秦岭川金丝猴1至2岁个体的社会玩耍行为

2009年3月至2010年5月在秦岭北坡的陕西周至国家级自然保护区玉皇庙,采用焦点动物取样法(Focal animal sampling)和瞬时记录法(Instantaneous sampling)对2008年出生的5只秦岭川金丝猴幼体(3 ♂、2♀)的社会玩耍行为进行了研究.结果表明:1-2岁的川金丝猴对其不同年龄-性别组的玩耍伙伴具有很高的选择性,喜欢与单元内的青少年个体玩耍;其次喜欢与新生个体玩耍,与母亲、单元内主雄和其它成年雌性个体玩耍的机会不多.另外,该年龄段的个体在玩耍中常采用追逐和摔跤的方式,采用接近、撕咬和其它行为的方式均不高.雄性个体比雌性个体更常采用摔跤的行为方式,而雌性个体相比雄性个体更常采用接近等方式.在整个观察期,社会交往性的玩耍行为频次未发现个体差异和性别差异.此外,这些个体玩耍频次的发育与年龄阶段之间不存在线性相关.个体在这种行为的发育过程中不仅可锻炼身体、实践打斗技巧,建立社会关系,并且能获得一定的认知能力.     

秦岭玉皇庙川金丝猴2-3岁内个体社会行为的性别差异

2005年3月至2006年5月在秦岭北坡的陕西周至国家级自然保护区玉皇庙地区,采用焦点动物取样法(Focal animal sampling)观察动物,利用瞬时记录法(Instantaneous recording)等记录数据,对2003年出生的7只秦岭川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana)个体(3♀、4♂)的社会理毛、社会玩耍、被驱赶、攻击、爬跨等行为进行了研究,以了解该物种社会行为的发育在2-3岁阶段是否存在性别间的差异。结果表明:雌、雄二性社会理毛行为的平均频次存在显著性差异(♀11.86%、♂6.55%),并且这种显著性差异也体现在理毛婴猴行为(♀3.64%、♂1.26%)和理毛母亲行为(♀4.61%、♂2.70%)方面;雄性社会玩耍行为的平均频次与雌性相比也有显著性差异(♀4.44%、♂7.39%),这与被驱赶行为性别差异的研究结果相同(♀0.42、♂1.98);爬跨行为的平均频次也表现出显著性的性别差异(♀0.034、♂1.83),如同攻击行为(♀0.043、♂0.088)。另外,我们在将2-3岁阶段分为4个小发育阶段的基础上,还发现除雌性理毛婴猴行为的发生频次和雄性被驱赶行为的发生频次与年龄(阶段)呈极显著正相关外,雌性和雄性其它行为的发生频次与年龄均不相关。因此,川金丝猴2-3岁内个体社会行为的发育具有显著性的性别差异,且在一定程度上反映了雌雄二性不同的生活史,而这种行为上的策略正是该物种在长期进化中在群体水平上对自然选择压力的回应,以增加个体的适合度,使种群得以繁衍.     

笼养黑叶猴未成年个体的玩耍行为

哺乳动物的玩耍行为有助于提高运动及社会交往技能,有助于社会关系的建立。为探讨玩耍行为在黑叶猴未成年个体发育过程中的呈现模式,我们以广西南宁动物园两群笼养黑叶猴Trachypithecus francoisi未成年个体为观察对象,应用焦点动物取样法和全事件记录法收集观察对象玩耍行为相关数据。结果表明:打斗式玩耍平均占黑叶猴未成年个体玩耍时间的14.4%¹6.9%,追逐式玩耍占3.6%16.9%,追逐式玩耍占3.6%¹3.6%,运动性玩耍占48.6%13.6%,运动性玩耍占48.6%⁵7.0%,物品玩耍占20.8%57.0%,物品玩耍占20.8%²5.0%。少年个体的玩耍行为存在明显的性别差异,主要表现在少年雄性打斗式玩耍和追逐式玩耍的频次明显高于少年雌性。在社会性玩耍中,少年雄性更为主动。这些结果支持了运动训练假说。在玩耍伙伴的选择上,少年雌雄性个体都喜欢选择少年雄性个体作为玩耍伙伴。未成年个体在不同发育阶段的玩耍行为也存在显著差异,主要表现在幼年个体运动性玩耍和物品玩耍的频率明显高于少年个体。     

