珍稀濒危植物距瓣尾囊草(Urophysa rochkii)的开花物候和繁育系统特性

通过野外观察,运用套袋授粉和联苯胺-过氧化氢法等实验方法对距瓣尾囊草开花物候以及种群的繁育系统特性进行研究。研究结果:1)距瓣尾囊草为两性花,聚伞状花序,花期较长,从头年12月持续到次年4月,单花花期持续8—15 d,种群花期可持续4个月左右。2)距瓣尾囊草在花朵未开放前花粉没有活力,花药开裂当天花粉活力达到94.8%,第2天为90.3%,第3天为81.6%,第4天为62.9%,此后其花粉活力明显减弱;柱头可授性于散粉后第3天开始出现,散粉后4—5天最强,散粉后第8天柱头失去可授性;柱头可授性和花粉活力有5 d左右的重叠期。3)其花粉胚珠比P/O为938.5±250,按照Cruden标准划分,其有性繁育系统为兼性异交。4)按照Dafni的标准,距瓣尾囊草的OCI=4,即繁育系统为异交、部分自交亲和、需要传粉者。5)人工异花授粉结实率达80%以上,略高于自然结实率78.94%;直接套袋结实率为5.71%;去雄套袋和去雌套袋均不结实。以上结果表明,距瓣尾囊草繁育系统表现为异交为主、部分自交亲和并且不存在无融合生殖现象,其开花物候、花部特征和繁育系统为适应特殊的环境提供了一定的生殖保障,本次研究结果为距瓣尾囊草的迁地保护和种群的繁衍复壮提供理论依据。     

濒危植物凹叶厚朴的花部综合特征和繁育系统

为了解凹叶厚朴(Magnolia officinalis subsp.biloba)濒危的生殖生物学原因,通过野外观测,运用杂交指数、花粉-胚珠比、花粉活力和柱头可授性观测、人工授粉和套袋实验等方法,对凹叶厚朴种群的开花生物学、繁育系统进行了研究。结果表明:凹叶厚朴单花花期一般为4～5d,单花花期根据形态和散粉时间可分为4个时期:蕾期、初开期、盛开期和凋零期;种群于4—5月开花,一般开花历时30d左右,但不同地点、年份间有所差异;种群无开花高峰,单株平均开花数量为171.4～188.8朵,平均开花振幅为5～6朵·株-1·d-1;凹叶厚朴杂交指数为4,花粉胚珠比为5728.86,结合人工套袋和授粉实验结果可确定,繁育系统为异交,传粉过程需要传粉者;花粉活力较高(94%),且花粉活力可维持至散粉后的第6天。散粉后,柱头可授性显著下降,花粉高活力期与柱头可授期有5～6h的重叠;自然状况下结果率和单果出种百分率低,异株异花授粉可明显提高结果率和单果出种百分率,二者相对自然状况分别提高14.25%和43.66%。表明自然状态下传粉效率低、柱头最佳可授期短、同株自花授粉败育严重是其濒危的主要生殖生物学原因。     

紫茉莉的花部综合特征与繁育系统

采用定株观察,运用花粉-胚珠比、联苯胺-过氧化氢法、杂交指数和套袋实验等方法,对紫茉莉(Mirabilis jalapa L.)的开花状态及繁育系统进行了研究.结果表明:种群花期一般为6-10月,单花花期一般为2～3 d;单花花期依其形态和散粉时间可分为散粉前期、散粉初期、散粉盛期、花闭合期、凋谢期5个时期;在花闭合时期,晴天有66.80%的花的柱头在闭合花冠内,阴天时有81.65%的花的柱头在闭合花冠内,雨天柱头在闭合花冠内的花可达99.22%;按照杂交指数,其繁育系统属于自交亲和,有时需要传粉者;P/O值约为269,判断繁育系统类型属于兼性自交;开花6 h左右,柱头的可授性最强,此时花粉活力、置落在柱头上的花粉数及其在柱头上的萌发率都达到最高.套袋实验显示,紫茉莉自然条件下没有无融合现象,繁育系统为自交、异交亲和,以自交为主,但有时也需要传粉者;在长期的环境选择压力下,紫茉莉选择将更多的柱头留在闭合花冠内,是其对不利环境条件的一种适应进化策略.     

