烟草花叶病毒外壳蛋白嵌合基因的重组(简报)

烟草花叶病在云南烟区普遍流行。通过ELISA和RNA斑点杂交法,我们已证明云南烟区烟草花叶病毒外壳蛋白和已知RNA序列的普通烟草花叶病毒OM株同源。我们拟根据交叉保护原理,通过植物基因工程手段来培育抗烟草花叶病的烟草新品种。为此,对OM株外壳蛋白基因进行了下述重组工作。 首先,我们对OM株外壳蛋白基因工作,得到C-DNA株pCK501。然后,切取其中带外壳蛋白基因的667bp Hinf Ⅰ片段,导入带花椰菜花叶病毒35S启动子和3′未端质粒pDH51的聚核苷酸接头中,组成带烟草花叶病毒外壳蛋白基因的嵌合基因的重组质粒pCK401。又把整个嵌合基因导入pGV1103 neo,和嵌合的新霉素磷酸转移酶Ⅱ(NPTⅡ)基因及新霉素磷酸转移酶Ⅰ(NPT Ⅰ)基因相连接,组成中间载体pCK403。最后在大肠杆菌GJ23帮助下,把pCK403导入土壤杆菌,和土壤杆菌中原有的去了致瘤基因的Ti载体pGV3850的T-DNA区pBR322片段进行同源重组,把嵌合基因导入Ti质粒的T-DNA区,得到pACK403。     

土壤杆菌重组菌株pACK403与烟草叶圆片共培养转化(简报)

通过烟草花叶病毒外壳蛋白嵌合基因的重组工作,我们得到了在Ti质粒T-DNA区带嵌合的烟草花叶病毒外壳蛋白基因和NPT Ⅱ基因的土壤杆菌菌株——pACK403。通过与烟草叶圆片共培养转化,再生植株的筛选,观察在转化植物中表达的这种外壳蛋白能否延缓或减轻烟草花叶病毒对它们的危害。以期用基因工程手段使植物获得抗病毒的特性。     

烟草花叶病毒外壳蛋白的基因导入和转化烟株的再生

用T-DNA区携有嵌合的烟草花叶病毒外壳蛋白基因和卡那霉素抗性基因(NPTⅡ)的土壤农杆菌株pACK403和pACK404与烟草品种SRl和斯佩特G-28单倍体无菌菌叶碟片进行共培养转化。转化后的叶碟片在含有头孢噻肟钠500毫克/升和卡那霉索300毫克/升的培养基上诱导芽,在含有头孢噻肟钠500毫克/升和卡那霉素100毫克/升的培养基上诱导生根。Nopaline测定,烟草花叶病毒外壳蛋白基因的表达检测、转化烟株对烟草花叶病毒侵染抗性的检测结果证明:用这种方法能可靠地将外源基因导入烟草,并能在转化烟株中表达。再生得到的转化烟株在烟草花叶病毒强感染情况下能延迟病症表现4—25天。     

中间载体pBz6102的构建及CAT基因在转化烟草中的表达

来源于细菌的新霉素磷酸转移酶基因(NPT),氯霉素乙酰转移酶基因(CAT)以及来源于昆虫的荧光素酶基因等都是用于研究根癌农杆菌转化植物的良好标记。我们利用氯霉素乙酰转移酶嵌合基因和来源于Ti质粒T-区DNA的tmr基因,构建了中间载体pBZ 6102,并通过植物基因工程载体pGV 3850,将氯霉素乙酰转移酶嵌合基因和tmr基因引入了植物细胞,并测到了表达,在抗氯霉素植物中测到了氯霉素乙酰转移酶活性。中间裁体pBZ 6102上还有Pst Ⅰ,Xba Ⅰ等单一的限制性内切酶位点,外源基因极易插入。转化植物F_1代的种子抗性分析表明,80%左右的种子都能在含氯霉素的培养基上正常萌发,它们的幼苗中都有氯霉素乙酰转移酶活性,证明CAT基因通过了减数分裂稳定地保留在植物细胞的基因组内。     

外源甜蛋白thaumatin II基因转入烟草的研究

利用土壤农杆菌系统,将高甜度的外源甜蛋白thaumatin II基因转入烟草细胞,并得到大量转基因植株及其后代。经分子杂交分析确证thaumatin II基因已整合到烟草植株的基因组中,并在转录水平检测到表达。标记基因胭脂碱合成酶(NOS)基因及新霉素磷酸转移酶(NPT II)基因也在转基因植株中正常表达。     