滇金丝猴雌性个体间的理毛行为

相互理毛行为广泛存在于社会性群居灵长类动物中,通常具有清洁卫生和社会交往功能。2012 年10 月至2013 年6 月,我们在云南白马雪山国家级自然保护区对一人工辅助投食滇金丝猴群,采用全事件取样法和焦点动物取样法收集了雌性个体间相互理毛的行为数据,包括理毛的部位、理毛的姿势、理毛的时间和回合数。研究结果表明:滇金丝猴雌性个体之间每次相互理毛的平均时间为5. 7 min。相互理毛部位较多的发生在自我理毛不能进行(达到)的部位(61.1% );在不能自我理毛部位的相互理毛行为持续时间长,平均9.7 min;在个体能够进行自我理毛部位的相互理毛持续时间短,平均为3. 2 min。相互理毛的姿势以对坐为主(48. 4% ),不同理毛姿势的理毛时间差异显著。新迁入家庭单元的雌性个体为理毛的首先发起者,但其获得被理毛的时间却并不多。滇金丝猴雌性个体相互理毛部位、理毛姿势和理毛时间的差异表明,它们之间的相互理毛行为符合卫生功能假说和社会功能假说。     

岷山山系川金丝猴群的社会结构——以唐家河国家级自然保护区川金丝猴为例

为进一步深入理解不同地理区域川金丝猴群的社会结构特点,于2014年3—7月,采用焦点动物取样法对岷山山系唐家河国家级自然保护区辅助投食成功的一个川金丝猴群进行了观察。研究表明:该猴群共有138只个体,包括16只成年雄性,48只成年雌性,11只亚成年雌性,3只亚成年雄性,36只青少年猴以及24只婴幼猴;猴群中成年个体与未成年个体的比例为0.86∶1。唐家河川金丝猴群具有典型的重层社会结构:即由11个一雄多雌单元(one-male units,OMUs)组成2个繁殖分队(breeding band),并分别与1个密切联系的全雄单元(all-male unit,AMU)共同构成。其中,每个OMU分别由6~15只个体组成,平均为10.64只±2.77只;AMU共21只个体,以青少年个体最多,占61.9%。方差分析表明:2个繁殖分队中的OMU大小差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。     

笼养川金丝猴不同年龄阶段的发育特征

198 9～ 1998年间 ,对 46只不同年龄阶段的笼养川金丝猴 (Rhinopithecusroxellana)的外形、生理、行为等特征进行了比较。根据不同年龄阶段个体的综合特征 ,川金丝猴的发育期可划分为 5个年龄段 :婴幼阶段 ,少年阶段 ,青年阶段 ,亚成年阶段和成年阶段。观察发现 ,从出生到青年阶段 ,雌雄在体形大小和体重方面增长速度很接近。然而 ,从青年阶段开始 ,雄性的增长速度超过雌性。到了成年阶段 ,成年雄性的体重、坐高、尾长、头围、犬齿齿冠及被毛长度明显大于雌性 ,成年雌性的体重仅为成年雄性的 5 4% ,表现出显著的性二型性。雌性 3 6± 0 5 (n =5 )岁出现月经 ,其开始成功繁殖的年龄为 4～ 6岁 ;雄性 6 5 (n =4)岁出现射精行为 ,其开始成功繁殖年龄为 7～ 8岁。此外 ,对川金丝猴所特有的嘴角瘤的观察发现 ,雄性进入性发育年龄阶段后开始长出嘴角瘤 ;嘴角瘤大小随年龄增长而逐渐增大 ,直到性成熟。而雌性川金丝猴多无此结构或只有一个约绿豆大的痕迹。因此 ,嘴角瘤可以作为雄性川金丝猴性成熟的标志 ,是成年雄性川金丝猴的副性征。     

