游客对低碳旅游的认知和意愿——以丽江市为例

低碳旅游是不同于传统旅游产业的一种转型产业模式,是当前旅游业发展的新趋势,同时也改变着旅游者的消费方式。采用问卷调查的方法,对丽江市的游客关于低碳旅游的认知和意愿进行了研究,结果表明:(1)低碳旅游的认知水平程度较高(68.5%),受教育程度、入住酒店星级和年平均旅游次数与认知程度显著正相关。91%的受访者认为公众意识是低碳旅游首先应被考虑的影响因素,大多数游客认为可以通过改变旅游交通(87.5%)和住宿方式(57.5%)来减少旅游业的碳排放。(2)游客对低碳旅游的意愿程度普遍较高(79.5%),入住酒店星级、年平均旅游次数和人均旅游花费与低碳旅游意愿显著负相关。定期旅行的游客对低碳旅游的认知最强,但行为的改变意愿却最弱。不经常旅行的游客则更愿意实现低碳旅游,但实际上对于旅游模式改变的影响也较小。(3)现阶段,低碳旅游的推行实际上也存在一定的难度和问题。46.5%的受访者认为目前低碳旅游流于形式和口号,76%的游客认为目前我国景区的游客普遍缺乏低碳旅游的良好习惯。(4)从政府和旅游主管部门、旅游企业、旅游者三方面提出了发展低碳旅游的相关建议。     

新疆85个县市旅游生态安全时空格局演变及驱动机制

旅游生态安全是区域生态安全的重要组成部分。科学评价区域旅游生态安全状况,对区域旅游生态安全风险防控具有重要的现实意义。以新疆85个县市为研究对象,兼顾DPSIR模型与数据包络分析方法（DEA）两者优势,运用Max-DEA软件科学、系统地测度新疆各县市2007-2017年的旅游生态安全,利用ArcGIS10.6和GeoDa0.95i软件的空间分析技术对新疆各县市的旅游生态安全时空格局演变特征进行分析,并利用地理探测器探测旅游生态安全的关键影响因素。研究发现：（1）时间上,新疆多数县市的旅游生态安全指数逐年降低,呈现出明显的恶化趋势;空间上,新疆各县市旅游生态安全等级两极分化现象严重,且南疆县市的旅游生态安全水平总体优于北疆县市;（2）新疆各县市的旅游生态安全存在明显的相关性,旅游生态安全空间集聚态势明显;（3）新疆旅游生态安全低-低类聚集区域范围有所扩散,高-高类聚集区域范围则正在缩小,负面空间溢出效应增强,正面溢出效应减弱;（4）影响新疆各县市旅游生态安全的主要因素有：城镇化率、游客人数、游客密度、旅游空间指数、星级酒店数、植被指数、农牧民人均纯收入、旅游业对GDP的贡献率、旅游接待能力以及每万人拥有教师数。基于研究发现,本文刻画了新疆旅游生态安全的驱动机制,并提出相应的政策建议。研究成果对新疆各县市的旅游生态安全的保护具有重要的参考意义。     

中国旅游业碳均衡区域差异及其影响因素

碳均衡分析是新时期旅游业绿色、低碳发展的重要研究方向之一。立足"源-汇"视角，运用旅游碳赤字测度模型和Theil指数研究了2008-2017年中国旅游业碳均衡状态及其区域差异，并基于K-means cluster和典范对应分析方法探究了各省域碳均衡分布与影响因子之间的关系。结果表明：研究期内中国旅游业碳排放远高于碳承载力，导致旅游碳赤字均值由515万t上升至1358万t，旅游业发展始终处于碳失衡状态；Theil指数的结果进一步反映了旅游碳赤字存在区域差异性，这种差异主要源于地带内差异，而地带内差异主要是由东部和西部地带内的差异引起的；各省域可以分为旅游业碳排放最低型、旅游碳承载力最高型、旅游碳赤字较高型、旅游碳赤字最高型四类；结合K-means cluster和典范对应分析的结果可以识别出影响碳均衡状态的正负向因子，并为实现各区域旅游业碳均衡指明了差异化的发展路径。     

