小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿地理渐变性Ⅰ.生态学和RAPD证据

植物种群调查结果证实,小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla Lam.)、中间锦鸡儿(C.davazamcii Sancz.)和柠条锦鸡儿(C. korshinskii Kom.)在内蒙古高原形成地理替代分布.种群分布、分类、形态、生长发育和遗传结构研究结果表明,小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿地理替代分布是连续的、渐变的,三个种在内蒙古高原自东向西形成一个地理连续渐变群.分析内蒙古高原的气候变迁和小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿及柠条锦鸡儿的地理替代分布状况认为,小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿地理替代分布是适应环境演化的结果.     

小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿地理渐变性 Ⅰ.生态学和RAPD证据(英文)

植物种群调查结果证实,小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla Lam.)、中间锦鸡儿(C.davazamcii Sancz.)和柠条锦鸡儿(C.korshinskii Kom.)在内蒙古高原形成地理替代分布。种群分布、分类、形态、生长发育和遗传结构研究结果表明,小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿地理替代分布是连续的、渐变的,三个种在内蒙古高原自东向西形成一个地理连续渐变群。分析内蒙古高原的气候变迁和小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿及柠条锦鸡儿的地理替代分布状况认为,小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿地理替代分布是适应环境演化的结果。     

小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿地理渐变性 I．生态学和RAPD证据

植物种群调查结果证实,小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla Lam．)、中间锦鸡儿(C.davazamcii Sancz．)和柠条锦鸡儿(C.korshinskii Kom．)在内蒙古高原形成地理替代分布。种群分布、分类、形态、生长发育和遗传结构研究结果表明,小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿地理替代分布是连续的、渐变的,三个种在内蒙古高原自东向西形成一个地理连续渐变群。分析内蒙古高原的气候变迁和小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿及柠条锦鸡儿的地理替代分布状况认为,小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿地理替代分布是适应环境演化的结果。     

小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿地理渐变性Ⅱ.光合特性和水分代谢特性

研究了不同地区(117.6°～105.7°E,44.6°～38.8°N)分布的小叶锦鸡儿(Caraganamicrophylla Lam.)、中间锦鸡儿(Caraganadavazamcii Sancz.)和柠条锦鸡儿(C.korshinskii Kom.)种群的光合特性和水分代谢特性.结果发现:(1)由东向西小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿净光合速率对光合有效辐射的响应增强;净光合速率达到最大值时所对应的空气湿度依次下降;净光合速率达到最大值时所对应的气温依次增加.光合日进程午前优势逐渐升高,光合速率逐渐升高,光能利用率逐渐升高,蒸腾速率逐渐降低,水分利用效率显著升高,叶含水量逐渐降低,植株逐渐采取低蒸腾、高光合的节水对策.这些生理变化与它们分布区的光、温、湿条件相适应.这是小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿发生地理替代分布的生物学基础.(2)小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿光合系统对光合有效辐射、空气湿度和气温的适应都表现出连续性,而且这种连续性与环境的梯度变化相一致.不同种、不同地点光合日进程、日净同化积累值、蒸腾日进程、日蒸腾积累值、水分利用效率以及叶含水量日变化也随经度自东向西呈连续变化.光合特性和水分代谢特性表明小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿的地理替代分布是连续过渡的,是一个连续地理渐变群.     

小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿地理渐变性 Ⅱ.光合特性和水分代谢特性(英文)

研究了不同地区(117.6o ~105.7o E,44.6o ~38.8o N)分布的小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla Lam.)、中间锦鸡儿(Caragana davazamcii Sancz.)和柠条锦鸡儿(C.korshinskii Kom.)种群的光合特性和水分代谢特性。结果发现:(1)由东向西小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿净光合速率对光合有效辐射的响应增强;净光合速率达到最大值时所对应的空气湿度依次下降;净光合速率达到最大值时所对应的气温依次增加。光合日进程午前优势逐渐升高,光合速率逐渐升高,光能利用率逐渐升高,蒸腾速率逐渐降低,水分利用效率显著升高,叶含水量逐渐降低,植株逐渐采取低蒸腾、高光合的节水对策。这些生理变化与它们分布区的光、温、湿条件相适应。这是小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿发生地理替代分布的生物学基础。(2)小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿光合系统对光合有效辐射、空气湿度和气温的适应都表现出连续性,而且这种连续性与环境的梯度变化相一致。不同种、不同地点光合日进程、日净同化积累值、蒸腾日进程、日蒸腾积累值、水分利用效率以及叶含水量日变化也随经度自东向西呈连续变化。光合特性和水分代谢特性表明小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿的地理替代分布是连续过渡的,是一个连续地理渐变群。     

锦鸡儿属(豆科)一新组合

中间锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii var. intermedia), 与柠条锦鸡儿(C. korshinskii)和小叶锦鸡儿(C. microphylla)是近缘种.但以前有不同的分类学名称和处理,本文把它作为柠条锦鸡儿的一个变种(C. korshinskii Kom. var. intermedia (Kuang et H. C. Fu) M. L. Zhang & G. H. Zhu)来处理.     