白马雪山自然保护区响古箐滇金丝猴的交配行为

灵长类交配模式是灵长类社群结构和婚配制度的重要表征之一,其研究有助于了解灵长类社群结构和两性交配策略。2013年11月至2014年10月,我们对云南白马雪山国家级自然保护区一人工辅助投食滇金丝猴群进行了观察研究,采用焦点动物取样法和全事件记录法收集了雌雄个体交配相关的行为数据,主要包括邀配对象、交配过程、持续时间和回合数,以及参与交配的雌雄对在交配结束后的相互理毛的持续时间和回合数。研究结果表明:研究群滇金丝猴全年均有交配行为,交配高峰期在7-9月,两性参与交配的积极性和对季节变化的响应不同;交配主要由雌性通过邀配发动(76%),交配高峰期也是雌性邀配的高峰期;雄性爬跨频次(年均0.43次/月,n=5)和射精爬跨比(年均19%,n=5)在全年无显著变化。交配行为发生的典型表现为:雌性通过小跑或跳跃进入雄性视线范围内,爬伏呈臀向雄性邀配;雌猴爬伏时离雄猴的远近距离不同(1 m vs.2-5 m:69%vs.31%)会影响其邀配成功率(1 m vs.2-5 m:68%vs.40%);若一次邀配失败,雌猴可能会连续爬伏邀配(最多4次),连续多次邀配的成功率显著高于单次邀配(79%vs.52%)。交配结束后雌性会主动为雄性理毛,但雌性主动理毛与交配是否射精无关。     

野生川金丝猴一个全雄青年猴群的同性爬背行为

本研究采用行为取样方法,首次对秦岭野生川金丝猴全雄青年群中的同性爬跨行为进行报道。研究中我们共观察到21 次同性爬背行为,其平均持续时间为5.53 ± 3.11s;雄性同性爬背发生前的行为中以玩耍行为(47.62% )和3 种不同姿势的邀配模仿行为(42.85% )为主;而同性爬背行为发生后则主要为彼此间的相互理毛行为(47.62% )和玩耍行为(23.81% )。对比先前婴幼猴时期的相关研究结果,青年猴同性爬背行为前邀配模仿资势的多样化在一定程度上体现了野生状态下雄性川金丝猴个体青少年阶段的性行为发育进程。考虑到川金丝猴全雄群的社会结构,青年猴同性爬背行为具有巩固社群稳定和加强个体关系的功能。此外,研究中观察到76.19% 的同性爬背行为发生在昼间休息期之后的第一个小时内,这可能是“睡眠与觉醒循环”对性激素的反调节作用所致。     

雄性黄山短尾猴(Macaca thibetana)攻击支持雌性以换取交配回报

生物市场理论认为动物个体之间通过某种协定交换有价值的商品,使双方均受益。该研究采用目标动物法、行为取样法和连续记录法,对浮溪黄山野生猴谷鱼鳞坑短尾猴(Macaca thibetana)A1群(YA1群)和A2群(YA2群)成年个体在非繁殖季节(2011年8月—12月)和繁殖季节(2012年2月—5月)的雄性攻击支持雌性行为和交配行为进行研究,探讨雄性攻击支持雌性与交配之间的关系。两猴群在繁殖季节和非繁殖季节雄性攻击支持雌性与交配行为均呈显著正相关;YA2群繁殖季节与非繁殖季节攻击支持后交配频次均显著高于随机交配;YA1群在繁殖季节攻击支持后交配频次与随机交配频次差异不显著,但在非繁殖季节攻击支持后交配频次显著高于随机交配,说明短尾猴成年雄性攻击支持雌性可以换取与该雌性个体的交配回报。本研究验证了生物市场理论中社会行为存在交换,首次证明了雄性攻击支持可以换取雌性的交配回报,为进一步研究雄性性竞争与雌性选择提供了实例。     