基于能值分析的生态脆弱区旅游业可持续发展研究——以甘南藏族自治州为例

旅游可持续发展现已成为世界性诉求,生态脆弱区旅游发展与生态环境保护的矛盾尤为突出,因此,评估生态脆弱区旅游可持续发展的态势对促进区域旅游经济和生态环境的协调发展具有重要意义。以甘南藏族自治州为研究区,采用旅游能值分析方法,基于调查数据、统计数据和能值转换数据,采用旅游输入能值、旅游输出能值、旅游环境负载率、旅游能值交换率和旅游可持续发展能值指数等评价模型,测度了2006—2015年甘南藏族自治州旅游可持续发展水平,旨在推进旅游可持续发展的研究方法的应用,为生态脆弱区旅游生态经济系统的综合评价及持续发展管理提供科学依据。研究表明:(1)2006—2015年,甘南藏族自治州旅游输入、旅游输出能值逐年增长,旅游餐饮、住宿能值占旅游输出能值的59%—82%,刚性需求能值输出占较高比例的能值结构不利于本区旅游业的可持续发展。(2)研究区旅游可持续发展处于不稳定的状态:2006—2008年旅游可持续发展能值指数由2.49降至0.94,大量不可更新资源的消耗造成环境压力较大,旅游系统处于不可持续状态;2008—2015年旅游可持续发展能值指数上升至7.85,为可持续发展状态,但2014—2015年旅游系统有效能值产出效率低,系统可持续性较差。     

Drivers and socioeconomic impacts of tourism participation in protected areas

Nature-based tourism has the potential to enhance global biodiversity conservation by providing alternative livelihood strategies for local people, which may alleviate poverty in and around protected areas. Despite the popularity of the concept of nature-based tourism as an integrated conservation and development tool, empirical research on its actual socioeconomic benefits, on the distributional pattern of these benefits, and on its direct driving factors is lacking, because relevant long-term data are rarely available. In a multi-year study in Wolong Nature Reserve, China, we followed a representative sample of 220 local households from 1999 to 2007 to investigate the diverse benefits that these households received from recent development of nature-based tourism in the area. Within eight years, the number of households directly participating in tourism activities increased from nine to sixty. In addition, about two-thirds of the other households received indirect financial benefits from tourism. We constructed an empirical household economic model to identify the factors that led to household-level participation in tourism. The results reveal the effects of local households' livelihood assets (i.e., financial, human, natural, physical, and social capitals) on the likelihood to participate directly in tourism. In general, households with greater financial (e.g., income), physical (e.g., access to key tourism sites), human (e.g., education), and social (e.g., kinship with local government officials) capitals and less natural capital (e.g., cropland) were more likely to participate in tourism activities. We found that residents in households participating in tourism tended to perceive more non-financial benefits in addition to more negative environmental impacts of tourism compared with households not participating in tourism. These findings suggest that socioeconomic impact analysis and change monitoring should be included in nature-based tourism management systems for long-term sustainability of protected areas.     

基于碳排放核算的中国区域旅游业生态效率测度及比较研究

旅游业作为国民经济发展的战略性支柱产业在区域发展中具有重要作用。借鉴生态效率的基本思想,考虑区域能源消费结构差异,使用自下而上的方法将旅游交通、旅游住宿与游憩活动碳排放进行加总估算出2000—2013年中国旅游业碳排放量;接着运用单一比值法计算出2000—2013年中国及各地区旅游业生态效率值,利用变异系数、莫兰指数对测度结果进行分析并与可持续发展生态效率值进行比较。研究结果表明:(1)2000—2013年,中国旅游业碳排放量不断增加,从2000年的1202.71万t增加到2013年的4151.57万t。旅游业部门之间碳排放量差异较大,尤其是旅游交通部门占到旅游业碳排放量的90%左右;(2)得益于2000—2013年旅游业发展的促进政策,中国及各地区旅游业生态效率总体上呈现不断改善的趋势,中国旅游业生态效率由2000年0.1193 kgCO_2-e/$下降到0.0309 kgCO_2-e/$。(3)时间维度上,中国旅游业生态效率的区域不平衡问题仍然存在,相比于2000年旅游业生态效率变异系数0.7114,2013年的变异系数反而增加到0.7483;空间维度上,各地区旅游业生态效率聚集模式发生了明显变化,莫兰指数由0.3036减少到0.0278。(4)通过将测度结果进行比较,中国旅游业自2000年开始进入可持续发展阶段,中国旅游业的整体可持续水平要优于其他产业,各地区的旅游业在2010年全部进入可持续发展状态。最后,对结果进行了讨论并提出旅游业生态效率的优化应从旅游收入增加与旅游业减排两方面进行。     

