连续全混反应处理木薯酒精废水产沼气能力研究

燃料乙醇是国家能源安全的重要一环,现在主要通过木薯等非粮作物发酵制得,发酵过程中会产生大量废水,废水处理问题成为制约技术革新的关键。高温厌氧条件下,利用连续全混反应(CSTR)对木薯酒精废水进行厌氧处理,探究容积负荷、温度和p H对反应器产甲烷能力的影响。通过试验发现:设备启动完成后,保证COD去除率在90%以上条件下能够达到的最大容积负荷为8.2 kg COD/(m~3·d),容积负荷达到6.8 kg COD/(m~3·d)时,系统产甲烷能力达到最大值。58℃条件下,系统转化甲烷的效率最高。反应系统本身具有较强的p H调节能力,能够维持系统p H稳定在7.3~7.5之间;人为降低p H能够提高系统产气比,但气体中甲烷含量降低。     

糖蜜酒精废水的生物脱色及其细菌群落结构分析

糖蜜酒精废水是糖厂利用糖蜜生产酒精后的废液,废水中色素的含量较高,脱色为该类废水处理过程中的一大难题。采用富集培养技术,将取自糖厂IC(internal circulation)反应器底部的活性污泥加入到不同浓度废水中进行富集,得到的菌群可使废水脱色24%、COD(chemical oxygen demand)去除率19.2%。为了提高菌群的脱色能力,研究了几种单因素对菌群生长、脱色及COD去除能力的影响,结果发现,菌群使废水脱色和去除COD的最佳条件为:10%(v/v)废水中添加0.5%葡萄糖、0.1%蛋白胨、0.1%KH2PO4、0.05%MgSO4·7H2O、0.05%KCl,废水初始pH7.0,在37℃培养7d,废水脱色率达46.2%、COD去除率为38.5%。为了了解以上条件下菌群的群落结构,采用分子生态学方法构建了菌群中细菌16S rDNA文库并对代表性的克隆进行了测序,结果显示其中细菌主要分布在Firmicutes、Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes的7个目中,分别是Erysipelotrich-ales、Clostridiales、Lactobacillales、Xanthomonadales、Burkholderiales、Enterobacteriales、Bacteroidales。大多数细菌属于发酵型细菌,化能异氧型。本研究结果为利用微生物调控糖蜜酒精废水的生物处理提供了依据。     

最新专利文摘

CN102173532A利用生物技术去除糖蜜酒精废液色素的方法本发明公开了一种利用生物技术去除糖蜜酒精废液色素的方法,其特征在于:以糖蜜酒精废液和纤维素为培育基,培育出糖蜜酒精废液菌种Bp-4,其特别能生长在糖蜜酒精废液中,直接用于糖蜜酒精废液处理,在6～8 h的时间内能将糖蜜酒精废液中的色素转化为无色,并采用2次脱色和4次过滤固液分离的处     

治理维生素B12发酵废液的菌种选育

从12株野生细菌或酵母中筛选出了2株去除维生素B_(12)发酵废液COD能力较强的酵母菌株:Z8,F2。在废液不稀释的情况下,Z8的COD去除率最高,当处理时间为5 d时,其COD去除率为46.24%。废液的稀释倍数、单菌株的处理时间均明显影响单菌株的COD去除率。当稀释倍数为废液:去离子水=1:2,处理时间为4 d时,F2的COD去除率较高,可达88.11%。由Z8和F2组成的多菌种混合发酵体系的COD去除率和菌体增长倍数均明显高于单菌株单独发酵体系。在废液不稀释的情况下。采用第4种处理的混合发酵体系,当处理时间为5 d时,COD去除率可达到63.77%。     

小试厌氧混合处理糖蜜酒精废液及不同阶段活性污泥中可培养微生物的群落结构分析

高活性且平衡的微生物群落结构是厌氧生化处理成功的关键。本研究将糖蜜酒精废水与猪粪水以COD比为3:2混合后,利用有工作积为20 L的IC厌氧反应器在自然温度(20~38℃)下进行厌氧发酵。在不添加任何营养元素以及缓冲物的条件下,最适进水负荷为3 200 mg/L,HRT为24 h,COD去除率最高约为80%,单日最高沼气产量为20.15 L。沼气产量与COD去除率呈正相关性。采用传统的分离培养法对发酵不同时期(启动期Q1,稳定期Q2,超负荷期Q3,调整期W1)的活性污泥中可培养菌进行分离纯化。通过比较发现4个阶段中好氧菌占主导地位的菌群分别为Pseudomonas(假单胞菌属)和Bacillus(芽孢杆菌属)(Q1)、Bacillus(芽孢杆菌属)(Q2)、Bacillus(芽孢杆菌属)和Advenella(产碱菌科)(Q3)、Rhodococcus(红球菌属)(W1);而厌氧菌中占主导地位的为Clostridium(梭菌属),不同阶段的污泥中微生物群落在属水平上的种类与数量均有差异。     

