滨海半干旱地区海水灌溉对土壤安全和作物产量的影响

2001至2003年,连续3a在山东莱州地区布置田间试验,研究海水灌溉对土壤安全和作物产量的影响。试验共设4个处理,即CK(未灌溉处理)、25%、50%、75%的海水灌溉处理。结果表明:未灌溉处理土壤中的总盐量呈明显积累趋势,2003年较2001年增加了1.3倍;25%和50%的海水灌溉处理,2001年土壤盐分明显积累,此后两年有逐年脱除的趋势。2003与2001年相比,脱盐率分别达到34.9%和41.0%。连续3a海水灌溉后,除CK外,各处理耕层中的盐分较为稳定,且处于较低水平;CK和50%的海水灌溉处理,60~100cm的土层中的盐分明显积盐,而其它处理均未表现出积盐趋势。25%的海水灌溉处理土壤钠吸附比明显高于50%、75%的海水灌溉处理,但仍然未达到10mmol/L。2001和2002年,25%和50%的海水灌溉处理,较未灌溉处理增产效应显著。因此,25%和50%的海水灌溉耐盐作物菊芋,能够保证土壤安全和作物高产高效。     

海水组培法培育芦荟耐盐品系研究

以库拉索芦荟(Aloe vera)组培苗为材料,在培养基中添加不同浓度海水对芦荟进行盐胁迫驯化培养.结果显示:(1)在50%海水处理的组培植株性状分离最明显,且有部分芦荟苗生长旺盛;盐胁迫驯化前芦荟(库拉索)与盐胁迫驯化后芦荟('南盐1号')的组培苗在分化过程中存在明显的差异,库拉索芦荟的芽分化率、平均分芽数、心叶生长速率及生根系数等指标均明显低于同比例海水处理下的'南盐1号';'南盐1号'芦荟苗在0～20%海水条件下组培时,芦荟分化率随着海水浓度的加大而降低,而30%海水组培处理时芦荟芽增长数上升至淡水组培水平,且平均心叶数增加速率最大,根生长变化特征与其芽分化生长基本一致.(2)移栽入圃后用50%天然海水灌溉时,'南盐1号'芦荟植株根系发达,生长正常,而库拉索芦荟则盐胁迫症状明显;经一年大田海水灌溉比较试验发现,'南盐1号'的地上部与根部的鲜重在淡水灌溉下与库拉索芦荟没有差异,而在30%和60%比例的海水灌溉下均显著高于库拉索芦荟;用30%的海水灌溉培养下,'南盐1号'地上部产量与淡水灌溉的产量无显著差异,而库拉索芦荟的地上部产量却比淡水处理降低15%～20%.研究表明,通过海水组织培养能筛选出芦荟耐盐株系,且其耐盐分化株系筛选的最适浓度为50%海水.     

氮磷互作对菊芋块茎产量和品质的影响

为探明肥料互作对菊芋产量及品质的影响,以“南芋1号”为试验材料,通过正交田间试验,对氮(N)、磷(P)及其交互作用对菊芋块茎产量和品质的影响进行了研究.结果表明:N、P对菊芋块茎产量、干物质含量,总糖、还原糖和菊糖含量具有极显著影响(P＜0.01);N、P交互作用对菊芋块茎产量、干物质和还原糖含量有显著影响(P＜0.05),对块茎总糖和菊糖有极显著影响(P＜0.01);当磷肥为135 kg·hm-2时,与氮肥存在交互效应;当氮肥低于180 kg·hm-2时,为正交互效应,表现出协同促进作用,氮肥高于180 kg·hm-2时,为负交互效应,表现出拮抗作用;当氮肥为180 kg·hm-2、磷肥为135 kg·hm-2时,氮磷正交互效应增强,氮磷表现出协同促进作用,菊芋块茎产量最高,且菊芋块茎的干物质含量、总糖、还原糖和菊糖含量达到最高值,即菊芋块茎能达到最高产量和最优品质.综上,在山东莱州地区菊芋大田种植的基础施肥量宜为纯氮为180 kg·hm-2、P2O5为135 kg·hm-2.     