Tourism sustainability in Tibet – Forward planning using a systems approach

The purpose of this study is to employ a nonlinear dynamic evaluation method to assess the tourism sustainability of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), China, a new emerging tourism destination. The methodology draws on system dynamics and Back Propagation (BP) neural network. According to 7 setting principles, this study identifies 13 tourism sustainability indicators including conventional tourism income, tourism resources stock, pollution stock, etc., as well as specific residents’ tourism cognition, seasonal difference, accessibility, etc. Then a system dynamics model including the 13 indicators (variables) and other relevant auxiliary variables is established. Based on the numerical simulation, using a three layers BP neural network optimized by genetic algorithm and particle swarm algorithm, this study evaluates the future sustainability dynamically and compares the sustainability evolution from 2014 to 2050 under different development strategies. The research results not only provide information useful for the dynamic control and scientific management of the future sustainable tourism development, but also provide a systems approach to evaluate regional tourism sustainability.     

中国旅游业碳排放效率的空间格局及其影响因素

旅游业碳排放效率作为旅游业绿色全要素生产率指标,是衡量旅游业碳排放与旅游经济增长之间关系的重要工具。借助SBM模型测算了中国省际旅游业碳排放效率,并利用ESDA和GWR方法分析了旅游业碳排放效率的空间格局及其影响因素的时空异质性。结果表明:中国旅游业碳排放效率呈现缓慢提升态势,但总体水平仍较低。旅游业碳排放效率的空间集聚特征明显,形成了以上海为中心的高值集聚区和以西北省份为中心的低值集聚区。旅游业碳排放效率及其空间格局演化是多因素共同作用的结果,旅游经济规模对中西部地区旅游业碳排放效率的提升作用较强;城镇化的促进作用逐步减弱,且在多数省份开始产生抑制作用;技术效应的提升作用高值区从中东部转移至华北和东北地区;旅游业产权结构对南部地区的推动作用也逐步凸显;结构效应主要对西南地区起促进作用。这为优化和提升旅游业碳排放效率提供了理论依据。     

Wildlife Abundance and Diversity as Indicators of Tourism Potential in Northern Botswana

Wildlife tourism can provide economic incentives for conservation. Due to the abundance of wildlife and the presence of charismatic species some areas are better suited to wildlife tourism. Our first objective was to develop criteria based on wildlife abundance and diversity to evaluate tourism potential in the Northern Conservation Zone of Botswana. Secondly we wanted to quantify and compare tourism experiences in areas with high and low tourism potential. We used aerial survey data to estimate wildlife biomass and diversity to determine tourism potential, while data from ground surveys quantified the tourist experience. Areas used for High Paying Low Volume tourism had significantly higher mean wildlife biomass and wildlife diversity than the areas avoided for this type of tourism. Only 22% of the Northern Conservation Zone has intermediate to high tourism potential. The areas with high tourism potential, as determined from the aerial survey data, provided tourists with significantly better wildlife sightings (ground surveys) than the low tourism potential areas. Even Low Paying tourism may not be economically viable in concessions that lack areas with intermediate to high tourism potential. The largest part of the Northern Conservation Zone has low tourism potential, but low tourism potential is not equal to low conservation value. Alternative conservation strategies should be developed to complement the economic incentive provided by wildlife-based tourism in Botswana.     

Tourism climatology: evaluating environmental information for decision making and business planning in the recreation and tourism sector

This work grew from initiatives of the International Society of Biometeorology's Commission on Climate, Tourism and Recreation (ISBCCTR). The ISBCCTR was formed during the 15th Congress of the ISB held in November 1999 in Sydney, Australia. The aim of ISBCCTR is to promote research in tourism climatology. The first formal meeting of the Commission took place at the Meliton Resort, Halkidiki, Greece, 5-10 October 2001. The aims were to (1) bring together a selection of scientists and tourism experts to review the current state of knowledge of tourism climatology and (2) explore areas and priorities for future work and the role of the Commission in this. The Workshop highlighted the fact that, although climate is widely recognised as vitally important to tourism, relatively little is known about its effects. Even less is known about the economic impact or significance of climate on commercial prospects for tourism. Important research themes that warrant attention were identified. Among these was the need for a tourism climate index (or indices) that integrates all facets of climate, uses standard data and is objectively tested and verified. Work is also required on developing a better understanding of what climate-related information is required by both tourists and the tourism industry, exploring the distinction between the impact of climate on tourists and the impact on the tourism industry, setting a standard approach to tourism climate assessment, assessing the role of weather forecasts and long-term expectations of climate on choices made by tourists, the risks to tourism caused by extreme atmospheric events, what climate-related criteria people use to make decisions about tourism and recreational choices, how products giving information about weather and climate are currently used by the recreation and tourism industry and what are the existing and future requirements for this climate information.     