类短命植物异翅独尾草的传粉特性

该文对生长于新疆古尔班通古特沙漠的类短命植物异翅独尾草(Eremurus anisopterus)的传粉习性做了观察研究,结果如下:异翅独尾草的花期从4月下旬至5月中旬,单花花期一般为1 d,而当遭遇最高温度不足20 ℃的阴雨天气时,单花花期可延长至2 d。单花的开花时间一般为每天10∶30~15∶00,大约4~5 h,单个花药的散粉时间约为40 min,但其6枚花药的开裂与散粉具有明显的不同步性,显著地延长了单花的散粉时间,这是对干热多风的沙漠生境中传粉者不确定性高度适应的结果。异翅独尾草花粉借风传播的距离可达70 m,但其中约60%花粉的散布距离集中在20 m以内;昆虫是异翅独尾草的重要传粉媒介,蜜蜂、食蚜蝇、麻蝇、切叶蜂、隧蜂等是主要的传粉者。蜜蜂和食蚜蝇访花时,都是先飞落到花基部黄绿色斑点处,然后沿着花被片的紫色脉纹进入到花内,黄绿色斑点是对花蜜的拟态,是异翅独尾草对高温多风沙环境高度适应的结果。昆虫的访花行为最活跃的时间在10∶30~13∶30之间。一天当中单花的开放时间与沙漠中风速的日变化及访花昆虫的活动习性之间呈现出显著的相关性。异翅独尾草的花粉与胚珠比(P/O)等于6 164,为适合于异花传粉的类型。人工套袋试验结果表明自交是可育的,这可能是对占据了不稳定的、先锋生境的异翅独尾草缺乏远交机会的有效补偿。不存在无融合生殖现象。     

束花石斛的繁育生物学特性

为了探究束花石斛（Dendrobium chrysanthum）的繁育生物学特性,对其开花习性、花粉活力、柱头分泌特性、人工授粉结实率、自然结实种子育性和贮藏特性进行研究,结果表明：（1）束花石斛花芽萌动期为19 d,现蕾期为23 d,群体花期为28 d,单花寿命10~15 d;（2）开花1~3 d花粉活力保持在90%左右,开花至第9天时花粉活力仅为23.7%,初始3 d开花的花粉活力与其他时间取样的活力差异均达极显著水平（P<0.01）,花粉活力随开花时间延长呈由强到弱的趋势;（3）束花石斛的柱头腔从开花第2天开始有分泌物,第6 d时分泌物最多,柱头过氧化氢染色结果表明在开花5~6 d时柱头可授性最强,柱头可授性随开花时间延长呈由弱到强再到弱的趋势;（4）选取花朵开放4 d的花粉和柱头人工授粉,同株异花和同花授粉未见结实。野外结实果质量2.02~4.83 g,种子长0.628~0.845 mm,宽0.082~0.110 mm,长宽比为7.798,成胚率达97.35%,种子活力为90.80%,室温条件保存6个月的种子活力维持在73.20%。上述结果说明,束花石斛单花花期不长,开花初期花粉活力最高,柱头发育要滞后于花粉的发育;束花石斛不存在无融和生殖,人工同株自花授粉不育。但自然状况下能正常结实,种子发育良好,胚活力较高,干燥种子在自然条件下有一定的耐贮特性。本研究揭示了束花石斛的开花生物学特性和雌雄蕊异熟特点,其交配系统应为自交不亲和,为其野生种质资源的保育和人工精准授粉提供科学依据。     

沉水植物菹草的人工种子技术

为满足水生态系统重建及水体景观对沉水植物种苗的需求,本文建立了菹草（Potamogeton crispus L.）人工种子的制作方法,并分析了菹草人工种子的萌发条件。结果表明,以海藻酸钠为包埋剂,在包埋剂中添加IBA 1.0 mg/L + 6-BA 0.5 mg/L,制备的菹草人工种子在灭菌自来水中萌发率可达80％,且转株率达20％。在15－25℃之间,温度对菹草人工种子萌发和转株的影响不显著;氮磷水平对菹草人工种子萌发和转株的影响不显著;光强对菹草人工种子的萌发和转株有显著影响,较高的光强有较高的萌发率和转株率,光强为40μmol/ m2. s时,菹草人工种子萌发率、转株率可达67.8％、35.6％;底质对菹草人工种子的萌发和转株有显著影响,菹草人工种子在黄沙壤上的萌发率、转株率分别为60%和42.2%,黄沙壤比淤泥和砂石更适合菹草人工种子萌发和转株;菹草人工种子在野外湖水的试验中萌发率、转株率分别达到28%、15%。     