水肥异区交替灌溉对夏玉米生理指标的影响

以夏玉米品种‘户单4号'为材料,通过防雨棚内微区试验研究了两种灌水量(450 m~3/hm~2和900 m~3/hm~2)条件下水肥异区交替灌溉和均匀灌溉对夏玉米生长以及某些生理指标的影响.结果显示:(1)在节水50%的条件下,水肥异区交替灌溉与高灌水量均匀灌溉的夏玉米生物量、产量均无显著差异.(2)低灌水量时,水肥异区交替灌溉下的玉米根系伤流液、叶片可溶性蛋白含量、硝酸还原酶活性、光合速率、蒸腾速率等均高于均匀灌溉施肥处理,而植株全氮含量及叶片水分利用效率与均匀灌溉施肥的差异不显著.(3)高灌水量时,水肥异区交替灌溉处理除根系活力、光合速率以及蒸腾速率高于均匀灌溉处理外,其他指标均低于后者.研究表明,在低灌水量条件下,水肥异区交替灌溉能使夏玉米保持较高的根系活力和正常生理代谢,提高其叶片水分利用效率,从而达到了节水增产的目的.     

海侵地区不同降雨条件下海水灌溉‘油葵G101’的研究

 在对油葵(Helianthus annuus)室内海水砂培试验研究油葵耐海水生物学特征的基础上 ,为获取半干旱海侵区海水大田灌溉的技术参数,以指导当地大田海水灌溉的实际应用,2002（干旱年）、2003年（丰水年）在山东莱州受海水入侵最严重的半干旱地区进行了不同浓度海水补充灌溉‘ 油葵G101’的田间小区试验,着重研究了当地不同雨水条件下在油葵始蕾期、始花期海水灌 溉两水的模式对夏播油葵产量结构及其主要形态指标、植株体内离子分布规律的影响。结果表明 ：1）在当地的土壤条件下,无论是干旱年份（2002年）,还是丰水年份（2003年）,在油葵生长期内（约100 d）,补充灌溉两水,40%比例的海水灌溉是夏播油葵保证一定经济产量的安全指标,在干旱年份,海水比例超过40%时,油葵籽产量即显著下降,而在丰水年份,即使用60%比例的海水灌溉,油葵籽产量与40%处理也无显著差异。综合考虑油葵经济产量、节省 淡水用量等因素,40%海水补充灌溉两水可视为该海侵地区灌溉油葵适宜的海水补充灌溉额度。2）干旱年份,20%海水灌溉处理下,初花期油葵除茎秆直径和葵盘鲜重外,其它各生理 生态指标与淡水灌溉处理无显著性差异(p=0.05)。而在丰水年份,即使用40% 的海水灌溉, ‘油葵G101’主要形态指标与淡水灌溉也无显著差异。3）0～40%比例海水灌溉处理, 夏播油葵叶片能保持相对较高的Ca2+、Mg2+含量,而根系吸收的K+向葵盘的选择性运输能力很强。Na+主要积累在根部、茎部,而叶和葵盘中含量较低。Cl－在茎中含量最高。     

菊芋生长发育动态及光合性能指标变化研究

以‘青芋1号’菊芋为材料,通过田间试验对菊芋全生育周期的器官生长发育、干物质积累分配动态以及光合性能指标变化进行了连续观察研究。结果表明,地上部器官生长量与干物质积累量均在第18周达到峰值,之后开始迅速转向块茎生长,块茎膨大速率在第18周和第2I周有2个高峰,块茎干物质积累则经过了块茎形成、块茎形成与膨大并行、块茎迅速膨大3个阶段,峰值出现在第21周;第18周干物质开始从地上部器官向块茎转移,此时总干物质量达到峰值,之前干物质主要暂时贮存在茎内。收获时,块茎干物质量达到15．76t·hm^-2,收获指数在0．65以上;叶面积指数、光合势、净同化率与叶绿素含量在植株快速生长期和地上部干物质开始向块茎转移前一段时期均有高峰出现。     