小叶、中间和柠条三种锦鸡儿的分布式样及其生态适应

确定了小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿3种植物的分布式样:小叶锦鸡儿为蒙古高原东部-F松辽平原西部-华北山地分布种,中间锦鸡儿为东戈壁-鄂尔多斯高原-黄土高原北部分布种,柠条锦鸡儿为南阿拉善-西鄂尔多斯分布种。小叶锦鸡儿适应分布于蒙古高原典型草原带和森林草原带以及华北山地落叶阔叶林带,在草原带高平原上可形成灌丛化草原的景观,在草原带的沙地上可形成以小叶锦鸡儿为建群种的沙地灌丛植被;中间锦鸡儿适应分布于蒙古高原的荒漠化草原及草原化荒漠带、鄂尔多斯高原的典型草原和荒漠化草原带的沙地及梁地上、黄土高原北部的黄土丘坡上,常形成以中间锦鸡儿为建群种的沙地灌丛植被;柠条锦鸡儿则适应分布于草原化荒漠和典型荒漠带的固定和半固定沙地上。近缘的3种锦鸡儿的地带性分布从东至西或从北向南形成明显的有规律的地理替代分布格局。     

锦鸡儿属两种植物种子萌发生理研究

对不同种源柠条锦鸡儿、小叶锦鸡儿种子在培养过程中可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖含量变化及其吸水特性进行分析,以探讨不同种源种子的萌发生理.结果表明:(1)随种子培养时间的延长,各种源柠条锦鸡儿、小叶锦鸡儿种子中可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖含量呈总体降低趋势,并且0～24 h是种子中可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖含量降解转化速率较快的时期.(2)各种源柠条锦鸡儿、小叶锦鸡儿种子的相对吸水量随时间变化表现不一,并且柠条锦鸡儿、小叶锦鸡儿的吸水增量有两个明显峰值,第一个峰值均出现在24 h,第二个峰值分别出现在96 h和120 h.(3)各种源柠条锦鸡儿、小叶锦鸡儿的种子活力大小表现为N-5＞X-1＞X2＞N-4＞N1＞N-2＞N-3.     

树锦鸡儿、柠条锦鸡儿、小叶锦鸡儿和鹰嘴豆干旱适应能力比较

对1年生豆科作物鹰嘴豆Rupali品种和Almaz品种以及多年生植物树锦鸡儿、柠条锦鸡儿和小叶锦鸡儿叶相对含水量和叶水势对逐渐干旱胁迫的响应进行了分析,比较了两类植物的干旱适应能力。结果表明鹰嘴豆叶相对含水量随叶水势的下降线性下降,树锦鸡儿、柠条锦鸡儿和小叶锦鸡儿叶相对含水量在叶水势分别下降到-2.4MPa、-2.5MPa和-1.5 MPa之前没有下降,之后随水势的下降线性下降。树锦鸡儿、柠条锦鸡儿和小叶锦鸡儿这种叶相对含水量下降的滞后性表明该类植物叶具有较硬而弹性较差的细胞壁,使得植物在干旱胁迫下叶具有良好的保水能力。鹰嘴豆叶具有的最低水势为-4.5MPa,对应的土壤相对含水量为14％,锦鸡儿植物叶具有的最低水势可达-6.7MPa,对应的土壤相对含水量为6％,说明锦鸡儿植物比鹰嘴豆具有更好的干旱适应能力,这种能力可能取决于锦鸡儿植物体内大量渗透调节物质的累积。     

内蒙古高原小叶锦鸡儿与中间锦鸡儿遗传多样性的研究

利用ISSR分子标记,选取内蒙古高原自东向西共15个锦鸡儿种群(7个小叶锦鸡儿种群,8个中间锦鸡儿种群)进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明:(1)7个小叶锦鸡儿种群总的多态位点百分数为98.19%,Nei’s基因多样性指数与Shannon信息指数分别为0.289 7、0.444 0;居群间遗传分化系数Gst为0.119 0,表明小叶锦鸡儿种群存在中等程度的遗传分化;居群间基因交流频繁,基因流(Nm)为3.701 0。(2)8个中间锦鸡儿种群多态位点百分数为99.7%,Nei’s基因多样性指数为0.312 8,Shannon信息指数为0.478 4;居群间遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.188 1,表明中间锦鸡儿种群存在较大的遗传分化,基因流(Nm)为2.157 8。(3)中间锦鸡儿遗传多样性及遗传分化均高于小叶锦鸡儿,这是中间锦鸡儿替代小叶锦鸡儿适应不良环境扩展分布的遗传基础。(4)邻接聚类分析结果显示,15个锦鸡儿种群表现为从东到西逐渐聚类,体现了这2个种在分布上的地理渐变性及地理替代性;遗传多样性各指数与气象因子及土壤因子之间的相关性分析表明,平均气温对锦鸡儿种群的遗传分化起着重要的作用。     