生态旅游活动中游客噪声对滇金丝猴的影响

生态旅游被视为解决保护和发展的最有效手段之一,但现阶段的生态旅游开展对野生动物造成影响的程度和方式还缺乏研究。为研究生态旅游活动开展过程中产生的噪声是否会对滇金丝猴（Rinopithecus bieti）产生影响,2017年7月5日至2018年2月8日,在云南香格里拉滇金丝猴国家公园,采用10 min间隔的瞬时扫描取样法记录游客噪声、观赏距离、可见滇金丝猴总数量及其不同年龄-性别组滇金丝猴个体数量。结果显示,生态旅游行为显著增加了环境噪声值,向游客开放时段的噪声值（52.42 dB）显著高于非开放时段（47.51 dB）,且游客数量越多噪声值越大;游客的观赏距离越近可见的滇金丝猴个体数量越少,且不同观赏距离下可见的滇金丝猴个体数存在显著差异,当观赏距离在11 ~ 15 m时,游客可见滇金丝猴总数量最多（2 046只）;在1 ~ 5 m的观赏距离内,不同年龄-性别组猴的理论可见数量不同,成年雄性猴的理论可见数量最高（2.9只）,其次是青少年猴（2.2只）,成年雌猴（1.8只）和婴猴（1.6只）最低。推测,不同年龄-性别组滇金丝猴个体抵抗干扰的能力不同,成年雄性猴抗干扰能力最强,其次是青少年猴个体,成年雌性猴和婴猴抗干扰能力较弱。由此,本研究认为,现阶段香格里拉滇金丝猴国家公园的生态旅游活动增加了环境噪声,且对滇金丝猴的行为产生了一定的干扰;游客观赏距离越近、游客数量越多,干扰越大。建议在未来的生态旅游过程中,严格设立游客观赏距离,且观赏距离应在10 m以上;设立标语,提醒游客保持安静,减少噪音,从而减少对滇金丝猴的干扰。     

Playmate relationships among individuals of the Japanese monkey troop in arashiyama

Observations of play behavior were made on a troop of Japanese monkeys for five months. The troop consisted of 125 animals during the study period. Only 104 animals were observed playing with the troop members while the other 21 animals were never observed playing with other individuals. Two-member play was the most frequent. On the average, a monkey played with 20.7 individuals. A total of 6,068 play bouts were observed. The frequency of play appeared to be affected by age, sex, and degree of relatedness. One-year-old infant males played most with other members and the frequency of play decreased with age. Between monkeys whose disparity of age was less than two years, 5,763 bouts (95.0% of the total) were observed. Moreover, among sameaged monkeys who comprised 10.6% of the possible pair combinations, 2,739 play bouts (45.1%) were observed. Juvenile males played with same-sexed peers more than with opposite-sexed peers, whereas older juvenile females appeared to play with infants of both sexes. Individuals who were related and similarly-ranked tended to play together. There was no apparent preference for animals to play with the offspring of the highest-ranking female. Dominance rank of infnats and juveniles was primarily affected by rank of their mothers and to a lesser extent by play partners. Dominance rank of older juvenile males is more likely to be affected by play partners than females. It may be a critical time for males when they leave their natal troop and join a new troop. The timing of troop shifting by males seemed to be affected by the presence or absence of play-mates. For male Japanese monkeys, play is very important in developing social bonds. Play may act to perpetuate social bonds, enhance the chance of survival, and may contribute to their future reproductive success.     

Rank relations of juvenile and subadult natal males of Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) at Affenberg Salem

Rank relations of more than 100 juvenile and subadult natal Barbary macaque males were analyzed. Hierarchical relations among individuals of the same age were established early during the first year of life. With few exceptions concerning infants from very high-ranking genealogies, males dominated female peers regardless of maternal rank. Males started to outrank females from older cohorts during the second year of life and completed the process of rank reversal with adult females at 5-6 years of age. An age-graded dominance pattern existed among males from different birth cohorts. Only 3 rank reversals between males from different cohorts were observed. Rank reversals among males of the same birth cohort occurred more frequently. Rank position of a male among his male peers was influenced by birth order, by maternal rank, and by the presence of juvenile brothers. Most males without juvenile brothers had low positions, regardless of maternal rank. Males born late in the birth season were also low-ranking, even when juvenile brothers were present. There was no cohort where ranking among males was determined by maternal rank alone, as is the case in rhesus monkeys and Japanese macaques. Adult/subadult male carriers had no noticeable effect on rank positions of 'their' infants. It is suggested that a weaker influence of Barbary macaque mothers on rank of their sons is related to very early integration of male infants in male social/play groups.     