不同形态氮素配比对盐胁迫下菊芋幼苗生理的影响

采用砂培方法研究了不同铵硝配比(NH4+/NO3-分别为4/1、1/1、1/4)的氮素营养和盐分胁迫耦合作用下菊芋幼苗的光合作用和离子吸收运输.结果表明:低浓度的盐胁迫对植物生长的抑制作用不大,而高浓度的盐胁迫却能明显抑制菊芋幼苗生物量的积累,在同一盐浓度下,提高硝态氮比例能够缓解盐胁迫对菊芋幼苗生长的抑制,促进菊芋幼苗鲜重和干重的增加;随着盐浓度的增加,菊芋幼苗地上部和地下部的Na+含量显著增加,而K+、Ca2+含量较对照显著降低,提高硝态氮比例有利于菊芋幼苗对K+和Ca2+的吸收和向上运输,从而维持地上部较高的K+/Na+和Ca2+/Na+;在3种铵硝比的氮素营养处理下,随着盐浓度的增加,菊芋幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率较对照均呈显著下降的趋势,细胞间隙CO2浓度则显著增加,提高硝态氮比例可显著提高盐胁迫下菊芋幼苗的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率,同时也能显著降低胞间CO2浓度,其中以铵硝比为1/4的氮素营养供应对盐胁迫的缓解作用相对较好,在100 mmol·L-1NaCl处理下其叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率分别是铵硝比为4/1的氮素营养处理值的1.63、1.57、1.39、1.37、1.2倍,而胞间CO2浓度则减少了17%.因此相对于铵态氮来说,硝态氮比例的增加有利于维持盐胁迫下菊芋幼苗体内矿质营养元素含量平衡,促进盐胁迫下菊芋光合功能的改善,增强菊芋对盐胁迫的抗性.     

去除顶端优势对菊芋器官C、N、P化学计量特征的影响

以不同时期顶端优势去除处理的菊芋为研究对象,通过测定根、茎、叶、花和块茎等器官C、N、P含量,计算C∶N、C∶P和N∶P比值,探讨顶端优势去除对菊芋各器官C、N、P化学计量特征的影响规律。结果表明:各器官之间C含量高低顺序没有因去顶而改变,氮和磷含量高低顺序因去顶而表现出不同的大小关系;顶端优势去除提高了茎秆、块茎和分枝的C含量,除最后一次顶端优势去除提高了叶片C含量,其它顶端优势去除时间均降低了叶片含量;顶端优势去除降低了根系、茎秆和块茎N含量,提高了分枝和花的含N量;顶端优势去除提高了叶片和块茎的含P量;C∶N范围为24.15—153.75、C∶P范围为118.87—2265.72、N∶P范围为2.46—24.05,N∶P平均值为10.67,说明菊芋生长主要受N元素的限制。     

钙离子对菊芋海水胁迫的缓解效应研究

以南芋2号为材料,设计1/2Hoagland(H)、1/2H 10mmol·L-1CaCl2、1/2H 30%海水、1/2H 30%海水 10mmol·L-1CaCl2、1/2H 30%海水 5mmol·L-1EGTA5个处理水平,研究了Ca2 对海水胁迫下菊芋鲜重以及菊芋叶片中MDA含量、相对电导率、叶绿素含量和净光合速率(Pn)的影响,以探索Ca2 对缓解植物海水胁迫作用机制。结果表明:正常生长条件下外施10mmol·L-1Ca2 对菊芋的生长没有显著影响;在1/2H 30%海水处理下,菊芋的正常生理代谢明显受到抑制;在1/2H 30%海水 10mmol·L-1CaCl2处理下,与1/2H处理相比菊芋生物产量、叶绿素含量和Pn显著增加,与1/2H 30%海水相比菊芋生物产量、叶绿素含量和Pn显著增加,MDA含量和相对电导率显著降低。由此证明外源Ca2 可有效缓解海水胁迫所致的氧化损伤,抑制脂质过氧化作用,增加叶绿素含量,维持较高的光合速率,促进干物质积累,从而使生物产量增加。     