Interspecific relationships of Caragana microphylla,C. davazamcii and C. korshinskii (Leguminosae) based on ITS and trnL-F data sets

The taxonomic treatment of Caragana davazamcii Sancz. has been a controversial matter, as its relationship with C. microphylla Lam. and C. korshinskii Kom. is not clear. It was treated as an independent species, or a variety under C. microphylla or C. korshinskii. This study is to examine the interspecific relationship of these three species and the origin of C. davazamcii based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and non-coding region of chloroplast trnL-F, combined with morphological data and geographical distribution. The trnL-F sequence of C. davazamcii is identical to that of C. microphylla but differs distinctly from that of C. korshinskii. The high congruence of ITS copies through both direct and cloning sequencing rejects the recent hybridization hypothesis of C. davazamcii between C. microphylla and C. korshinskii. In contrast, two different ITS sequence copies were found respectively in each individual of C. microphylla and C. korshinskii. One of the two ITS sequences in C. microphylla is identical to that of C. davazamcii. This result indicates that C. davazamcii might have taken part in the hybridization of C. microphylla as one parent , or that extensive gene flow might have occurred between these two species, thus resulting in the morphological similarity of them. However, the similarity of some morphological characters of C. davazamcii to those of C. korshinskii might result from the convergent adaptation to their common ecological environment.     

内蒙古地区锦鸡儿属3种植物叶脉序比较研究

以内蒙古地区锦鸡儿属3种植物小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿、柠条锦鸡儿为对象,利用光学显微镜观察了它们的叶脉序特征,并测定相应的数量指标.结果表明,3种锦鸡儿植物叶片在脉序类型、三级脉类型、高级脉类型、盲脉类型及分枝、网眼形态上没有明显的差别;在各级脉粗细、二级脉夹角、三级脉疏密度以及网眼发育等特征上均表现出随地理分布自东向西逐步递增、递减、密集和趋于完善的变化特点,且有交叉重叠现象;在一级脉的粗细、二级脉的分枝、二级间脉的类型、三级脉疏密等特征上,中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿差异较小.研究发现,内蒙古地区锦鸡儿属3种植物在多数叶脉序形态特征和一些数量化指标上没有明显的差异,其亲缘关系较为紧密,但中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿在种间关系上可能更为接近;3个种自东向西呈现很强的相似性和渐变性分布,表现出地理渐变的趋势.     

Hydraulic architecture of three Caragana species and its relationship with environmental factors in different habitats of the Inner Mongolian Plateau, China

Hydraulic architecture and its relationship with environmental factors were studied in three Caragana species, namely, Caragana microphylla Lam., C. davazamcii Sancz and C. korshinskii Kom, which were found in different habitats of the Inner Mongolian Plateau, China. The improved flushing method was used in situ on one-year-old twigs for comparing the hydraulic efficiency and the regulating abilities of these three species as well as their mechanisms of regulating water transport to cope with variable environments. The relationship between hydraulic architecture and air temperature followed a linear function with negative slope, whereas the relationships between these parameters with atmospheric humidity were positive. Comparing the hydraulic efficiency among the three seasons, a descending order was given as summer>spring>autumn. In the same season, the hydraulic efficiency of C. korshinskii was higher than that of C. davazamcii, which was in turn higher than that of C. microphylla. It can be concluded from the range of Ks and the slope of two linear functions that there were significant differences in the sensitivity of specific conductivity to environmental factors, both among species and among seasons, with a descending order as summer>spring>autumn. In the same season, C. korshinskii was the most sensitive to the changes of environment, and the sensitivity of C. davazamcii was higher than that of C. microphylla. The results also supported the view that the reduction of hydraulic efficiency because of the embolism in xylem could benefit the plants subjected to water deficit by means of limiting water loss.     