肋果沙棘(Hippophae neurocarpa S.W.Liu et T.N.He)自然种群的风媒传粉特征

野外调查了青藏高原特有植物肋果沙棘的花期物候、开花式样以及风媒传粉特征,对其花粉生活力、柱头可授性及单花花粉量进行了检测.结果表明,肋果沙棘有许多适应风媒传粉的特征:雌雄异株,花小,无花冠,先叶开放,雄花萼片纵裂形成对流的"风洞",花粉近球形,单花花粉量大;雌花柱头细长捻状,伸出萼筒,授粉面大,密布乳突.花粉生活力可以持续16.5 d,柱头可授性为10～20d.肋果沙棘传粉多发生在昼夜温差大的5月中下旬,在多变的气候条件下,种群花期可持续约12～25d,但在晴朗的天气条件下具有爆发性的集中开花机制,是对恶劣条件的适应.重力玻片法检测表明,离花粉源15m左右远的地点花粉密度最大,135m仍能接收到花粉,夜间接收到的花粉数量也很可观,这些研究结果表明,该植物集中在有利的晴朗天气昼夜进行长距离的风媒散粉,能较好地适应青藏高原的复杂环境.     

紫荣莉的花部综合特征与繁育系统

采用定株观察,运用花粉-胚珠比、联苯胺-过氧化氢法、杂交指数和套袋实验等方法,对紫茉莉（Mirabilis jalapa L．）的开花状态及繁育系统进行了研究。结果表明：种群花期一般为6—10月,单花花期一般为2—3d;单花花期依其形态和散粉时间可分为散粉前期、散粉初期、散粉盛期、花闭合期、凋谢期5个时期;在花闭合时期,晴天有66．80％的花的柱头在闭合花冠内,阴天时有81．65％的花的柱头在闭合花冠内,雨天柱头在闭合花冠内的花可达99．22％;按照杂交指数,其繁育系统属于自交亲和,有时需要传粉者;P／O值约为269,判断繁育系统类型属于兼性自交;开花6h左右,柱头的可授性最强,此时花粉活力、置落在柱头上的花粉数及其在柱头上的萌发率都达到最高。套袋实验显示,紫茉莉自然条件下没有无融合现象,繁育系统为自交、异交亲和,以自交为主,但有时也需要传粉者;在长期的环境选择压力下,紫荣莉选择将更多的柱头留在闭合花冠内,是其对不利环境条件的一种适应进化策略。     

黄花蔺的繁育系统研究

黄花蔺Limnocharis flava(Linn．)Buch．的蝎尾状聚伞花序上通常产生两性花2∽13朵,单花花期5～13h。自然居群中观察到,花开放后有两种甲虫访花,但外围数轮无花药的退化雄蕊限制了花粉向外散布,内轮雄蕊上花药开裂后花粉直接落在自花的柱头上。花被片闭合后内轮花被片萎蔫成液体,促进了花粉在柱头上萌发。花粉与胚珠的比值为930±180(650∽1120),属于较经济的自花传粉类型。果实成熟后花序倒伏,其顶端产生的营养芽萌发形成新的营养苗。一个基株一年内可产生6∽20个营养苗。黄花蔺自花传粉结实率达80％,每果实产生种子470～640枚。黄花蔺近距离扩散以营养繁殖形成的新植株完成,长距离扩散或占领新生境以及抵抗干旱则依靠种子。人工去雄、套袋及授粉实验表明,黄花蔺的繁育系统是以自交为主的混合交配类型,并可能是由异交向自交演化的。     

疏花蔷薇花粉产量及营养成分

疏花蔷薇（ＲｏｓａｌａｘａＲｅｔｚ．）花期长达１５０ｄ左右,花多而芳香。单花内生数百枚花药,花粉量大,微甜味纯,无毒无污染;在各类花粉的开发利用中具显著特点和优势。新疆３个不同生态型地区疏花蔷薇花粉平均含粗蛋白６６２％～８２５％,总糖１５２７％～１７５３％,氨基酸６９４％～６９９％,并富含多种维生素和矿质营养。新疆阿拉尔５年生（盛果期）半野生蔷薇单丛花期平均产粉量为８２７ｇ,盛花期产粉量占整个花期产粉量的６５％。     