根区交替地下滴灌对马铃薯产量及水分利用效率的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究了根区交替地下滴灌（APRI）对马铃薯生理指标、产量及水分利用效率的影响.结果表明：在马铃薯块茎生长期,与对照处理（CDI）相比,APRI处理的马铃薯叶片光合速率的降低不显著（4.7%）,而蒸腾速率和气孔导度则明显降低,降幅分别达15.8%和15.4%,CDI处理略高的光合速率是以消耗更多的水分为代价;与CDI处理相比,APRI处理的马铃薯产量仅降低5.4%,但灌溉水量却节省了25.8%,使灌溉水分利用效率和总水分利用效率分别提高了27.5%和15.3%.对于马铃薯来说,根区交替地下滴灌是一种切实可行的节水灌溉技术.     

The growth characteristics and yield potential of rice (Oryza sativa) under non‐flooded irrigation in arid region

The objectives of this field experiment were to study the growth characteristics and yield potential of rice plants under non‐flooded irrigation in arid area. Non‐flooded treatments included drip irrigation with plastic mulching treatments (DIs), furrow irrigation with plastic mulching treatment (FIM) and furrow irrigation with non‐mulching treatment (FIN). Conventional flooded cultivation (F) was check treatment (CK). The four drip irrigation treatments differed in the amount of water applied before and after panicle initiation. Root length density, leaf dry weight, shoot dry weight and root activity were generally higher in the non‐flood‐irrigated treatments (especially the drip‐irrigated treatments) than in the flood‐irrigated treatment at mid‐tillering. However, the growth and development of rice plants were limited after jointing in the non‐flooded irrigation treatments. Increasing the root/shoot ratio and root length density in the 20–40 cm depth and decreasing specific root length at 0–20 cm soil layer were important mechanisms for helping the rice plants to adapt to the non‐flooded environmental stresses. Finally, the grain yield in the non‐flooded irrigation treatments was lower than that in the F treatment. These low yields were mainly attributed to the low root length density at 0–20 cm depth and root activity. Generally speaking, the restricted degrees in the DIs were smaller than that in the FIM and FIN treatments. Among the DIs, both the highest grain yield (8223–8900 kg ha^?1) and the highest water use efficiency (WUE) (0.63) were observed when the soil water content was kept at ?30 kPa before panicle initiation and at ?15 kPa after panicle initiation (referred to as the DI2 treatment). The yield in the DI2 treatment was not significantly different than that in the flood‐irrigated treatment. However, WUE was 2.5 times higher in the DI2 treatment than in the F treatment. These results suggest that drip irrigation technology can be considered as a better water‐saving cultivation of rice plants in arid region.     

Effects of Ultrasonic Seed Treatment on Rice Performances under the Seawater Irrigation

Irrigation with desalinated seawater is an effective way to use ocean resources and save freshwater resources. However, seawater irrigation would cause yield loss of rice. In order to explore the effects of ultrasonic seed treatment on rice performances under seawater irrigation, the present study was conducted with three irrigation treatments (fresh water (SW0), ten times diluted seawater (SW1%, 0.34% salinity), and five times diluted seawater (SW2%, 0.68% salinity)) and two seed treatments (ultrasonic treated seeds (UT) and untreated seeds (CK)). Compared with SW0 + CK treatment, SW1 + CK and SW2 + CK treatments significantly decreased grain yield by 56.19% and 66.69%, spikelets per panicle by 30.11% and 55.80%, seed-setting rate by 23.05% and 18.87%, and 1000-grain weight by 4.55% and 14.50%, respectively. Seawater irrigation also significantly increased malonaldehyde (MDA) and proline contents and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD). Ultrasonic seed treatment significantly increased the grain number per panicle, seed-setting rate, and grain yield of rice under seawater irrigation. Compared with CK, UT treatment substantially reduced MDA content, SOD activity, and POD activity in SW1 and SW2 conditions. Furthermore, UT treatment significantly increased proline content and down-regulated proline dehydrogenase activity under seawater irrigation. We deduced that ultrasonic seed treatment enhanced the salinity tolerance of rice by inducing the proline accmulation. Our findings indicated that ultrasonic seed treatment could an effective strategy to promote rice productivity under seawater irrigation.     