非优势顺位雄性黄山短尾猴的交配策略

在多雄多雌、顺位决定交配机会、雄性偏斜繁殖的非人灵长类社会中,低顺位雄性为提高自己的繁殖成功率,通常采取多样的交配策略以获得较多的交配机会。对非优势顺位雄性交配策略的研究可以增加对灵长类社会性行为复杂性的理解,对于深入探讨动物的婚配制度及繁殖策略具有十分重要的科学意义。本研究采用目 标动物取样法和全事件记录法,在２０１２ 年９ －１２ 月（交配期）记录了安徽黄山短尾猴鱼鳞坑ＹＡ１ 群中４ 只成年雄性个体的交配及有关的行为。研究发现：（１）非优势顺位雄性个体在远离优势顺位雄性视野范围的交配频次和交配时间显著高于优势顺位视野范围内;（２）与优势顺位雄性个体相比,非优势顺位雄性的强行交配（forced copulation）和隐秘交配（clandestine copulation）比例较高;（３） 就交配对象而言,对成功生育的雌性个体,优势顺位雄性在选择交配对象时具有明显的倾向性,非优势顺位雄性在选择时倾向性不显著;对未生育的雌性,优势顺位雄性更倾向于选择没有生殖经历的亚成年雌性个体,非优势顺位雄性则倾向于选择处于哺乳后期的成年雌性个体;（４）在具体交配策略上,优势顺位雄性选择跟随（follow） 雌性,非优势顺位雄性则通过做鬼脸 （grimacing）和性追求（sexual chasing）直接获取交配机会。本研究结果表明黄山短尾猴中非优势雄性个体形成了多变的交配策略,更多采取强制性方式,以获得更多的交配机会,多数的交配都是机会性的。     

Quantitative observations of grooming behavior in free-rangingMacaca mulatta

Quantitative methods of observation and analysis were used in a 12-month study of grooming behavior of free-rangingMacaca mulatta on La Cueva Island at La Parguera, Puerto Rico. Observations lasting 30–120 minutes were made from eight positions on the island at a standard time of day when monkeys were either feeding or resting. Two dependent variables were obtained: (1) the number of monkeys present in the observation area were noted by age and sex class at five-minute intervals throughout each observation, and (2) the frequency of grooming encounters was tabulated by the age and sex class(es) of groomer and recipient. These data were computed as grooms/hour/possible interacting combination of monkeys. Grooming frequencies were higher in non-feeding situations than when monkeys were feeding. The largest social group had the lowest mean grooming rates, while the smallest group had the highest grooming frequencies. More grooming occurred during the November-to-February mating season than at other periods of the year. Adult females were involved in over 60% of all grooming behavior, juveniles participated in 25% of the grooming, while adult males groomed females, primarily during the mating season, and rarely groomed other males or juveniles. Genealogical relationships, levels of group aggression and the feeding or resting context all influenced the frequency of grooming. This study provides support for the hypothesis that the basic social unit for rhesus macaques consists of a core of adult females with their juvenile and infant progeny.     

黄山雄性短尾猴的拥抱行为

拥抱是非人灵长类动物特殊且重要的问候方式,常用于修复冲突后的个体间关系,但拥抱行为的影响因素及其社会功能仍需进一步阐明。本研究以栖息于安徽黄山的野生雄性短尾猴为研究对象,通过系统描述拥抱行为的类型、年龄组分布,分析拥抱行为的主要影响因素,并进一步探讨该行为的社会功能。结果显示：短尾猴的拥抱行为可分为无触摸生殖器、触摸生殖器和舔生殖器3种类型,其中无触摸生殖器和触摸生殖器类型最常见;3种类型的拥抱行为主要发生在非冲突环境下;随着年龄增加,拥抱行为的无触摸生殖器类型减少,触摸生殖器类型增加;成年个体的顺位越高,则接受拥抱越多,顺位提升会使个体接受拥抱的频次显著增加,顺位接近的个体拥抱发生频繁;拥抱发起的频次也与社会联系强度有正相关关系。本研究结果证实雄性短尾猴的拥抱行为具有表达顺位认知和增强社会联系的功能。     