北京地区蒿柳的开花物候期及单花序开放过程中花粉活力和柱头可授性变化

Flowering phenology and flowering dynamics of female and male inflorescences of Salix viminalis Linn. in Beijing were observed in 2015 and 2016, and changes in pollen activity and stigma receptivity were also investigated. The results show that early flowering stage of S. viminalis in Beijing is happened in early?March, flowering period is 11-18 d, and flowering pattern is the first opening type of male flower. Flowering period of single inflorescence in male and female plants is 10-15 d and 8-10 d, respectively, which can be divided into five stages:emerging color stage, initial flowering stage, half flowering stage, full flowering stage and withered stage. Flowering date of male plant is earlier about 3-4 d than that of female plant. However, the difference of full flowering stage between male and female plants is only 1 d. Pollen germination rate and stigma receptivity show a trend of firstly increasing then decreasing during blossom process. Pollen germination rate reaches the highest of 72% at full flowering stage, and stigma receptivity is more than 90% at half and full flowering stages. Therefore, it is suggested that pollen collection and pollination in mid?March can improve success rate of cross breeding of S. viminalis.     

VARIATION IN SEED WEIGHT AND ITS EFFECTS ON GERMINATION IN PASTINACA SATIVA L. (UMBELLIFERAE)

Pastinaca sativa (wild parsnip) produces seeds on the primary, secondary, and tertiary umbels of the flowering stalk. Within plants, variation in seed weight is about twofold. Secondary and tertiary seed weight is 73% and 50% of primary seed weight, respectively. Maximum variation in seed weight between plants is sixfold when tertiary seeds from a small plant are compared to primary seeds from a large plant. Within an umbel order, variation in seed weight between plants is correlated with plant size. Under autumn germinating conditions in the laboratory, final germination of seeds from different umbel orders does not differ but smaller seeds germinate more rapidly than larger seeds. Under spring germination conditions in the laboratory, significantly more primary and secondary seeds germinate than tertiary seeds and the rate of germination is independent of seed weight. Field germination of seeds from different umbel orders produces similar results except that in the spring both secondary and tertiary seed germination is lower than that of primary seeds. These results suggest that with respect to seed germination characteristics small seeds may have a competitive advantage over large seeds in the autumn because they germinate more quickly, but in the spring small seeds are at a disadvantage because they have lower overall germination. Because most germination in the field occurs in the spring, population recruitment from small seeds is likely to be substanially less than that from large seeds.     

外来入侵植物意大利苍耳的传粉生态学特性

从开花物候、花粉活力、柱头可受性、传粉媒介、花粉散布距离、雄性、雌性功能以及繁育系统等方面系统地研究了意大利苍耳的传粉生态学特性,旨在为揭示该物种成功入侵的机理提供科学依据。研究结果显示:意大利苍耳种群的花期较长,雌花花期可达40d,雄花花期可达30d。其雄性和雌性功能都很强,意大利苍耳单株雄花序和花粉量分别高达3847个/株和37903037粒/株,单株雌花序和单株胚珠数高达3847个/株和7694枚/株,种群平均结实率高达80.59%,即平均每株个体能形成6200枚成熟的果实。花粉活力的日变化呈单峰型曲线,早晨和傍晚的花粉活力最低,14:00时的活力高达99%。雌蕊柱头一经伸出总苞即具有可受性,可受期长达7d,开花后的3—4d柱头的可受性最强。意大利苍耳为风媒传粉植物,在4.5km/h的微风条件下,其花粉的散布距离可达45m,大量的花粉集中分布在距花粉源0—20m的范围内,这对于往往高密度连片分布的意大利苍耳种群来说无疑是一种高效的传粉策略。意大利苍耳的交配系统灵活多样,盛花期自然结实率达到100%,套袋试验结果表明该植物自交亲和,自株自然授粉的结实率高达93%。表明较长的花期、大量的雌雄花序及花粉数量、较高的花粉活力、较长的柱头可授期、较远的花粉风媒散布距离、混合交配系统、以及较高的结实率是意大利苍耳繁殖成功的重要保障,也是其成功入侵的重要原因。     