The effects of irrigation regimes on the water use,dry matter production and physiological responses of paddy rice

In most cases, rice production is associated with flooding irrigation and the efficiency of irrigated water use (WUEi) is generally lower for production of rice than for other crops. We have examined the effects of various irrigation regimes on water consumption in a well-puddled paddy field, as well as on dry matter production, grain yield and physiological responses of the plants. Four sets of conditions were studied, with two replications, in the well-puddled paddy field: Continuous flooding irrigation treatment (CSF); three intermittent irrigation treatments, designated II-0, II-1 and II-2, in which plants were re-irrigated when the water potential of the soil fell below 0, –10, and –20 kPa at a depth of 5 cm, respectively. Water consumption was lower during II-0 than during CSF because the percolation rate was reduced by the reduction in the hydraulic head of the ponded water. Intermittent irrigation led to the repeated shrinking and swelling of soil during II-1 and II-2 and, therefore, soil cracks developed rapidly. Since they became the major routes of water percolation, these soil cracks increased water consumption during II-1 and II-2 above that during CSF and II-0. There were no significant differences in dry matter production and grain yield between CSF and II-0, but both were significantly greater than in the case of II-1 and II-2. Therefore, WUEi increased in the following order: II-0, CSF, II-2, II-1, although the difference was very small between II-1 and II-2. A lower crop growth rate (CGR) resulted from a decrease in the net assimilation rate (NAR) during II-1 and II-2, and there was also a reduction in the leaf area index (LAI) during II-2. Early senescence with ripening and water stress around midday decreased the rate of photosynthesis in leaves, causing the lower NAR. These physiological responses of the plants were responsible for the reduction on the dry matter production and grain yield in the intermittent irrigation. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

新疆北部棉花冠层结构特征对滴灌定额的响应

在新疆北部地区自然生态条件下,采用棉花品种‘新陆早45号’为试验材料,设置5种滴灌定额处理(W₁:600 m³·hm^-2,W₂:540 m³·hm^-2,W₃:480 m³·hm^-2,W₄:420 m³·hm^-2,W₅:360 m³·hm^-2),研究了棉花叶面积指数、冠层开度、群体光吸收率、群体光合速率和产量对不同滴灌定额的响应.结果表明: 随着滴灌定额减少,棉花叶面积指数、群体光吸收率、群体光合速率均呈现降低趋势,其中W₁与W₂处理间的上述参数在盛蕾期至吐絮期均无显著差异;冠层开度则随滴灌定额减少呈增加的趋势.籽棉产量和皮棉产量均以W₁处理最高,分别为6549和2677 kg·hm^-2;W₂处理籽棉产量仅比W₁处理低6.5%,灌溉水利用效率较W₁处理高3.9%.相关分析表明,盛花期至盛铃期叶面积指数、群体光吸收率和群体光合速率均与籽棉产量呈显著或极显著正相关.因此,控制滴灌定额在540 m³·hm^-2有利于棉花在盛花至盛铃期保持较高的叶面积指数、增加冠层开度、保证光吸收率,进而增强群体光合速率,在不显著降低产量前提下提高灌溉水利用效率.     

