福建省黑脸琵鹭的分布及栖息地现状

2003年3月~2006年4月,对福建省海岸湿地的黑脸琵鹭(Platalea minor)及其栖息地进行了研究。在福建省越冬的黑脸琵鹭约60~90只,每年迁徙停歇的种群数量在80只以上,黑脸琵鹭主要选择河口的滩涂湿地作为越冬和迁徙停歇地。栖息地的丧失和破坏是其面临的最大生存威胁。实施湿地保护和可持续利用工程,并帮助当地政府和民众寻找到发挥湿地更高经济效益的产业是保护黑脸琵鹭栖息地的重要途径。     

哈拉海湿地丹顶鹤现状、受胁原因及保护

2000年4月至5月对哈拉海湿地丹顶鹤的数量、分布、现状进行了调查,共统计到迁徙丹顶鹤120只次,丹顶鹤夏季种群为14只;其中繁殖个体为10只,另有4只亚成体,此外对本区丹顶鹤受胁原因进行了分析并提出了保护措施。     

我国丹顶鹤栖息地选择研究进展

丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)是我国Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物,被世界自然保护联盟列为濒危物种。本研究通过搜集和整理2000至2017年丹顶鹤栖息地选择和生境适宜性相关文献,分析了丹顶鹤在繁殖期、迁徙期、越冬期的栖息地选择,发现丹顶鹤在这三个时期的最偏好生境均为芦苇沼泽或芦苇滩,回避人为干扰较为严重的居民点、道路、盐田等生境。通过梳理丹顶鹤繁殖地、中途停歇地、越冬地的栖息地变化及其原因,发现丹顶鹤栖息地变化是自然因素和人为因素共同驱动的结果,以人为因素为主。本研究希望为科学评价栖息地变化对丹顶鹤野生种群的影响、针对性地开展栖息地保护管理工作、促进丹顶鹤野生种群健康可持续发展提供依据。     

黄河中上游春季迁徙期水鸟群落及大天鹅活动特征

2015年3月和2016年4月,分别对黄河中上游迁徙期的水鸟资源与大天鹅(Cygnus cygnus)的栖息地进行了调查,旨在掌握黄河中上游春季迁徙期水鸟的资源现状以及大天鹅的活动特征。根据黄河湿地植被和水系分布状况,沿着黄河自西部磴口县至东部土默特右旗进行调查。采用核密度分析法(KDE)计算了大天鹅日间和夜间活动区面积,以及增强型植被指数(EVI)分析了活动区内的栖息地特征。共记录到37种25671只水鸟,其中雁鸭类占水鸟总数的89.6%,特别是大天鹅和小天鹅(C.columbianus)数量较多。内蒙古段黄河是大天鹅春季迁徙重要停歇地之一,大天鹅在此停留时间长((27.23±8.96)d,n=56),日间栖息地和夜宿地基本相似。90%以内区域的EVI值均较低,50%活动区域明显低于50%~90%区域。黄河及农田蓄水而成的河漫滩为大天鹅提供了充足的食物,栖息地隐蔽性较强,适宜大天鹅等水鸟在此长期栖息。     

云南大山包越冬黑颈鹤迁徙路线的卫星跟踪

2005年2月26日和3月1日在云南省昭通大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区,分别为4只越冬黑颈鹤佩戴卫星信号发射器(PTTs),跟踪研究其迁徙路线和迁徙停歇地。2005年春季迁徙中,有2只跟踪黑颈鹤到达繁殖地,其中1只黑颈鹤在2005年11月和2006年3月分别完成从繁殖地返回越冬地和从越冬地再次到达繁殖地的迁徙过程。2只春季迁徙黑颈鹤的迁徙路线大致相同——沿着长江上游金沙江、大渡河一直向北到达黄河上游白河及黑河沿岸若尔盖湿地内。春季迁徙过程中,途中停歇3—4次,总迁徙距离是674—713km,迁徙全程所用时间3—4天。秋季迁徙全程所用时间8天。在4个PTTs工作期间,共确定有13个黑颈鹤迁徙停歇地,其中11个停歇地在河流滩地;其他2个停歇地在高山湖泊附近。总体上,黑颈鹤一般选择海拔在1900m以上湖泊、河流等湿地内,距离耕地较近且人、畜干扰较少的栖息地停歇。     

