紫云英翻压量与不同施氮量对水稻生长和氮素吸收利用的影响

为了筛选出紫云英翻压量和氮肥的最佳配施比例,从而为实际生产提供理论依据,本试验采用裂区设计,以空闲、不施氮为对照处理CK1,以空闲、常规施氮为对照处理CK2,紫云英翻压量设翻压27000、45000 kg·hm-2两个水平,施氮量设不施氮、施氮量60、120和180 kg·hm-2四个水平,研究紫云英翻压量与不同施氮量对水稻产量、干物质积累和氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:紫云英27000 kg·hm-2+N≥120 kg·hm-2和紫云英45000 kg·hm-2+N≥60 kg·hm-2即可保证水稻产量和生长,其中处理M1N2的产量最高,较常规施氮处理CK2高出11.56%;成熟期处理M2N1的干物质积累量最大,比CK2高21.41%;处理M2N3的氮素吸收量最大,比CK2高5.32%;而氮肥表观利用率和氮肥真实利用率均随着氮肥施用量的增加而减小;所以紫云英27000 kg·hm-2+N120 kg·hm-2和紫云英45000 kg·hm-2+N 60 kg·hm-2两种施肥方式能够在保证水稻产量的同时,有效提高氮肥利用率,有利于资源的高效利用。     

氮、磷、钾肥不同用量对花生生理特性及产量品质的影响

在田间条件下研究了氮、磷、钾肥不同用量对花生叶片生理特性及产量品质的影响.结果表明:与不施肥处理相比,花生分别单独施用氮、磷、钾肥可提高叶片叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质含量和光合速率,增加SOD、POD和CAT活性,降低MDA积累量,以施N300～450kg.hm-2、施P5O2150～225kg.hm-2、施K2O300～450kg.hm-2的效果最显著;对叶片光合性能的改善,氮肥的作用主要在前期,磷在中后期,钾肥前后期比较一致.施肥可显著提高花生荚果产量,随施氮量的增加花生产量显著提高,施磷、钾肥以中等施肥量(P5O2150kg.hm-2、K2O300kg.hm-2)花生产量最高,钾肥的增产作用大于氮、磷肥.少量施用磷、钾肥(P2O575kg.hm-2、K2O150kg.hm-2)可显著增加花生籽仁蛋白质和脂肪含量,少量施用氮肥(N150kg.hm-2)可显著增加蛋白质含量,大量施用氮肥(N450kg.hm-2)才可显著增加脂肪含量;磷肥对提高籽仁蛋白质和脂肪含量效果明显,氮肥对增加蛋白质含量作用较大,钾肥主要提高了可溶性糖含量.施用氮、磷、钾肥可增加花生籽仁的赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和油酸、亚油酸含量,提高油酸/亚油酸比值,从而改善花生营养品质,延长花生制品的货价寿命.     

磷肥施用对冬小麦产量及土壤氮素利用的影响

为确定河北保定地区磷肥投入阈值,提高肥料利用效率,以冬小麦为研究对象进行大田试验,研究了磷肥施用对小麦产量、土壤硝态氮含量及氮素利用的影响.结果表明:与不施磷肥(P0)相比,优化施磷(P1,120 kg·hm-2)、200%优化施磷(P2,240 kg·hm-2)和400%优化施磷(P3,480 kg·hm-2)处理均能增加小麦株高、旗叶面积和单株叶面积,有利于光合产物的积累.施用磷肥显著提高了冬小麦的穗数、穗粒数和籽粒产量,但千粒重有所下降.其中,以P2处理小麦产量最高,为6102 kg·hm-2,显著高于P0和P3处理,但与P1处理差异不显著.施用磷肥可有效降低耕层土壤硝态氮的积累量,但0~100 cm土体总积累量仍然偏高,可通过降低氮肥施入等方法减少土壤硝态氮含量.P1和P2处理冬小麦的氮素生产效率、氮素吸收效率均较高,但两者间并无显著差异.P1处理的磷肥利用率、磷肥农学效率、磷肥偏生产力显著高于P2和P3处理.本试验条件下,施磷量为120 kg·hm-2(P1)是兼顾小麦产量、氮磷利用效率和较低土壤硝态氮累积的适宜施磷量.     

海水灌溉欧洲菊苣盐肥耦合效应

2008年在江苏北部沿海滩涂进行田间试验研究了不同浓度海水灌溉下欧洲菊苣(Cicherium intybus L.)的盐肥耦合效应。结果表明:1)20%海水灌溉下欧洲菊苣肉质根和地上部分生物产量与淡水处理相比没有显著差异,而40%海水灌溉下产量均显著下降;N3(氮用量90kg.hm-2)水平与N1(氮用量0kg.hm-2)水平相比,欧洲菊苣肉质根产量与地上部分生物产量可以显著提高;同样,P3(P2O5用量45kg.hm-2)水平与P1(P2O5用量0kg.hm-2)水平相比,欧洲菊苣产量亦显著提高。2)各浓度海水灌溉下,随着施氮、磷量的增加菊苣主茎普遍增长和增粗。3)经过海水与氮肥及磷肥的交互作用对总产量影响的分析,可以看出W1N3(淡水,氮用量90kg.hm-2)和W1P3(淡水,P2O5用量45kg.hm-2)是优化组合。4)经过海水与氮肥及磷肥的交互作用对籽粒产量影响的分析,可以看出W2N3(20%海水,氮用量90kgN.hm-2)和W1P2(淡水,P2O5用量22.5kg.hm-2)是优化的组合。处理因子分析表明:海水、氮肥、磷肥对欧洲菊苣产量具有显著效应,以海水影响最大;总产量的优化组合为W1N3P...     