Hydraulic architecture of three Caragana species and its relationship with environmental factors in different habitats of the Inner Mongolian Plateau, China

Hydraulic architecture and its relationship with environmental factors were studied in three Caragana species, namely, Caragana microphylla Lam., C. davazamcii Sancz and C. korshinskii Kom, which were found in different habitats of the Inner Mongolian Plateau, China. The improved flushing method was used in situ on one-year-old twigs for comparing the hydraulic efficiency and the regulating abilities of these three species as well as their mechanisms of regulating water transport to cope with variable environments. The relationship between hydraulic architecture and air temperature followed a linear function with negative slope, whereas the relationships between these parameters with atmospheric humidity were positive. Comparing the hydraulic efficiency among the three seasons, a descending order was given as summer>spring>autumn. In the same season, the hydraulic efficiency of C. korshinskii was higher than that of C. davazamcii, which was in turn higher than that of C. microphylla. It can be concluded from the range of Ks and the slope of two linear functions that there were significant differences in the sensitivity of specific conductivity to environmental factors, both among species and among seasons, with a descending order as summer>spring>autumn. In the same season, C. korshinskii was the most sensitive to the changes of environment, and the sensitivity of C. davazamcii was higher than that of C. microphylla. The results also supported the view that the reduction of hydraulic efficiency because of the embolism in xylem could benefit the plants subjected to water deficit by means of limiting water loss.     

内蒙古高原不同生境三种锦鸡儿属植物的水力结构特征及其对环境因子的响应

以生长在内蒙古高原不同生境条件下的小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿为研究对象,通过定点观测1年生枝条水力结构特征在不同季节的日变化,结合气候因子的相关性分析,比较不同环境条件下3种锦鸡儿植物输水效率与调节能力的高低,进一步分析旱生植物如何通过调整水分传输来适应变化着的环境条件。结果表明,在一定范围内,3种供试植物的水力结构参数都与气温呈显著的线性负相关,与大气相对湿度呈线性正相关关系。同种锦鸡儿植物在不同季节的输水效率比较,总的趋势是夏季〉春季〉秋季;比较同一季节不同种锦鸡儿的输水效率,基本上是柠条锦鸡儿〉中间锦鸡儿〉小叶锦鸡儿;在比导率对环境因子的敏感度方面,季节之间的差异是夏季〉春季〉秋季,物种之间是柠条锦鸡儿〉中间锦鸡儿〉小叶锦鸡儿。一方面日变幅的差异可以体现敏感度的不同,另一方面比导率与大气温度、湿度线性回归方程的斜率也可以体现敏感度的相对高低。这些结果证实了栓塞引起的导水率的下降并不都产生负面影响,相反它具有限流节水的积极作用。     

Interspecific Transition Among Caragana microphylla,C. davazamcii and C. korshinskii Along Geographic Gradient. Ⅱ. Characteristics of Photosynthesis and Water Metabolism

The characteristics of photosynthesis and water metabolism of Caragana microphylla Lam., C. davazamcii Sancz. and C. korshinskii Kom. populations in different sites (117.6o-105.7o E, 44.6o-38.8o N) were studied. (1) From the east to the west, the responses of the three species to photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) in net photosynthesis rate increased, the relative humidity of the air which corresponded to the occurrence of maximum photosynthesis rate decreased, and the corresponding air temperature increased. Along the same gradient, the before-noon superiority of the photosynthesis became evident, and the photosynthesis rate and the light use efficiency (LUE ) increased, while the transpiration rate decreased, thus the water use efficiency (WUE ) increased notably, and the leaf water content decreased gradually. From the east to the west, the plants took a water-saving strategy step by step with higher photosynthesis rate and lower transpiration rate. These physiological changes in the plants were adaptable to the conditions of light, temperature and humidity in the habitat of the plants, and might be the biological foundation for the geographical transition among C. microphylla , C. davazamcii and C. korshinskii. (2) The adaptation of photosynthetic system of C. microphylla , C. davazamcii and C. korshinskii to PAR, air humidity and temperature exhibited the interspecific continuity, which was consistent with the environmental gradient. In different species and different sites, the diurnal changes of net photosynthesis rate, the daily cumulative value of net photosynthesis, the diurnal changes of transpiration rate, the daily cumulative value of transpiration, the water use efficiency and the diurnal changes of leaf water content varied with longitudinal descent (from the east to the west). The characteristics of photosynthesis and water metabolism indicated that the geographical transition among C. microphylla , C. davazamcii and C. korshinskii was in gradual change, and these three species formed a geographical cline.     

Interspecific Transition Among Caragana microphylla,C. davazamcii and C. korshinskii Along Geographic Gradient. Ⅰ. Ecological and RAPD Evidence

The former plant population survey has shown that three genetically-related species, Caragana microphylla Lam., C. davazamcii Sancz. and C. korshinskii Kom., form a geographical replacement series in Nei Mongol Plateau. The present study on population distribution, taxonomy, morphology, development and genetic structure demonstrated that the geographical distribution of these three species was successive and in gradual change, thus forming a geographical cline which extended from the east to the west of Nei Mongol Plateau. With an analysis of climate change over time, it was considered that the formation of this geographical cline was a result of plant adaptation to its natural environment.