云南大山包越冬黑颈鹤迁徙路线的卫星跟踪

2005年2月26日和3月1日在云南省昭通大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区，分别为4只越冬黑颈鹤佩戴卫星信号发射器（PTTs），跟踪研究其迁徙路线和迁徙停歇地。2005年春季迁徙中，有2只跟踪黑颈鹤到达繁殖地，其中1只黑颈鹤在2005年11月和2006年3月分别完成从繁殖地返回越冬地和从越冬地再次到达繁殖地的迁徙过程。2只春季迁徙黑颈鹤的迁徙路线大致相同——沿着长江上游金沙江、大渡河一直向北到达黄河上游白河及黑河沿岸若尔盖湿地内。春季迁徙过程中，途中停歇3—4次，总迁徙距离是674—713 km，迁徙全程所用时间3—4天。秋季迁徙全程所用时间8天。在4个PTTs工作期间，共确定有13个黑颈鹤迁徙停歇地，其中11个停歇地在河流滩地；其他2个停歇地在高山湖泊附近。总体上，黑颈鹤一般选择海拔在1 900 m以上湖泊、河流等湿地内，距离耕地较近且人、畜干扰较少的栖息地停歇。     

基于MAXENT模型的丹顶鹤营巢生境适宜性分析——以扎龙保护区为例

明确物种繁殖栖息地的潜在分布对于受胁物种的保护与科学管理具有十分重要的意义。扎龙保护区是国际濒危物种丹顶鹤西部迁徙种群的主要繁殖地之一,近年来繁殖种群数量波动较大。通过GIS空间技术平台,利用MAXENT模型,结合2012—2013年丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)营巢分布点和环境特征变量,对扎龙保护区丹顶鹤营巢生境的适宜性进行了分析。结果表明:模型的评价效果达到优秀水平(训练集AUC=0.901);绿度(34.9%)、距道路距离(17.1%)、土壤湿度(16.3%)、海拔(15.7%)是丹顶鹤营巢生境的主要环境特征变量;核心区中部和南部是丹顶鹤主要的适宜营巢分布区,缓冲区和实验区有少量的适宜营巢区分布,丹顶鹤适宜营巢生境面积为35857.35hm~2,占保护区总面积的17.07%。建议在重点管理核心区的同时,对缓冲区和实验区的小面积芦苇沼泽给予更多关注。     

秦皇岛黄胸鹀和蓝歌鸲的种群动态及迁徙时序——基于1999—2019年的环志数据

鸟类环志是种群监测和迁徙研究的重要手段。基于秦皇岛鸟类环志站1999 ~ 2019年的环志数据,对黄胸鹀（Emberiza aureola）和蓝歌鸲（Larvivora cyane）两种鸟类在21年间的种群动态和迁徙时序进行了分析。结果表明,迁徙途经秦皇岛的黄胸鹀种群数量以4或5年为周期呈规律性的波动下降,年均降幅达17.3%,21年间种群数量累计下降了97.7%。近年来我国加强了对黄胸鹀及其栖息地的保护管理,并于2021年初将其列为国家I级重点保护动物,有望促进其种群的逐步恢复。蓝歌鸲种群数量的年均降幅为4.2%,但下降过程主要集中在1999至2003年间,其后种群指数趋于稳定。黄胸鹀春季网捕高峰短暂而集中,持续约15 d;秋季网捕高峰则较为分散,持续约47 d。这表明黄胸鹀春季迁徙进程明显较为集中和快速,可能是出于繁殖需求采取了时间最短的迁徙策略。蓝歌鸲成年雄鸟、成年雌鸟和亚成鸟春季的网捕高峰在日期上有明显的差异,间隔4或5 d先后出现,表明蓝歌鸲不同年龄和性别的个体在春季进行差别迁徙,有利于减小停歇地的种内竞争,并确保雄鸟提前到达繁殖地占领优质的繁殖领域。     

山西芦芽山自然保护区黑鹳的繁殖及保护

1998－2000年在山西芦芽山国家级自然保护区对黑鹳的数量和繁殖生态作了调查。本区黑鹳最早迁来为2月28日,最晚迁离为11月5日,开始产卵最早是3月8日,窝卵数3－4枚,孵化期31－32天,巢内育雏70－75天,幼鸟成活率为59．4％。该鸟数量稀少,在本区的繁殖个体数量相对稳定,应加强保护。     