绿色发展背景下区域旅游生态效率影响因素——以西部地区为例

旅游生态效率是评估区域绿色全要素生产率和可持续发展水平的绩效依据。基于西部各省（市、自治区）2000-2017年的面板数据，用"自下而上"法测算西部地区旅游业碳排放量并运用比值法计算旅游生态效率，分析旅游生态效率的时空演变特征及影响因素。首先构建由旅游生态效率、规模效应、结构效应、技术效应共同组成的PVAR模型，探究3种效应对旅游生态效率的影响。然后在考虑各地区能源消费结构差异的基础上构建面板门槛模型，对旅游业发展水平与旅游生态效率的非线性关系进行实证检验。研究结果表明：（1）西部地区旅游生态效率自2000年西部大开发战略实施以来呈逐步提高的趋势，绿色发展水平持续提高。（2）旅游生态效率受自身滞后因素以及技术效应因素的影响较大，游客规模的扩大、产业结构优化以及技术水平的提高均有利于旅游生态效率的提高。（3）旅游业发展水平对旅游生态效率的影响存在门槛效应，经济发展水平、规模效应、结构效应对旅游生态效率有显著的正向作用，城镇化对旅游生态效率有显著的负向作用。最后根据实证分析的结果，提出西部地区实现旅游业绿色、低碳发展的相关对策。     

芦芽山自然保护区旅游开发与植被环境关系——旅游影响系数及指标分析

采用旅游影响系数对芦芽山自然保护区旅游开发与植被环境的关系进行了继续探讨。结果表明：(1)6个旅游影响因子之间的正负相关性均很好地体现了旅游活动对各因子影响的规律性,同时也说明了旅游影响因子的选择与确定以及对其赋值的正确性。它们与自然地理因子、人文地理因子的相关性说明了它们作为评价指标的可行性,同时也说明旅游活动是景区管理的主要对象。(2)根据旅游影响系数评价分级可知,整个自然保护区管理水平呈良级和中等水平,某些地段已出现危机感。其中,冰口凹和山顶附近是人为活动影响最强烈、质量管理最差的地段。评价分级的结果较好地反映了芦芽山旅游开发现状,与实际状况大致吻合,说明这一方法是可行的。(3)评价指标之间的相关性表明,距游径的水平距离愈远,敏感水平愈低,景观重要值愈大,物种多样性信息指数愈大或者稳定,旅游影响系数愈小。     

Review of accounting for carbon dioxide emissions from tourism at different spatial scales

Carbon dioxide emission from tourism, as a focus of man-land relationship in tourism industry in the 21st century, is a vital index reflecting its effect on environment change. The article summarizes the contents of carbon dioxide emissions from tourism at different scales such as world, nation, region and unit. These results indicate that: (1) the accounting of the carbon dioxide emissions from tourism began from global and national scales at the end of the last century, then to regional and basic scales. (2) The Carbon dioxide emissions from tourism are mainly from high-developed countries and regions in terms of space, from the minority high-spending tourists in terms of behavior, from high-speed vehicles, high-grade accommodations and high-level tourism activities in terms of tourism element. The carbon dioxide emissions per capita of developing countries and regions are less than one tenth in developed countries and regions. As for the proportion of total emission, tourism transportation accounts for the largest, generally more than 65%, followed by accommodation, and the last is tourism activity. (3) Based on the systemic analysis of these coefficients of accounting carbon dioxide emissions in tourism, the paper indicates that there are progresses in the consistency of coefficients at global scale and diversity of coefficients at national, regional and unit scales, while the coefficients of developed countries and regions are higher than those of developing countries and regions. In addition, some recommendations including coefficients have given to China.     