转石蒜凝集素基因烟草的抗蚜虫性

利用农杆菌介导法将质粒pBILRA转化烟草(Nicotianatabacum L.),该质粒含有由花椰菜花叶病毒35S启动子(CaMV35S)引导的筛选基因新霉素磷酸转移酶基因(nptⅡ)及石蒜凝集素基因(lra).通过卡那霉素筛选获得了25株独立转基因烟草植株.Western blot分析表明,石蒜凝集素蛋白在不同转基因植株中表达量不同.对转基因T1代植株的遗传分析表明,lra基因在大多数独立转基因植株后代中以孟德尔3:1的分离比方式遗传.抗虫试验表明,表达较高水平石蒜凝集素蛋白的转基因烟草对桃蚜种群的生长具有明显的抑制作用.首次报道了表达石蒜凝集素基因的烟草对蚜虫具有抗性.石蒜凝集素基因可用于植物抗虫基因工程研究及应用.     

利用微束激光穿刺法将抗真菌基因导入棉花的研究初报

以棉花感受态萌动种胚作为外源基因转化的受体,用激光微束穿刺法将β-1,3-葡聚糖酶及几丁质酶双价基因导入棉花,所构建的植物表达载体pB IBGC携带有筛选标记npt-Ⅱ(新霉素磷酸转移酶)基因。激光转化处理的种胚经卡那霉素筛选,已经获得抗性小植株。研究了微束激光转化法用于棉花感受态萌动胚转化预培养的时间、高渗液对材料的处理等。研究表明:用微束激光转化处理种胚是一种操作简便、重复性好的转化方法,用该法可将外源基因导入植物感受态萌动胚,避开植株离体再生的困难。     

nptⅡ基因真菌表达载体的构建及在苹果炭疽叶枯病菌遗传转化中的应用

本研究旨在构建1个适用于苹果炭疽叶枯病菌(Glomerella cingulata)的遗传转化载体,为系统研究该病原菌基因的功能提供便利。通过基因工程及分子生物学技术,将三磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(GAPDH)基因启动子Pgap和新霉素磷酸转移酶基因(nptⅡ)连结于质粒p Cambia0380中。构建的载体p Gapneo R1导入根癌农杆菌LBA4404后,通过农杆菌介导的转化技术(ATMT),成功将nptⅡ基因盒整合到苹果炭疽叶枯病菌基因组中。Southern blot分析结果表明,随机挑取的转化子T-DNA均以单拷贝插入到苹果炭疽叶枯病菌基因组中,表明该载体适合于苹果炭疽叶枯病菌的遗传转化。此外,该载体也可用于构建苹果炭疽叶枯病菌的目标基因的回补载体、超表达载体和荧光融合蛋白表达载体。     

利用双T-DNA载体系统培育无选择标记转基因烟草

建立了一种利用双T-DNA载体培育无选择标记转基因植物的方法.通过体外重组构建了双T-DNA双元载体pDLBRBbarm.载体中,选择标记nptⅡ基因和另一代表外源基因的bar基因分别位于2个独立的T-DNA.利用农杆菌介导转化烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.),在获得的转化植株中,同时整合有nptⅡ基因和bar基因的频率为59.2%.对4个同时整合有nptⅡ和bar基因植株自交获得的T1代株系进行检测分析,发现在3个T1代株系2个T-DNA可以发生分离,其中约19.5%的转基因T1代植株中只存在bar基因而不带选择标记nptⅡ.这一结果说明双T-DNA载体系统能有效地用于培育无选择标记的转基因植物.研究还利用位于2个不同载体上的nptⅡ基因与 bar基因通过农杆菌介导共转化烟草,获得共转化植株的频率为20.0%～47.4%,低于使用双T-DNA转化的共转化频率.     

转石蒜凝集素基因烟草的抗蚜虫性

利用农杆菌介导法将质粒pBILRA转化烟草(NicotianatabacumL.),该质粒含有由花椰菜花叶病毒35S启动子(CaMV35S)引导的筛选基因新霉素磷酸转移酶基因(nptII)及石蒜凝集素基因(lra)。通过卡那霉素筛选获得了25株独立转基因烟草植株。Westernblot分析表明,石蒜凝集素蛋白在不同转基因植株中表达量不同。对转基因T1代植株的遗传分析表明,lra基因在大多数独立转基因植株后代中以孟德尔31的分离比方式遗传。抗虫试验表明,表达较高水平石蒜凝集素蛋白的转基因烟草对桃蚜种群的生长具有明显的抑制作用。首次报道了表达石蒜凝集素基因的烟草对蚜虫具有抗性。石蒜凝集素基因可用于植物抗虫基因工程研究及应用。     