氮素对马铃薯品种东农311产量及品质的影响

为了找出马铃薯的合理施氮量,从而为马铃薯产量的提高及品质的改良提供合理依据,本试验通过探讨不同施氮水平对马铃薯的影响,以中晚熟品种东农311为试验材料,在同一磷钾水平条件下,设定6个氮肥梯度,测定马铃薯在各氮肥梯度下,块茎形成后不同时期的干物质积累量及块茎成熟后的产量、品质性状。研究结果表明,在增加氮肥施用量后,随块茎的生长,干物质积累量显著提升;块茎成熟后,淀粉和维生素C的含量随施氮量的增加呈降低趋势,而还原糖和粗蛋白的含量呈升高趋势。并且本试验确定的东农311的最适施氮量为176 kg/hm2。     

氮肥和密度对双季杂交稻干物质积累和产量的影响

以早稻“陆两优996”,晚稻“Y两优86”为试验品种,设4个氮肥水平、3个栽插密度,研究了双季超级杂交稻在不同氮肥水平和栽插密度条件下的干物质积累、冠层光能截获率和产量及其构成因素的特性.结果表明:早晚稻产量与氮肥水平呈现单峰曲线关系,以中氮处理产量最高,分别为10245.04和11015.37 kg· hm-2,有效穗随施氮量的增加而增加,但每穗实粒数以中氮处理(早N135、晚N180)最高,分别达143.92和142.80粒·穗-1;3个栽插密度之间早晚稻产量差异不显著,且对早稻产量构成因子无显著影响,但对晚稻有效穗、结实率的影响有极显著差异,高密度处理有效穗高、结实率低,低密度处理有效穗低、结实率高;氮肥与密度互作对早晚稻产量均无显著影响,但从高产高效节氮栽培综合考虑,双季早稻“陆两优996”和晚稻“Y两优86”的适宜施氮量分别为135和180 kg· hm-2,栽插密度为45×104和30×l04穴·hm-2.     

种植密度和施氮水平对小麦吸收利用土壤氮素的影响

2011-2013小麦季,在大田条件下设置2个氮肥水平(180和240kgN· hm-2)和3个种植密度(135、270和405万·hm-2),并将15N-尿素分别标记在20、60和100 cm土层处,研究种植密度-施氮互作对小麦吸收、利用土壤氮素及硝态氮残留量的影响.结果表明:种植密度从135万·hm-2增加至405万·hm-2,小麦在20、60和100 cm土层的15N吸收量分别增加1.86、2.28和2.51 kg·hm-2,地上部氮素积累量和吸收效率分别提高12.6％和12.6％,氮素利用效率降低5.4％;施氮量由240 kg N·hm-2降至180 kg N·hm-2,小麦在20、60 cm土层的15N吸收量分别降低4.11和1.21 kg·hm-2,在100 cm土层的15N吸收量增加1.02 kg·hm-2,地上部氮素积累量平均降低13.5％,氮素吸收效率和利用效率分别提高9.4％和12.2％.施氮180kg N·hm-2+种植密度为405万·hm-2处理与施氮240 kg N·hm-2+种植密度为270或405万·hm-2处理相比,其籽粒产量无显著差异,深层土壤氮素的吸收量显著提高,氮素吸收效率和利用效率分别提高13.4％和11.9％,O～ 200 cm土层的硝态氮积累量及100～ 200 cm土层硝态氮分布比例降低.在适当降低氮肥用量条件下,通过增加种植密度可以促进小麦吸收深层土壤氮素,减少土壤氮素残留,并保持较高的产量水平.     

风沙地菊芋的主要生态学特性

菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus L.)根系发达,抗旱性强,具有重要的防风固沙功能.为了揭示菊芋防风固沙机理及生长适应性,对科尔沁沙地生长的菊芋主要生态学特性进行了研究.结果表明:菊芋的生长发育可分为出苗期、快速生长期和块茎膨大期3个时期;菊芋地上部器官生长与干物质积累8周之内增长缓慢,之后生长迅速,第18周块茎开始进入速生期,块茎干物质积累在第23周达到最大值,平均单株为298.15 g;菊芋的光合性能指标与干物质积累存在密切关系,其中菊芋叶面积指数、光合势均在地上部分生长速生期第9周起开始呈对数式增长,到地下块茎膨大速生期第18周达到最大值,分别为6.55、401016m2·d-1·hm-2;叶片叶绿素相对含量在地上干物质开始向块茎转移时最高,峰值为38.4.     

