风沙地菊芋的主要生态学特性

菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus L.)根系发达,抗旱性强,具有重要的防风固沙功能.为了揭示菊芋防风固沙机理及生长适应性,对科尔沁沙地生长的菊芋主要生态学特性进行了研究.结果表明:菊芋的生长发育可分为出苗期、快速生长期和块茎膨大期3个时期;菊芋地上部器官生长与干物质积累8周之内增长缓慢,之后生长迅速,第18周块茎开始进入速生期,块茎干物质积累在第23周达到最大值,平均单株为298.15 g;菊芋的光合性能指标与干物质积累存在密切关系,其中菊芋叶面积指数、光合势均在地上部分生长速生期第9周起开始呈对数式增长,到地下块茎膨大速生期第18周达到最大值,分别为6.55、401016m2·d-1·hm-2;叶片叶绿素相对含量在地上干物质开始向块茎转移时最高,峰值为38.4.     

莱州海涂海水灌溉下菊芋生理生态特性研究

 在山东莱州对菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus)进行了海水灌溉浓度及其灌溉次数的田间试验,结果表明：1） 灌溉1次的处理中,全淡水同海淡水比例为1∶9、1∶4、1∶3的3种处理的菊芋块茎产量（鲜重）没有显著差异;菊芋生长中灌溉2次,以海淡水比例为1∶3处理的菊芋块茎产量最高,但各处理间菊芋块茎产量差异没有达到显著水平;无论何种比例海淡水灌溉,在莱州湾,灌溉两次菊芋块茎产量显著高于灌溉1次;2） 灌溉处理后连续5天内,菊芋光合速率与土壤表层盐分动态变化趋势一致：第一、二天,1∶9比例海淡水灌溉菊芋光合速率显著高于其它处理,而1∶4、1∶3比例海淡水处理在前二、三天光合速率同全淡水灌溉处理基本没有差异,第五天时,海淡水比例为1∶3的处理,菊芋光合速率显著低于其它处理;在灌溉后盐分变化达到平稳的较长时间内,土壤水分含量成为影响菊芋光合速率的主导因子,1∶3处理因土壤表层土壤水吸力较低而菊芋光合速率显著高于其它处理;3） 第一次灌溉60 d后,以全淡水灌溉处理菊芋的叶面积指数显著高于其它处理,1∶3处理显著低于其它处理,1∶9、1∶4两处理间没有差异。     

不同日照长度下菊芋块茎形成过程中植物激素和同工酶的变化

每日8～13小时日照可以诱导菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus)开花和块茎的形成,每日14小时以上的日照则抑制其开花和块茎的形成。生长在短日照(每日8小时日照)和自然日照下的菊芋,在花芽刚一出现时匍匐茎即开始膨大,CTK含量也随之增加,块茎膨大最快时,CTK含量最高。生长在长日照(每日18小时日照)下的菊芋,匍匐茎始终不膨大,其中CTK含量一直保持较低水乎。诱导前菊芋匍匐茎中含有一定数量的GA,短日照诱导25天后的第5天,GA含量减少,低水平的GA一直维持到最后。在长日照下生长30天后的匍匐茎GA含量增长1倍多,GA含量一直维持较高水平。自然日照下匍匐茎膨大前GA含量变化不大,膨大开始后则显著减少。在短日照诱导中喷施GA_3溶液,匍匐茎膨大也被抑制。在短日照稻自然日照下菊芋块茎形成过程中,过氧化物酶同工酶的强度和酶带数随匍匐茎的膨大而增大,生长在长日照下的菊芋,匍匐茎不膨大,过氧化物酶同工酶也变化不大。     

不同供镁水平对两菊芋品种幼苗生物量、光合和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

采用砂培方式研究了不同供镁水平对"南芋1号(Nanyu No.1)"和"青芋2号(Qingyu No.2)"幼苗生物量、光合特性和叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明:缺镁使菊芋叶片叶绿素含量显著降低,干物质积累减少,净光合速率、蒸腾速率和光合电子传递速率显著下降、CO2同化受抑制,同时Fv/Fm、ΦPSII、qP和qN也显著下降,加重了叶片受到光抑制的程度;随着供镁水平的增加,菊芋的干物质积累,叶绿素含量,光合参数和各系列荧光参数均呈现先增加后降低的趋势;南芋1号和青芋2号在镁离子浓度分别为3和6mmol.L-1,叶片的净光合速率、Fo、Fm、Fo’、Fm’、Fv/Fm、ΦPSII、ETR达到最高值,叶绿素a、b及总叶绿素含量也最多,干物质积累量最大;南芋1号的各系列荧光参数、光合参数、叶绿素含量和干物质积累量均显著高于青芋2号。     

氮磷互作对菊芋块茎产量和品质的影响

为探明肥料互作对菊芋产量及品质的影响,以“南芋1号”为试验材料,通过正交田间试验,对氮(N)、磷(P)及其交互作用对菊芋块茎产量和品质的影响进行了研究.结果表明:N、P对菊芋块茎产量、干物质含量,总糖、还原糖和菊糖含量具有极显著影响(P＜0.01);N、P交互作用对菊芋块茎产量、干物质和还原糖含量有显著影响(P＜0.05),对块茎总糖和菊糖有极显著影响(P＜0.01);当磷肥为135 kg·hm-2时,与氮肥存在交互效应;当氮肥低于180 kg·hm-2时,为正交互效应,表现出协同促进作用,氮肥高于180 kg·hm-2时,为负交互效应,表现出拮抗作用;当氮肥为180 kg·hm-2、磷肥为135 kg·hm-2时,氮磷正交互效应增强,氮磷表现出协同促进作用,菊芋块茎产量最高,且菊芋块茎的干物质含量、总糖、还原糖和菊糖含量达到最高值,即菊芋块茎能达到最高产量和最优品质.综上,在山东莱州地区菊芋大田种植的基础施肥量宜为纯氮为180 kg·hm-2、P2O5为135 kg·hm-2.     