Response of photosynthetic performance,water relations and osmotic adjustment to salinity acclimation in two wheat cultivars

Experiment was conducted to identify the impacts of the salinity acclimation process on the photosynthetic efficiency, osmotic adjustment, membrane integrity, and yield components in two wheat cultivars differing in their salinity tolerance. The design of the experiment was factorial randomized block, where genotype is factor 1 and acclimation treatments represent factor 2. Genotypes were grown from emergence to 30 days after sowing (DAS) by irrigating with tap water [electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.776 dS m^?1]. Thereafter, both the genotypes were divided into two groups and exposed to either irrigation with sublethal level of salinity EC of 2.09 or 3.76 dS m^?1 for 21 days. At booting stage (65 DAS), both groups were subjected to lethal level of salinity stress EC of 12 dS m^?1 for 21 days, followed by irrigation with tap water till maturity. Non-acclimated plants were irrigated with tap water from emergence to 65 days, then directly irrigated with lethal level of salinity for 21 days, followed by irrigation with tap water till maturity. The control plants were continuously irrigated with tap water from emergence until maturity. The non-acclimated plants had decreased electron transport rates at the donor and acceptor side of PSII and PSI in Giza 168, and decreased electron transport rates at PSII acceptor side in Sakha 8 compared to control plants. In both genotypes, the non-acclimated plants had decreased chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid, proline and total soluble sugar concentration, relative water content, membrane stability index, yield and yield components compared with acclimated plants. While, osmotic potential and lipid peroxidation showed an opposite trend. Overall, acclimation treatment (EC of 2.09 dS m^?1) during vegetative stage alleviated the inhibitory effects of lethal level of salinity stress at booting stage through enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and osmotic adjustment, resulting in increased membrane integrity, biomass production and grain yield than in non-acclimated plants.     

海水处理下菊芋幼苗生理生化特性及磷效应的研究

种植抗盐耐海水植物是合理利用和开发海涂资源的有效措施之一。该试验研究了海水处理下菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus)幼苗生长发育、渗透物质积累、保护性酶活性、膜透性和离子吸收分布情况及磷素对其影响。结果表明:1)10%海水对菊芋幼苗生长发育没有抑制作用,甚至有一定的促进作用,25%海水胁迫对菊芋幼苗形态发育上具有一定抑制作用,增加磷素浓度后,能显著缓解其抑制作用;2)10%和25%海水处理下,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量较对照显著增加,随着时间的延长,先增加后降低,增加磷素浓度后,能显著增加菊芋幼苗叶片脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量;3)海水处理下菊芋幼苗叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性都显著增加,增加磷素浓度后,能显著增强菊芋幼苗叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性;4)10%海水处理菊芋幼苗叶片MDA含量与对照差异不大,甚至小于对照,25%海水处理能显著增加MDA含量及膜透性,增加磷素浓度后,均降低了MDA含量和膜透性;5)随着海水浓度增加和时间延长,菊芋幼苗地上部和根部Na⁺和Cl^-含量显著增加,增加磷素浓度后,均能降低地上部和根部Na⁺和Cl^-含量,而地上部和根部K⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺含量较对照增加,增加磷素浓度后,均能增加K⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺含量。由此可见,磷素能够改善菊芋幼苗的营养状况,同时能够增强其抗盐性。     