雄性川金丝猴对雌性的受孕认知与等级识别

社会认知是群居动物适应复杂环境和社会生活能力的体现,致力于理解自身、他人与社会。认知有利于促进利益分配的优化,而行为认知策略则是关注的热点问题。但迄今为止,川金丝猴如何进行社会地位与受孕状态等基础认知尚不清楚。本研究通过投食招引,在个体识别和等级判定的基础上,以栖息于秦岭观音山自然保护区熊猫谷景区的一个半野生川金丝猴群为对象,采用瞬时扫描和焦点动物取样法,观察并收集了猴群中6个一雄多雌单元成年雌雄个体的空间位置、邀配、交配及产仔行为数据,结合食物密度梯度"同心圆"和受孕周期,推测雌性成功受孕的交配时间段,运用配对t-检验统计证实受孕前后雌性的交配实现率差异显著(t=4.527,P=0.001),表现为受孕前雌性邀配行为获取的雄性响应率明显高于受孕后;通过Spearman相关性检验发现,雌性受孕前的交配实现率(R=0.527,P=0.006)及受孕时间(R=0.556,P=0.049)与自身等级均显著正相关,即高等级雌性邀配行为的雄性响应率及与雄性生殖性交配的时间明显高于或早于低等级雌性。结果表明,雄性川金丝猴拥有认知单元内成年雌性受孕状况和等级地位的能力,这种认知能力影响着雄性的性行为方式。     

Mortality and reproductive patterns of wild European polecats<Emphasis Type="Italic">Mustela putorius</Emphasis> in Denmark

Despite its relative abundance and wide geographical range, the population dynamics and reproductive biology of the European polecatMustela putorius Linnaeus, 1758 are largely unknown as to the wild living. We therefore investigated age and reproductive status of 239 Danish polecats primarily killed in traffic or trapped during 1998–2004. Males comprised two third of all individuals in all age groups. Based on a static life table, apparent annual mortality was 68% during the first year of life, 33% during the second year and 65% from the third year in both sexes. The mean (± SE) litter size of 5.95 ± 0.62 (n = 18), estimated from placental scar counts, was significantly lower than litter sizes at birth reported for captive individuals but consistent with litter sizes reported for wild polecats in Russia. Female yearlings conceived at the same rate and produced litters of the same size as older individuals.Males had spermatozoa in their testes from February through August. Testes mass peaked in April and May, ie the same period when most females conceive. A lower prevalence of individuals with spermatozoa in yearlings suggests that most males postponed sexual maturity to two years of age.     

Age-related patterns of reproductive success in house sparrows Passer domesticus

A common life history pattern in many organisms is that reproductive success increases with age. We report a similar pattern in house sparrows Passer domesticus , older individuals performed better than yearlings for most measures of reproductive success. Older males and females began breeding earlier in a given season and fledged more young than their yearling counterparts. Individual males also fledged more young in their second breeding season than they did in their first, but individual females did not show consistent improvement in reproductive success from year one to two. A path analysis indicated that age in both sexes acted primarily through the timing of breeding; earlier nesters laid more eggs and hence fledged more young but did not have more nesting attempts. We tested whether the increased reproductive success with age arose from high quality individuals surviving to be older (selection hypothesis). In contrast to the main prediction of this hypothesis that reproductive success and survival should be positively related, we found that survival from one year of age to two years of age was negatively related to reproductive success in the first year for males and females combined. Additionally, individuals that survived to breed as two-year-olds did not differ in total young fledged in their first year from those that did not survive to their second season of breeding. Our results indicate that fledgling production increases with age due to improvements in timing of breeding, particularly in females, and not because of the loss of poor breeders or increased output. Mechanisms producing age-related differences in timing of breeding warrant further study.     

Development of partner preferences in Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata): Effects of gender and kinship during the second year of life

Quantitative data are presented on the effects of subject sex, partner sex,and kinship on the social interactions of 18 juveniles of the Oregon troop of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata).Data on these subjects as infants were also used to detail maturational changes in partner sex preferences. Nine males and nine females, whose multiparous mothers represented a cross section of dominance ranks, were observed using a focal-animal technique. Juveniles of both sexes engaged in more proximity, contact, grooming, mounting, aggression, and social play with kin than with nonkin partners. They initiated less contact with females and more contact with males during their second year. They initiated more grooming and aggression during their second year than their first year, with females displaying a strong preference for grooming females and males specifically aggressing males more during the second year. Aggression was higher between same-sexed partners than between opposite-sexed partners. Males engaged in more social interactions with males during the second year than the first year of life. Males played more than females during both years. Males played more with males during the second year than the first year, and males played with males more than did females during the second year. We conclude that sex differences in behavioral frequencies become evident during the first year of life, and sex differences in partner preferences emerge during the second year of life.