Expression of alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein gene confers cross-protection in transgenic tobacco and tomato plants

A chimeric gene encoding the alfalfa mosaic virus (AlMV) coat protein was constructed and introduced into tobacco and tomato plants using Ti plasmid-derived plant transformation vectors. The progeny of the self-fertilized transgenic plants were significantly delayed in symptom development and in some cases completely escaped infection after inoculated with AlMV. The inoculated leaves of the transgenic plants had significantly reduced numbers of lesions and accumulated substantially lower amounts of coat protein due to virus replication than the control plants. These results show that high level expression of the chimeric viral coat protein gene confers protection against AlMV, which differs from other plant viruses in morphology, genome structure, gene expression strategy and early steps in viral replication. Based on our results with AlMV and those reported earlier for tobacco mosaic virus, it appears that genetically engineered cross-protection may be a general method for preventing viral disease in plants.     

Efficient octopine Ti plasmid-derived vectors for Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer to plants.

A two-component cloning system to transfer foreign DNA into plants was derived from the octopine Ti plasmid pTiB6S3. pGV2260 is a non-oncogenic Ti plasmid from which the T-region is deleted and substituted by pBR322. pGV831 is a streptomycin-resistant pBR325 derivative that contains a kanamycin resistance marker gene for plant cells and a site for cloning foreign genes between the 25-bp border sequences of the octopine T-region. Conjugative transfer of pGV831 derivatives to Agrobacterium and cointegration by homologous recombination between the pBR322 sequences present on pGV831 and pGV2260, can be obtained in a single step. Strains carrying the resulting cointegrated plasmids transfer and integrate T-DNA into the genome of tobacco protoplasts, and transformed tobacco calli are readily selected as resistant to kanamycin. Intact plants containing the entire DNA region between the T-DNA borders have been regenerated from such clones. In view of these properties we present pGV831 and its derivatives as vectors for efficient integration of foreign genes into plants.     

Expression of DNA coding for diphtheria toxin chain a is toxic to plant cells

DNA coding for the enzymatically active subunit A of diphtheria toxin was placed under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and the Agrobacterium left transfer-DNA gene 7 polyadenylation signal. Agrobacteria carrying a binary plant vector with the chimeric diphtheria toxin A gene had very low transforming activity in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), and greatly diminished the recovery of stable transformants when mixed together with agrobacteria which alone transformed plant cells well. The introduction of this chimeric molecule into tobacco cells by electroporation lowered the level of the transient expression of the coelectroporated chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene indicating that expression of diphtheria toxin chain A in plant cells is toxic. We have developed a binary vector pGA987 which can be used for probing a variety of plant promoters.     

Chimeric animal and plant viruses expressing epitopes of outer membrane protein F as a combined vaccine against Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection

Outer membrane protein F of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has vaccine efficacy against infection by P. aeruginosa as demonstrated in a variety of animal models. Through the use of synthetic peptides, three surface-exposed epitopes have been identified. These are called peptides 9 (aa 261-274 in the mature F protein, TDAYNQKLSERRAN), 10 (aa 305-318, NATAEGRAINRRVE), and 18 (aa 282-295, NEYGVEGGRVNAVG). Both the peptide 9 and 10 epitopes are protective when administered as a vaccine. In order to develop a vaccine that is suitable for use in humans, including infants with cystic fibrosis, the use of viral vector systems to present the protective epitopes has been investigated. An 11-amino acid portion of epitope 10 (AEGRAINRRVE) was successfully inserted into the antigenic B site of the hemagglutinin on the surface of influenza virus. This chimeric influenza virus protects against challenge with P. aeruginosa in the mouse model of chronic pulmonary infection. Attempts to derive a chimeric influenza virus carrying epitope 9 have been unsuccessful. A chimeric plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), with epitopes 18 and 10 expressed in tandem on the large coat protein subunit (CPMV-PAE5) was found to elicit antibodies that reacted exclusively with the 10 epitope and not with epitope 18. Use of this chimeric virus as a vaccine afforded protection against challenge with P. aeruginosa in the mouse model of chronic pulmonary infection. Chimeric CPMVs with a single peptide containing epitopes 9 and 18 expressed on either of the coat proteins are in the process of being evaluated. Epitope 9 was successfully expressed on the coat protein of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), and this chimeric virus is protective when used as a vaccine in the mouse model of chronic pulmonary infection. However, initial attempts to express epitope 10 on the coat protein of TMV have been unsuccessful. Efforts are continuing to construct chimeric viruses that express both the 9 and 10 epitopes in the same virus vector system. Ideally, the use of a vaccine containing two epitopes of protein F is desirable in order to greatly reduce the likelihood of selecting a variant of P. aeruginosa that escapes protective antibodies in immunized humans via a mutation in a single epitope within protein F. When the chimeric influenza virus containing epitope 10 and the chimeric TMV containing epitope 9 were given together as a combined vaccine, the immunized mice produced antibodies directed toward both epitopes 9 and 10. The combined vaccine afforded protection against challenge with P. aeruginosa in the chronic pulmonary infection model at approximately the same level of efficacy as provided by the individual chimeric virus vaccines. These results prove in principle that a combined chimeric viral vaccine presenting both epitopes 9 and 10 of protein F has vaccine potential warranting continued development into a vaccine for use in humans.     