不同浓度海水对菊芋幼苗生长及生理生化特性的影响

种植抗盐耐海水植物是合理利用和开发海涂资源的有效措施之一。采用水培的方式,用1/2Hoagland营养液培养菊芋幼苗至6叶完全展开时进行处理,设0%(对照)、10%、25%和50%海水4个处理。随后分别在第4、8和12天采样进行分析,研究不同浓度海水对菊芋幼苗生长、体内渗透物质的积累、保护性酶活性、膜透性及离子吸收分布的影响情况。结果表明:(1)在不同浓度海水处理下,菊芋地上部、地下部总鲜重及干物质重从0%到25%海水浓度没有明显变化,在50%海水胁迫下显著下降,干物质百分比则为50%海水处理的最高。随着时间延长,10%海水处理下,菊芋幼苗茎叶和根鲜重均增加,但与对照没有显著差异,25%海水处理生长速率较对照低,而50%海水处理下根鲜重和干重都降低。(2)随着时间的延长、海水浓度的增加,菊芋幼苗叶片保护性酶系SOD、POD、CAT的活性呈上升趋势,在10%海水处理下膜脂过氧化物MDA含量甚至低于对照,而50%海水处理下的MDA含量较其他处理高,在10%和25%海水处理下膜透性较对照变化不显著,而50%海水处理下膜透性增加明显,且随时间延长更显著。(3)菊芋幼苗叶片脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量随海水浓度增高而显著增加,随着时间的延长,10%和25%海水处理下,脯氨酸含量先增加后降低,而50%海水处理下,脯氨酸含量一直在升高,而10%、25%和50%海水处理下,可溶性糖含量先增加后降低。随海水浓度增高,菊芋幼苗地上部单位干重积累的Na 和Cl-依次增大,且随着时间延长,10%、25%和50%海水处理下地上部Na 和Cl-含量均增大;而K 与Na 积累情况不同,K 在25%海水胁迫下地上部单位干重积累得最多,随着时间延长,25%和50%海水处理下地上部K 含量均降低,且50%海水处理下降低幅度更大;地下部单位干重积累的Na 、Cl-和K 情况与地上部单位干重积累的各离子趋势相似。由此可见,菊芋能够通过生理生化机制适应一定浓度海水的灌溉,即利用一定浓度海水灌溉菊芋是安全有效的。     

减氮补水对小麦高产群体光合性能及产量的影响

在大田条件下,设自然降水(W₁)、适量补水(W₂,拔节后土壤相对含水量维持在70%±5%)、充足补水(W₃,拔节后土壤相对含水量维持在85%±5%)3个水分处理和不施氮(N₁)、减氮(N₂,195 kg N·hm^-2)、高氮((N₃,270 kg N·hm^-2)3种氮肥水平,研究了减氮补水对小麦高产群体光照环境、光合性能和产量构成的影响.结果表明: 减氮补水(N₂W₂)处理在灌浆期明显改善了群体的光照环境,距冠层顶部20～30 cm处的光合有效辐射(PAR)较高氮补水(N₃W₂、N₃W₃)处理提高34.5%,透光率提高10.8%;N₂W₂处理孕穗期叶面积指数最高,灌浆期下降速率最慢,高值(大于7.6)持续期较高氮和无氮处理延长3～4 d,光合势平均提高9.7%;减氮补水(N₂W₂、N₂W₃)处理灌浆期旗叶的光合速率仍较高,但与N₃W₂处理差异不显著.N₂W₂处理旗叶的表观量子效率达0.101 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1、P_n维持在27.692 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,光补偿点(LCP)较低,表现出较高的光合生产力;籽粒产量以N₂W₂处理最高.     

Effect of nitrogen supply and Azospirillum brasilense Sp-248 on the response of wheat to seawater irrigation

Response of wheat to Azospirillum brasilense Sp-248 inoculation with different N-fertilizer levels using seawater irrigation was investigated. All inoculated treatments increased plant height, shoot and root dry weight, and tiller number in compared with uninoculated treatments. Yield parameters measured were also increased due to the inoculation. In terms of the effect of saline irrigation, there were no significant differences in growth and yield parameters in plants treated with tap water and others irrigated with 8.0% seawater concentration. This would indicate a relatively high tolerance of A. brasilense to saline irrigation and its ability to reduce the deleterious effects of saline on growth by increasing the plant’s adaptation. However, increasing the seawater concentration in the irrigation water to 16.0% significantly decreased all tested parameters. Inoculation treatments generally increased NPKCa contents and decreased sodium ratio of the grains in compared with the uninoculated treatments. Overall results clearly revealed that the Azospirillum inoculation saved about 20 units of N-fertilizer and that saving was made economically feasible by decreasing the chemical fertilizers needed, improving the nitrogen content and counteracting the effects of salinity.