生态效率视角下旅游业生态福利及驱动因素——以常州市为例

经济效益最大化与环境影响最小化是绿色旅游与可持续发展的内在诉求。本文立足于生态效率模型,创新性地提出旅游业生态福利指数,据此分析1995—2017年常州市旅游业生态福利变化趋势及驱动效应,旨在为评价旅游产业绿色可持续发展能力提供新视角。研究发现:(1)1995年来常州市生态足迹呈现先增长后下降趋势,但旅游业各部门生态足迹均不断增长,游客人均资源消耗约为本地居民人均资源消耗的2.81—9.37倍,面临艰巨的节能减排压力。(2)1995年来常州市本底生态效率与旅游生态效率逐年提升,分别增加了37033元/hm~2和44226元/hm~2;同等资源消耗下,旅游业平均每单位产出高14409元/hm~2,但游客年均消耗的自然资源却为本地居民的5.78倍。(3)1995—2007年间常州市旅游生态福利升降波动频繁,2007年来呈以直线式地骤降,受规模效益影响,旅游业的绿色生态福利和高效性不断弱化,为全市的资源节约量下降了10.7倍。(4)迪氏对数指标分解法(Logarithmic Mean Disivia Index, LMDI)揭示规模效应、经济效应对旅游福利水平变化起到显著地负向驱动效应,效率效应、技术效应起到正向拉动作用。未来,常州市旅游业应以绿色发展为导向,走出"无烟产业"误区,转变经济增长模式,大力倡导节能减排工作,走资源利用精细化、可持续发展道路,最大限度提升旅游业福利效应。     

Ecological footprint study on tourism itinerary products in Shangri-La, Yunnan Province, China

The eco-footprint analysis of tourism is one of the most up-to-date and effective methods used to analyze the environmental effects of tourism. This study constructs a model to calculate the ecological footprint (EF) of tourism itinerary products by using a component approach, rudimentarily exploring the calculation methods for EF which target necklace-like tourism itinerary products and base tourist trips. By applying the model to calculate and analyze an “8-day tour of Shangri-La”, a typical tourism itinerary product, results of this study suggest that: (a) Tourism is a kind of life style with tremendous ecological consumption, that is, per capita EF that tourists produce in the course of travel is more than the one that local people produce in their daily life in tourist source areas, and it also exceeds the per capita EF that local people produce in their daily life in tourist destination; (b) According to the component approach, EF of tourism itinerary products is broken down into 7 components, among which “Transport”, “Food”, “Waste” and “Accommodation” play important roles; (c) There exist significant differences in ecological efficiency between different departments of tourism; the travel and entertainment sectors maintain a relatively high ecological efficiency, while the food and lodging departments have relatively low ecological efficiency.     

旅游产业集聚对旅游业碳排放效率的空间溢出效应

在碳中和、碳达峰的时代背景下,提高旅游业碳排放效率对实现旅游产业高质量发展具有重要的实践价值。基于2001—2018年中国省际(自治区、直辖市)面板数据,首先利用区位熵和Super-SBM模型分别测算中国省际旅游产业集聚水平和旅游业碳排放效率,并探究二者空间演变趋势和关联特征;其次,运用空间杜宾模型分析旅游产业集聚对旅游业碳排放效率的影响及其空间溢出效应。结果表明：(1)研究期内,中西部地区的旅游产业集聚水平明显提高,东部地区则无明显变化;除河北省、山西省、内蒙古自治区等地区外,其他省份的旅游业碳排放效率均无显著变化。整体上看,二者高水平地区的空间分布变化大致均呈现出以现有集聚区为中心向周边扩散的趋势。(2)旅游产业集聚能显著提高旅游业碳排放效率,并且具有正向空间溢出效应,而旅游业碳排放效率的负向空间溢出效应则会抑制其他地区旅游业碳排放效率的提高。(3)经济发展、产业结构、城镇化、对外开放、技术进步和环境规制均能不同程度促进旅游业碳排放效率,但城镇化作用效果不显著,旅游业产权结构则显著抑制旅游业碳排放效率,经济发展和城镇化均具有正向空间溢出效应,产业结构呈现出较强的负向空间溢出作用,技...     