不同施氮水平对苦荞不同品种生长发育、干物质转运和产量的影响

该研究以西农9940和黔苦3号为材料,设置(N1) 90、(N2) 180、(N3) 270 kg·hm-2三个氮肥处理水平,分析不同施氮量处理对两个苦荞品种的生长、营养器官干物质积累转运和施氮量对籽粒灌浆特性和产量的影响。结果表明:(1)施氮肥显著促进苦养生长发育。随着施氮量的增加,苦荞株高、叶片SPAD值和干物质积累量呈增长趋势,于N3处理达到最大值,显著高于N1和N2处理。且在同一施氮处理条件下,黔苦3号的株高、SPAD值和干物质积累量均优于西农9940。就转运率而言,苦荞的两个品种表现不一致,施氮显著提高西农9940茎叶干物质转运率,黔苦3号则相反;叶片贡献率随施氮量增加显著增加,茎贡献率则没有显著变化。(2)随着施氮量的增加,苦荞籽粒灌浆持续期增加,最大灌浆速率到达时间延长,平均灌浆速率却降低,百粒重呈下降趋势;在同一施氮处理条件下,西农9940较黔苦3号灌浆速率更快,百粒重更大。(3)随着施氮量的增加,产量及其构成因素呈先增加后减少的趋势。西农9940的产量在N2处理达到最高,为1 650 kg·hm-2,较N1、N3处理增产了45.6%和28.2%;黔苦3号的产量在N1处理达到最高,为616. 7 kg·hm-2,较N2和N3处理增产了12.8%和51.6%。在黄土高原旱作区苦荞种植因品种不同而选择不同的施氮量,建议西农9940最佳施氮量为180～270 kg·hm-2,黔苦3号最佳施氮量为90～180 kg·hm-2。     

减量施氮对玉米-大豆套作体系中作物产量及养分吸收利用的影响

通过田间试验研究了种植方式(玉米单作、大豆单作、玉米-大豆套作)和施氮水平(0、180、240 N kg·hm-2)对玉米和大豆产量、养分吸收及氮肥利用的影响.结果表明:与单作相比,玉米-大豆套作体系中玉米籽粒产量、地上部植株N、P、K吸收量及收获指数略有降低,而大豆籽粒产量、地上部植株N、P、K吸收量及收获指数显著提高.玉米-大豆套作系统的套作优势随施氮量的增加而降低,与当地农民常规施氮量(240 kg·hm-2)相比,减量施氮(180kg·hm-2)处理下玉米和大豆产量、经济系数,以及N、P、K吸收量和收获指数、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率显著提高,土壤氮贡献率降低;与不施氮相比,减量施氮降低了玉米带土壤的全N、全P含量,提高了大豆带土壤的全N、全P、全K含量和玉米带土壤的全K含量.减量施氮水平下,玉米-大豆套作系统的周年籽粒总产量、地上部植株N、P、K总吸收量均高于玉米和大豆单作,土地当量比(LER)达2.28;玉米-大豆套作系统的氮肥吸收利用率比玉米单作高20.2%,比大豆单作低30.5%,土壤氮贡献率比玉米和大豆单作分别低20.0%和8.8%.玉米-大豆套作减量一体化施肥有利于提高系统周年作物产量和氮肥利用率.     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Comparison of BMI and percentage of body fat of Indian and German children and adolescents

Today, serious health problems as overweight and obesity are not just constricted to the developed world, but also increase in the developing countries (Prentice 2006, Ramachandram et al. 2002). Focusing on this issue, BMI and percentage of body fat were compared in 2094 schoolchildren from two cross-sectional studies from India and Germany investigated in 2008 and 2009. The German children are in all age groups significantly taller, whereas the Indian children show higher values in BMI (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 22 kg/m2; German: around 19 kg/m2) and in the percentage of body fat (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 27%; German: around 18-20%) in most of the investigated age groups. The Indian children have significantly higher BMI between 10 and 13 (boys) respectively 14 years (girls). Indian children showed significant higher percentage of body fat between 10 and 15 years (boys) and between 8 and 16 years (girls). The difference in overweight between Indian and German children was strongest at 11 (boys) and 12 (girls) years: 70% of the Indian but 20% of the German children were classified as overweight. In countries such as India that undergo nutritional transition, a rapid increase in obesity and overweight is observed. In contrast to the industrialized countries, the risk of overweight in developing countries is associated with high socioeconomic status. Other reasons of the rapid increase of overweight in the developing countries caused by different environmental or genetic factors are discussed.     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

颧骨颧弓骨折的分类及诊治

颧骨颧弓骨折是最常见的面中部骨折之一,迄今为止,在其分类及诊治的选择上仍然存在一定争议,本文对目前颧骨颧弓骨折的分类及诊治的现状和进展作一综述,以期对临床工作提供参考。