新疆超高产棉花冠层光分布特征及其与群体光合生产的关系

以新疆超高产棉田(皮棉产量在4000 kg·hm^-2以上)为研究对象,分析不同生育时期棉花冠层光分布、群体光合速率和干物质积累量的变化,研究不同产量水平棉田冠层的光环境变化特征及其与群体光合生产的关系.结果表明： 超高产田盛花期到盛铃后期冠层上、中、下层光吸收率的比例为2∶2∶1,呈均匀分布,群体散射辐射和直射辐射透过系数分别为0.20～0.55和0.22～0.56,处于较适宜范围,中、下层叶片受光良好,冠层各层次叶片群体光合速率差异较小.与高产(3500 kg·hm^-2)和一般高产(3000 kg·hm^-2)棉田相比,超高产田在盛铃前期具有较高的叶面积指数和群体光合速率峰值,在初絮期和盛絮期的叶面积指数下降缓慢,群体光合速率峰值仍保持较高值,非叶绿色器官对产量形成的光合贡献增大,群体干物质积累量较高.在栽培过程中,调节冠层结构,使垂直方向上光辐射和群体光合能力分布均匀是确保棉花高效利用光能、实现超高产的重要途径.     

灌水频率对河西走廊绿洲菊芋生活史对策及产量形成的影响

灌水频率对作物产量形成和生活史对策具有重要影响,但对于收获地下块茎的经济作物的研究非常少见。以菊芋为材料,分别在苗期(seedling, S)、枝繁叶茂期(lush foliage, L)、现蕾期(budding, B)和开花期(flowering, F)施加不同灌水组合,包括苗期600m³/hm² (S600,相当于天然降雨量)处理组J1、S600+L600为J2、S600+B600为J3、S600+L300+B900为J4、S600+L900+B300为J5、S600+L600+B300+F900为J6以及全生育期不浇水的对照组CK,测定菊芋产量及生物量分配变化。结果表明,低灌水频率显著降低菊芋产量和干物质积累,苗期到枝繁叶茂期是株高增长速度最快的时期,到枝繁叶茂期之后显著性下降,表明枝繁叶茂期是营养生长的高峰期。不同灌水频率处理组之间菊芋产量和干物质积累量有显著性差异,表现为J1相似文献   

半干旱雨养农业区马铃薯干物质和钾素积累与分配特性

2010年在甘肃省定西市通过大田试验,研究了半干旱雨养农业区马铃薯的干物质(DM)和钾素(K)积累与分配规律.结果表明： 马铃薯根、茎、叶的DM积累量在全生育期内呈单峰曲线,大小顺序为叶＞茎＞根;全株和块茎DM积累量在全生育期内持续增加,均呈“S”型增长曲线.全株的DM积累最大速率大于块茎,且出现时间比块茎早17 d. DM在各器官中的分配以块茎形成末期和块茎增大末期为转折点;在块茎形成末期之前,DM分配比例以叶片最大,其后以块茎最大;干质量平衡期出现在块茎增大末期(出苗后90 d左右),此期之前块茎的DM积累量小于根茎叶,二者的积累量呈正相关,其后块茎大于根茎叶,二者呈负相关.全株干物质积累主要来源于块茎.植株干物质积累量在苗期、块茎形成期、块茎增长期、淀粉积累期和成熟期的分配比例分别为5%、30%、60%、4%和1%,块茎干物质积累量的分配比例分别为0、18%、62%、18%和2%.全生育期内,马铃薯50%以上的干物质在块茎增长期形成. 马铃薯品种“新大坪”各器官中钾浓度以茎最高,块茎最低,在干质量平衡期之前根中的钾浓度高于叶,之后低于叶;各器官中钾的积累量在干质量平衡期之前集中分配在根茎叶中,表现为茎＞叶＞根,之后主要向块茎中分配和积累,至成熟期,60%以上的钾贮藏在块茎中.     

沙打旺生物量及营养物质形成规律的研究

沙打旺种群生长期地上部生物量、营养物质产量呈单峰曲线。各器官生物量及营养物质的高峰期不一致,地上部生物量在9月上旬(花期)达最大值;其中茎杆量峰值在花期以后;叶量峰值在花期以前。粗蛋白,粗脂肪产量高峰在生物量高峰前,分别为166g／m2,29g／m2;粗纤维、无氮浸出物产量高峰在生物量高峰后,达591g／m2、663g／m2。沙打旺生物量形成过程中土壤水分逐渐亏缺。从返青到生物量高峰,地上部生物量与根区3m土层贮水量呈显著负相关(r=-0.7726**)。沙打旺绝对生长速度为一单峰曲线,在7月上旬达最大值(14.9g／m2·d)：净同化率在返青后有一短暂上升期;相对生长速度持续下降。不同器官在不同生长发育阶段营养成份含量及其积累速度显著不同。     

茉莉酸类与植物地下贮藏器官的形成

茉莉酸类化合物(茉莉酸及其衍生物)可能参与了马铃薯、薯蓣、菊芋的块茎,甘薯的块根以及洋葱、大蒜的鳞茎形成。JA及MeJA均可诱导离体条件下马铃薯块茎的形成和马铃薯髓部细胞的膨大。JA诱导细胞膨大是由于蔗糖积累导致渗透压增加以及细胞壁结构变化,从而使其伸展性增加,纤维素的合成起了重要作用,细胞骨架也是JA诱导细胞膨大所必需的。但迄今为止,尚未确定块茎形成的直接诱导物。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。