of epidemic poliomyelitis in Byelorussia in 1981-1978 are presented. Two consecutive phases of the epidemic process were established: the suppression of the infection and its elimination. In the suppression phase sporadic cases of poliomyelitis still persisted, due to reduced circulation of wild polioviruses. In the elimination phase no wild polioviruses were isolated and no cases of the disease occurred.     

Severity-related molecular differences among nineteen strains of dengue type 2 viruses

Comparative nucleotide sequencing was carried out on dengue type 2 virus (DEN-2) strains isolated from patients in Northeast Thailand during the epidemic season in 1993. The patients exhibited different clinical manifestations ranging from dengue fever (DF) to dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF)/dengue shock syndrome (DSS). The results classified 19 DEN-2 strains into 3 subtypes according to nonsynonymous amino acid replacements. The strain isolated from a DSS patient eliciting secondary serological response belonged to subtype I, whereas 13 strains isolated from DHF patients with secondary response and 2 strains from DF patients with primary response belonged to subtype II. On the other hand, 3 strains isolated from DF cases evoking either primary or secondary response belonged to subtype III. These results suggest that subtype III virus infection could result in clinically milder manifestation irrespective of the serological response compared with subtype I or II viruses. The RNA secondary structure predicted for the 3' noncoding region showed 4 different structures (A, B, C, and D). The result also indicates that different subtypes of DEN-2 serotypes are circulating in a single epidemic in Thailand.