九段沙湿地鸻形目鸟类迁徙季节环境容纳量

根据对九段沙湿地2005年春、秋季食物资源调查来计算迁徙期鸻形目鸟类的环境容纳量。结果表明，九段沙湿地春季食物总量为4541．20kgAFDW（去灰分干重），秋季为2279．64kgAFDW，按鸻形目鸟类有效栖息生境计算，春季鸟类可利用食物资源量为3429．03kgAFDW，秋季为1700．92kgAFDW。通过鸟类体型类群分类（根据去脂净重、基础代谢率和体长）和能量消耗模型可以得出，九段沙湿地迁徙季节总食物量理论上可维持的鸻形目鸟类最大数量约为春季350万只，秋季175万只。按有效生境计算，春季约为260万只，秋季约为130万只。考虑到食物取入率的影响，九段沙湿地实际可容纳约13～26万只鸟类。根据地理信息分析可知，高潮位期有效栖息地的缺乏可能是限制鸟类数量达到估计上限的主要原因，建议在不危害保护区生态安全的前提下，开辟一些隐蔽性强的裸地和浅水塘，以提高鸻形目鸟类对九段沙湿地资源的利用率。     

辽宁双台河口自然保护区丹顶鹤繁殖生境变化及其繁殖容量分析

运用面积转换矩阵和景观指数对双台河口自然保护区丹顶鹤繁殖生境的变化进行分析。结果表明 ,该地区丹顶鹤繁殖生境的面积不断减小 ,景观异质性和破碎化程度不断增强 ,生境质量不断下降。生境质量的变化将直接引起在该地区丹顶鹤繁殖数量的变化 ,从 1989～1998年 ,在双台河口自然保护区繁殖的丹顶鹤数量逐年下降 ,丹顶鹤的繁殖容量日益减小 ,原因是道路和油井开发强度的不断增大等人类活动的影响。     

Migration routes and stopover sites of Black-necked Cranes determined by satellite tracking

ABSTRACT.   Because their breeding and wintering areas are in remote locations, little is known about the biology of Black-necked Cranes ( Grus nigricollis ), including their migratory behavior. Using satellite telemetry, we monitored the migration of Black-necked Cranes ( N = 6) in China to determine migration routes and the location of stopover sites. From 2005 to 2007, four cranes were tracked during two spring migrations and one fall migration, one was tracked during one spring and one fall migration, and one was tracked during one spring migration. On average, the cranes made seven flights over a 5-d period to migrate 651 km to breeding areas in the spring. In the fall, birds averaged six flights in 5 d to migrate 694 km. The routes traveled by cranes during spring and autumn migration were similar. Both the migration distances and duration of migration are the shortest reported for any crane species to date. Most stopover sites were in areas along rivers and close to wetlands in the Daliang Mountains and the Ruoergai Plateau. Conservation measures are needed to reduce habitat loss (wetland and pasture) in the Daliang Mountains and establish a reserve for stopover sites in the Ruoergai marshes, such as Longriba and Bai River in Hongyuan County.     

黑龙江省三江平原丹顶鹤的数量分布

在地面调查的基础上,我们使用Y-11轻型飞机对黑龙江省三江平原地区的丹顶鹤的数量分布近行了调查,调查时飞行高度80米,航速140公里/小时,续航里程共3748公里。调查结果表明,丹顶鹤在三江平原主要分布在8个地区,其中嘟噜河下游、洪河自然保护区、七星河流域和兴凯湖低地是主要繁殖地,总数量共309只。     

Seasonal variation in reproductive measures of tropical Roseate Terns Sterna dougallih previously undescribed breeding patterns in a seabird

Seasonal variation in egg-laying, egg size, hatching success, hatchling mass, fledging success and chick growth of Roseate Terms Sterna dougallii breeding on Aride Island (Seychelles), Indian Ocean, were studied in 1997 and 1998. I investigated to what extent two patterns, common in a range of species, were followed by tropical Roseate Terns: (a) seasonal decrease in clutch size, egg size and breeding success and (b) an increase in breeding success with increasing egg weight. In 1997 (a poor year), the earliest nesting birds laid significantly smaller eggs, and chicks were lighter at hatching than those of peak nesting birds. The mean clutch size, of 1.04 eggs, showed no seasonal variation and no 'b'-eggs hatched. In 1998 (a good year) the earliest nesting birds laid eggs of similar size and their chicks were of similar weight to those of peak nesting birds. Mean clutch size, of 1.25 eggs, increased significantly through the season and about 60% of the 'b'-eggs hatched. In 1997, hatching success was 57% whereas in 1998 it was 80%. In both years, breeding success declined significantly through the season. The fact that the earliest breeding birds laid smaller eggs in a poor year and smaller clutches in a good year is in marked contrast to a range of other species, and to temperate-nesting Roseate Terns. Egg volume explained about half of the variance in hatchling mass in both years, but only 15% of the variation in linear growth rate. Hatching date was the only variable with a significant effect on fledging success. Roseate Terns on Aride seemed to sacrifice egg size and clutch size for earliness of laying. Presumably it is a strategy of older birds to lay as early as possible and may be regarded as a response of tropical Roseate Terns to breeding under relatively poor, and seasonally declining, food conditions.     