山岳型乡村旅游地“三生”空间演变及优化——德庆金林水乡的案例实证

以德庆县金林水乡为例,采用参与式观察和空间统计法,选取2000、2008年和2018年3个时段分析旅游发展对山岳型乡村旅游地"三生"空间的影响,并探讨了金林水乡"三生"空间的发展瓶颈及优化路径。研究发现:(1)旅游开发前,金林水乡土地结构与用地功能单一且呈片状分布;村落呈现传统乡村风貌,基础设施不健全;空间形态变化稳定,扩张缓慢。(2)旅游开发后,土地利用类型多样化,出现新型复合用地;土地功能利用复杂化,以服务旅游业为主;村庄景观风貌现代化,生活空间更加宜居。(3)旅游开发前后对比可得,土地平面占地规模化,空间用地以居民点为核心,呈圈层状向外围扩张;生产-生活-生态空间相互转化,乡村聚落重构特征较为显著;村落景观风貌的变化较大,呈现城镇化趋势。(4)金林水乡"三生"空间演化与旅游发展存在的问题表现在生产用地效率不高,生活用地质量较低,生态空间不断萎缩,在旅游产业发展上表现为旅游产品单一且缺乏创新,旅游服务功能不完善等。为此从生活空间的提质、生产空间增效、生态空间保护、旅游产业创新以及土地利用五方面提出优化建议。     

Promoting hunting tourism in north Sweden: opinions of local hunters

Hunting tourism can help to diversify local economies in rural areas. In northern Sweden, hunting tourism has the potential to counteract outmigration and unemployment, but may entail ecological and social risks. I used a mail survey of 2,110 hunters in rural northern Sweden to assess attitudes toward hunting tourism. Respondents emphasized the importance of hunting to maintain economical, social, and cultural values in the rural areas. Most hunters estimated that game contributed equal or larger amount of meat to their household than meat bought commercially. Few respondents had first hand experience of hunting tourism and they were divided on their attitude towards promoting hunting tourism. Many (46%) were uncertain about their attitude towards hunting tourism; 36% were positive and 18% were negative. Ethical values on using wildlife in hunting tourism and the attitude towards new hunters coming to hunt influenced attitudes on development of hunting tourism. Hunters that were positive to hunting tourism believed that it would create new jobs. Because hunting in Sweden is highly organized and collective, there are no models of hunting tourism adapted to the hunting culture in northern Sweden. The uncertainty of the potential local benefits from a development of hunting tourism should be placed within a research framework, especially in the northernmost parts where governmental undertakings are large and the state can influence land use.     

中国旅游生态足迹研究可视化分析

旅游生态足迹是一种定量测算旅游可持续发展的方法,对于全面评估旅游者对旅游地的生态环境响应有重要理论意义和现实价值。基于中国知网2004—2017年关于旅游生态足迹的面板数据,运用CiteSpace信息可视化分析软件,绘制国内旅游生态足迹的发文作者、发文机构以及关键词等内容的科学知识图谱,通过梳理该研究领域的发展现状,探讨其未来发展路径和研究方向。研究结果表明:(1)国内旅游生态足迹的发文数量整体呈现出增长趋势,研究作者群体逐渐增多,核心研究团队逐渐突显,但各研究机构的科研能力差距较大;(2)研究涉及学科领域较广,学科交叉性、多样性、综合性等特征明显;(3)旅游生态足迹模型、旅游生态承载力以及旅游可持续发展是该研究领域的核心关键词,区域旅游生态足迹的动态演变过程及其驱动机制、旅游生态系统服务的多功能性和旅游可持续发展路径等方面,将会是未来需要长期关注的研究话题。     

国外旅游生态效率优化与管理

旅游生态效率概念采用定量化方法对旅游业经济、环境影响进行分析,成为旅游业可持续发展评价的重要工具。基于可持续理论的旅游生态效率优化管理方案不断涌现,相关利益主体应用较多的有环境管理系统、旅游生态标签、清洁生产理念、旅游生态效率中心、21世纪地方议程等。在旅游企业日常运营中积极推动生态效率优化管理,是贯彻绿色发展理念,提高目的地旅游经济、环境绩效的一种新思路。从可持续背景下旅游生态效率优化模型入手,系统化分析了国外旅游生态效率优化管理方案的内容与特征。其中,环境管理系统在目的地层面为旅游生态效率优化设计了一套评估管理流程,旅游生态标签为目的地生态效率水平提供了可视化标志符号,21世纪地方议程为旅游可持续发展提供一致性整合方案,清洁生产理念是一种基于生态效率优化的长期战略,旅游生态效率中心作为非营利性机构有利于中小企业获得较好的环境绩效表现。国外旅游生态效率优化管理方案特征明显、设计合理、管理科学,对我国目的地旅游生态效率优化提升具有重要的借鉴作用。