Ti plasmid vector for the introduction of DNA into plant cells without alteration of their normal regeneration capacity

A Ti plasmid mutant was constructed in which all the on-cogenic functions of the T-DNA have been deleted and replaced by pBR322. This Ti plasmid, pGV3850, still mediates efficient transfer and stabilization of its truncated T-DNA into infected plant cells. Moreover, integration and expression of this minimal T-DNA in plant cells does not interfere with normal plant cell differentiation. A DNA fragment cloned in a pBR vector can be inserted in the pGV3850 T-region upon a single recombination event through the pBR322 region of pGV3850 producing a co-integrate useful for the transformation of plant cells. Based upon these properties, pGV3850 is proposed as an extremely versatile vector for the introduction of any DNA of interest into plant cells.     

Chimeric Virus as a Source of the Potato Leafroll Virus Antigen

Large quantities of potato leafroll virus (PLRV) antigen are difficult to obtain because this virus accumulates in plants at a low titer. To overcome this problem, we constructed a binary vector containing chimeric cDNA, in which the coat protein (CP) gene of the crucifer infecting tobacco mosaic virus (crTMV) was substituted for the coat protein gene of PLRV. The PLRV movement protein (MP) gene, which overlaps completely with the CP gene, was doubly mutated to eliminate priming of the PLRV MP translation from ATG codons with no changes to the amino acid sequence of the CP. The untranslated long intergenic region located upstream of the CP gene was removed from the construct. Transcribed powerful tobamovirus polymerase of the produced vector synthesized PLRV CP gene that was, in turn, translated into the protein. CP PLRV packed RNAs from the helical crTMV in spherical virions. Morphology, size and antigenic specificities of the wild-type and chimeric virus were similar. The yield of isolated chimera was about three orders higher than the yield of native PLRV. The genetic manipulations facilitated the generation of antibodies against the chimeric virus, which recognize the wild-type PLRV.     

Construction and testing of an intron-containing luciferase reporter gene from<Emphasis Type="Italic">Renilla reniformis</Emphasis>

We describe a newRenilla reniformis luciferase reporter gene,RiLUC, which was designed to allow detection of luciferase activity in studies involvingAgrobacterium-based transient expression studies. TheRLUC gene was altered to contain a modified intron from the castor bean catalase gene while maintaining consensus eukaryotic splicing sites recognized by the plant spliceosome.RLUC andRiLUC reporter genes were fused to the synthetic plant SUPER promoter. Luciferase activity within agrobacteria containing the SUPER-RLUC construct increased during growth in culture. In contrast, agrobacteria harboring the SUPER-RiLUC gene fusion showed no detectable luciferase activity. Agrobacteria containing these gene fusions were cotransformed with a compatible normalization plasmid containing a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (CaMV) joined to the firefly luciferase coding region (FiLUC) and infused into tobacco leaf tissues through stomatal openings. The kinetics of luciferase production from theRLUC orRiLUC reporters were consistent, with expression of theRiLUC gene being limited to transiently transformed plant cells.RiLUC activity from the reporter gene fusions was measured transiently and within stably transformed tobacco leaf tissues. Analysis of stably transformed tobacco plants harboring either reporter gene fusion showed that the intron altered neither the levels of luciferase activity nor tissue-specific expression patterns driven by the SUPER promoter. These results demonstrate that theRiLUC reporter gene can be used to monitor luciferase expression in transient and stable transformation experiments without interference from contaminating agrobacteria.