扎龙自然保护区丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)巢的内分布型及巢域

为了探讨丹顶鹤繁殖种群的空间分布,2002～2006年的4～5月份,在黑龙江扎龙国家级自然保护区,采用定点观察法、无样地取样法、GPS定位等研究方法和分布距离指数、最近邻体法等衡量指标对丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)巢的内分布型及巢域进行了研究.结果表明:(1)扎龙保护区丹顶鹤巢的内分布型,I2002=2.140>2,I2003=2.048>2,I2004=2.093>2, I2006=3.263>2,均为聚集分布;(2)在假设扎龙保护区丹顶鹤巢域面积等于领域面积、巢域形状为圆形且所有个体面积大小相等的前提下,丹顶鹤的巢域为(0.510±0.019)km2,年度间有所差异,分别为2002年(0.542±0.257)km2、2003年(0.569±0.067)km2、2004年(0.557±0.054)km2、2006年(0.344±0.119)km2.分析表明,丹顶鹤对于栖息生境的整体分布和繁殖微生境质量的变化具有一定适应和应答的能力.为了更有效地验证本文的研究结果并对丹顶鹤进行保护,还有待于长期监测并进一步研究.     

中国鹤类现状及其保护对策

中国有9种鹤类,其中灰鹤（Grus grus）、黑颈鹤（Grus nigricollis）、丹顶鹤（Grus japonensis）、白枕鹤（Grus vipio）、赤颈鹤（Grus antigone）、蓑羽鹤（Anthropoides virgo）在中国进行繁殖。中国政府为保护鹤类采取了大量有效措施。本文在结合当前鹤类数量和保护现状的基础上,对中国鹤类的保护对策进行探讨。     

江苏盐城国家级珍禽自然保护区丹顶鹤的承载力

江苏盐城沿海滩涂地区是世界上最大的丹顶鹤(G rus jap onensis)越冬地。如今全球的丹顶鹤仅约2700只,而每年在此越冬的丹顶鹤接近世界野生个体总数的一半。因此,盐城滩涂的环境状况对于保护该物种的意义不言而喻。该地区能够容纳承养多少丹顶鹤?这是一个关键性的问题。此前尚无人就盐城滩涂对丹顶鹤的承载力作过详细分析。处于保护下的野生动物应按照“生态承载力”来分析其容纳量。由于滩涂上水源较充足,食物和隐蔽物就是丹顶鹤对生境的主要两方面需求,也即限制因子。根据2004~2005年越冬期统计的鹤数及其分布,运用N eu方法分析丹顶鹤对盐城8种不同栖息地的选择性,结果显示它们最偏爱的生境是稻田和草滩,可以栖息在芦苇(P hragm ites comm un is)地、淡水养殖塘或大米草滩,而回避的生境是泥滩、盐田、盐地碱蓬(Suaed a sa lsa)滩。之后,作者用“热量法”计算了射阳基地圈养丹顶鹤的饲料成分,基本符合营养定额标准;而人工投放的玉米饲料难以保障野生鹤的生存。又按“重量法”,以丹顶鹤对各生境的利用程度为权重,估算得盐城保护区可利用的食物总量远远大于鹤群一个越冬期所需量,表明食物并非生境的决定性因子。此外,作者分析了丹顶鹤对各种主要食物的选择性,发现植物在食物总量中占比例极小,但其喜爱的食物却是植物性的稻谷和人工的玉米饲料。总而言之,其种群喜爱居留在淤长型海岸带及食物量大、距道路(人类活动)远、盐度小的栖息地。核心生境丹顶鹤的分布密度约0.8~2.5只/km2,则1000km2最适宜生境的容纳量为800~2500只;实际上,近10a来80%~90%的鹤群分布收缩在核心区与缓冲区(面积共641km2),则整个保护区容纳量为570~2004只。结合这两方面考虑,作者预测盐城保护区的丹顶鹤承载力为2000~2500只,目前其数量未达饱和,种群还将增长。     

Geographic distribution of the mid-continent population of sandhill cranes and related management applications

