国外旅游生态效率优化与管理

旅游生态效率概念采用定量化方法对旅游业经济、环境影响进行分析,成为旅游业可持续发展评价的重要工具。基于可持续理论的旅游生态效率优化管理方案不断涌现,相关利益主体应用较多的有环境管理系统、旅游生态标签、清洁生产理念、旅游生态效率中心、21世纪地方议程等。在旅游企业日常运营中积极推动生态效率优化管理,是贯彻绿色发展理念,提高目的地旅游经济、环境绩效的一种新思路。从可持续背景下旅游生态效率优化模型入手,系统化分析了国外旅游生态效率优化管理方案的内容与特征。其中,环境管理系统在目的地层面为旅游生态效率优化设计了一套评估管理流程,旅游生态标签为目的地生态效率水平提供了可视化标志符号,21世纪地方议程为旅游可持续发展提供一致性整合方案,清洁生产理念是一种基于生态效率优化的长期战略,旅游生态效率中心作为非营利性机构有利于中小企业获得较好的环境绩效表现。国外旅游生态效率优化管理方案特征明显、设计合理、管理科学,对我国目的地旅游生态效率优化提升具有重要的借鉴作用。

Foreign tourism eco-efficiency optimization and management

Tourism eco-efficiency is a term based on a lifecycle analysis approach to reduce resource use and environmental effects by the tourism industry. Examples of the tools that are used by different stakeholders to address tourism eco-efficiency optimization and sustainable tourism are Environmental Management Systems (EMS), Tourism Eco-labels, Tourism Eco-efficiency Center, the concept and framework of Local Agenda 21 (LA21), and Cleaner Production (CP). In terms of implementing sustainable tourism destinations based on the model of tourism eco-efficiency, these tools contribute to different aspects of the optimization of tourism eco-efficiency and sustainable development at various destinations. EMS provides a management system at the destination and company levels; eco-labeling allows for the development of recognition criteria; LA21 provides overall integration and coordination at the local level; and CP provides an overall implementation strategy to achieve the goals that are set. The Tourism Eco-Efficiency Centre (TEEC) was established as a non-profit, non-government, educational, and environmental management supportive center for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). The TEEC helps SMEs achieve better economic and environmental performance through resource conservation, pollution prevention, reuse, recycling, and sound environmental management practices. A range of concepts about tourism eco-efficiency optimization has provided pertinent definitions of the most commonly used preventive environmental management practices, which are necessary for businesses to develop sustainability. Foreign research of the management and optimization of tourism eco-efficiency has had remarkable results and progresses, which has strong implications for the ecological efficiency optimization and management of tourism in China.