高温厌氧消化液二次厌氧消化产气特性的研究

目的:对高温厌氧消化后产生的消化液进行二次厌氧消化降解的可行性研究.方法:采用经阶段性高温厌氧发酵后的消化液为原料,利用实验室自制的小型厌氧发酵装置进行中温35±2℃条件下厌氧发酵实验,测定产气量、甲烷含量和COD值.结果:经中温厌氧二次发酵30d后,消化液中的COD平均降幅达28 150ng/L,说明经阶段性高温厌氧发酵后的消化液可继续进行中温厌氧二次发酵,同时,从产气特性各指标可以看到,300g的消化液在中温条件下发酵30d后的总产气量平均为523ml,沼气中甲烷含量达到55%,沼气质量好.结论:高温厌氧消化后产生的消化液可以进行二次厌氧消化降解.     

耐低温产甲烷菌的分离及其产气活性的初探

在青藏高原地区的低温条件下通过滚管技术分离了一类耐低温产甲烷菌,并利用气相色谱法测定了产气活性。结果表明:这类甲烷菌最低产气温度为8℃,甲烷气体产生的高峰期在厌氧培养的第7 d;pH值与盐浓度对其产气活性均有影响,最佳条件为pH值7.0、盐度4%。     

化学机械法棉秆制浆废液的生物转化条件及转化物的安全性

摘要:【目的】系统研究棉秆制浆废液用于培养具有生物防治功能的枯草芽孢杆菌的适宜条件和转化液的安全性。【方法】以初始pH值、温度、曝气量和接种量作为单因素,通过实验优化培养条件,并以大鼠和大耳兔作为测试动物,对转化液的安全性进行分析。【结果】结果表明,APMP棉秆制浆废液培养枯草芽孢杆菌的最适条件为:初始pH7.0,温度30℃,曝气量16 L/h,接种量0.8 g/L,反应器内加入填料,装填率为30%,在此培养条件下菌株的活芽孢数为6.27×109 CFU/mL,废液COD 转化率达70.4%。生物转化后,转化液的成分含量与转化前相比均有不同程度的下降。经4种毒性试验检测表明,未发现转化液的生物致病性。【结论】APMP 棉秆制浆废液可为枯草芽孢杆菌的生长和代谢提供必要的营养,可用于生物转化,且转化液为无刺激性、无毒性物质。     

耐受高浓度糖蜜酒精废液的细菌群落的多样性分析

广西的甘蔗糖蜜酒精发酵废液的COD高达100 000 mg/L,同时含有15 000 mg/L的硫酸根离子,属于高盐高浓度有机废水,严重抑制微生物的沼气化过程。为了获得耐受高COD和高硫酸盐的细菌群落的多样性数据,对特异性耐受高浓度糖蜜酒精废液的细菌群落进行分析。提取高浓度糖蜜酒精废液沼气池中淤泥样品的总DNA,应用IIIumina MiSeq高通量测序技术测定各样品中的细菌16S rDNA V3-V4变异区序列,并进行测序数据处理、OTUs聚类及物种注释,分析样品中细菌的复杂度和多样品间细菌组成差异。结果显示:沼气池各样品的优势菌群均是厚壁菌门(Firmicute)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)。在废水消化旺盛区域的微生物种群含有泉古菌门(Crenarchaeota)和热脱硫杆菌门(Thermodesulfobacteria)等与硫酸根降解转化相关的菌株。本研究表明,特异性硫酸根转化菌株的富集揭示了这个细菌群落耐受高硫酸根废液的原因。高通量测序技术为高盐高浓度难降解有机废水沼气池淤泥细菌群落多样性的研究提供了科学有效的数据资源。     

木质纤维素燃料乙醇蒸馏废水的高温厌氧处理及菌群结构分析

【目的】为开发高效的高浓度木质纤维素燃料乙醇蒸馏废水厌氧处理及资源化利用工艺,以活性炭为载体,在实验室规模上对高温厌氧流化床反应器处理木质纤维素燃料乙醇蒸馏废水进行研究。【方法】反应器经65 d梯度驯化后启动,对工艺参数进行一系列优化,并通过基于16S rRNA基因的分子生态学技术分析厌氧污泥中的优势菌群。【结果】实验获得了最优的反应条件和处理效果:厌氧流化床反应器(Anaerobic fluidized bed reactor,AFBR)在温度55±1°C、有机负荷率(OLR)13.8 g COD/(L·d)及水力停留时间(HRT)48 h操作时,COD去除率达到90%以上,同时甲烷产率达到290 mL/g COD;菌群鉴定分析结果显示高温厌氧活性污泥中Clostridia所占比例最大,产甲烷菌属以Methanoculleus和Methanosarcina为主,其它功能菌群主要为Alphaproteobacteria等。【结论】AFBR反应器可高效降解木质纤维素燃料乙醇蒸馏废水并产生生物能源甲烷,其反应体系内微生物种类丰富。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.