The Mid-continent Population (MCP) of sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) is widely hunted in North America and is separated into the Gulf Coast Subpopulation and Western Subpopulation for management purposes. Effective harvest management of the MCP requires detailed knowledge of breeding distribution of subspecies and subpopulations, chronology of their use of fall staging areas and wintering grounds, and exposure to and harvest from hunting. To address these information needs, we tagged 153 sandhill cranes with Platform Transmitting Terminals (PTTs) during 22 February–12 April 1998–2003 in the Central and North Platte River valleys of south-central Nebraska. We monitored PTT-tagged sandhill cranes, hereafter tagged cranes, from their arrival to departure from breeding grounds, during their fall migration, and throughout winter using the Argos satellite tracking system. The tracking effort yielded 74,041 useable locations over 49,350 tag days; median duration of tracking of individual cranes was 352 days and 73 cranes were tracked >12 months. Genetic sequencing of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from blood samples taken from each of our random sample of tagged cranes indicated 64% were G. c. canadensis and 34% were Grus canadensis tabida. Tagged cranes during the breeding season settled in northern temperate, subarctic, and arctic North America (U.S. [23%, n = 35], Canada [57%, n = 87]) and arctic regions of northeast Asia (Russia [20%, n = 31]). Distribution of tagged cranes by breeding affiliation was as follows: Western Alaska–Siberia (WA–S, 42 ± 4% [SE]), northern Canada–Nunavut (NC–N, 21 ± 4%), west-central Canada–Alaska (WC–A, 23 ± 4%) and East-central Canada–Minnesota (EC–M, 14 ± 3%). All tagged cranes returned to the same breeding affiliation used during the previous year with a median distance of 1.60 km (range: 0.08–7.7 km, n = 53) separating sites used in year 1 and year 2. Fall staging occurred primarily in central and western Saskatchewan (69%), North Dakota (16%), southwestern Manitoba (10%), and northwestern Minnesota (3%). Space-use sharing indices showed that except for NC–N and WC–A birds, probability of finding a crane from one breeding affiliation within the home range of another breeding affiliation was low during fall staging. Tagged cranes from WC–A and EC–M breeding affiliations, on average, spent 25 and 20 days, respectively, longer on fall staging areas in the northern plains than did WA–S and NC–N birds. Cranes in the NC–N, WA–S, and WC–A affiliations spent 99%, 74%, and 64%, respectively, of winter in western Texas in Hunting Zone A; EC–M cranes spent 83% of winter along the Texas Gulf Coast in Hunting Zone C. Tagged cranes that settled within the breeding range of the Gulf Coast Subpopulation spent 28% and 42% of fall staging and winter within the range of the Western Subpopulation, indicating sufficient exchange of birds to potentially limit effectiveness of MCP harvest management. Harvests of EC–M and WC–A cranes during 1998–2003 were disproportionately high to their estimated numbers in the MCP, suggesting more conservative harvest strategies may be required for these subpopulations in the future, and for sandhill cranes to occupy major parts of their historical breeding range in the Prairie Pothole Region. Exceptionally high philopatry of MCP cranes of all 4 subpopulations to breeding sites coupled with strong linkages between crane breeding distribution, and fall staging areas and wintering grounds, provide managers guidance for targeting MCP crane harvest to meet management goals. Sufficient temporal or spatial separation exists among the 4 subpopulations on fall staging areas and wintering grounds to allow harvest to be targeted at the subpopulation level in all states and provinces (and most hunting zones within states and provinces) when conditions warrant. Knowledge gained from our study provides decision-makers in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and Russia with improved guidance for developing sound harvest regulations, focusing conservation efforts, and generating collaborative efforts among these nations on sandhill crane research and management to meet mutually important goals. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.     

就地保护中迁地保护实践案例--以扎龙保护区人工辅助繁育丹顶鹤种群为例)

就地保护中实施迁地保护是濒危物种保护的较为有效的形式。扎龙保护区自1976年筹建以来,就计划并实施开展了以人工辅助繁育丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)种群为平台的孵化、训飞、放飞工作,本文通过常规的统计方法对扎龙保护区自建区以来的丹顶鹤孵化、训飞、放飞数据进行了分析。结果显示出：建区至今,人工辅助繁育丹顶鹤种群的年均孵化成功率为77.41%(1981年最高,为100%);孵化成活量整体呈上升趋势,年均约为27只(2003年最高,为52只),近10年来基本维持在30~50只之间;训飞规模在逐年提高,近年来基本维持在100~120只之间;放飞规模与训飞规模同步也在逐年提高,年均放飞8只,2009年以来维持在10只以上;放飞野化的丹顶鹤已记录于中国的江苏盐城保护区、山东黄河三角洲保护区、韩国铁原地区。进一步分析表明,扎龙保护区在丹顶鹤保护方面已取得了一定的成绩。