Interspecific pollen transfer between two coflowering species was minimized by bumblebee fidelity and differential pollen placement on the bumblebee body

Aims When sympatric flowering plant species in a natural community share pollinators, study of plant–plant interactions via interspecific pollen transfer (IPT) is essential for understanding species coexistence. However, little is known about the extent of IPT between interactive species and its causes.Methods To explore how sympatric flowering plants sharing pollinators minimize deleterious effects of IPT, we investigated the pollination ecology of two endemic species, Salvia przewalskii and Delphinium yuanum, in an alpine meadow in the Hengduan Mountains, southwest China. We quantified conspecific and interspecific visits by shared bumblebee pollinators, amounts of pollen placed on different body sites of the pollinators and stigmatic pollen loads on open-pollinated flowers. To examine whether IPT affects female fitness, we measured pollen germination and seed production in the two species in an artificial pollination experiment.Important findings One bumblebee species, Bombus trifasciatus, was found to be the sole effective pollinator for the two coflowering species. Pollination experiments indicated that deposition of heterospecific pollen could significantly decrease seed set in both species. Experiments showed that S. przewalskii pollen could germinate well on stigmas of D. yuanum, inhibiting conspecific pollen germination in D. yuanum. However, seed set was not lower under open pollination than under cross-pollination within species, suggesting that no female fitness loss was caused by IPT. In foraging bouts with pollinator switches, switches from S. przewalskii to D. yuanum were relatively more frequent (8.27%) than the converse (1.72%). However, IPT from S. przewalskii to D. yuanum accounted for only 1.82% of total stigmatic pollen loads while the reverse IPT to S. przewalskii was 8.70%, indicating that more switches of bumblebees to D. yuanum did not result in higher IPT. By contrast, selection for reduced IPT to S. przewalskii would limit pollinator switches from D. yuanum. We found that a bumblebee generally carried pollen grains from both species but the two species differed in the position of pollen placement on the bumblebee's body; S. przewalskii ' s pollen was concentrated on the dorsal thorax while D. yuanum ' s pollen was concentrated ventrally on the head. This differential pollen placement along with pollinator fidelity largely reduced IPT between the two species with a shared pollinator.     

黄河三角洲柽柳的开花特性及传粉生态学研究

野外定位观测了柽柳(TamarixchinensisLour.)的开花物侯、开花动态、访花者的种类、行为和访花频率,并对其繁育系统、花粉-胚珠比(P/O)、花粉活力进行了检测。结果表明,柽柳单朵花的花期仅1d,P/O为390.9±81.0,繁育系统属于自交亲和、需要传粉者的类型。花的结构和开花式样适合以食蚜蝇为主的多种昆虫传粉。自然条件下的结实率为95.23%。柽柳的果实成熟期较短(15d),整个居群有长达几个月的花期,开花数目众多,因此能产生大量的种子,在适宜条件下会形成大片的柽柳灌丛。     

八种广西特有报春苣苔属植物开花生物学特性研究

广西是报春苣苔属植物的世界分布中心,特有种较多。该研究针对线叶报春苣苔(Primulina linearifolia)、条叶报春苣苔(P. ophiopogoides)、刺齿报春苣苔(P. spinulosa)、大根报春苣苔(P. macrorhiza)、线萼报春苣苔(P. linearicalyx)、癞叶报春苣苔(P. leprosa)、桂中报春苣苔(P. guizhongensis)、百寿报春苣苔(P. baishouensis),八种广西特有种的开花物候期、开花动态、子房发育情况、花粉活性等开花生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明:(1)八种广西特有报春苣苔属植物在野外及人工环境下部分种在花期、单株开花量、单花开放持续时间具有显著性差异。人工栽培植株在单株开花量、单花开放持续时间要优于野生植株。(2)不同物种的单花花期长短不同,为3～14 d。雄蕊在花蕾阶段已经基本完成生长。雌雄蕊成熟期不一致,雄蕊先于雌蕊成熟。(3)花冠半开放至完全打开阶段的花粉活性最高,均在90%以上。(4)花冠完全开放阶段的柱头可授性最强。(5)自花授粉不能结实,异花授粉可正常结实,自交种子发芽率在80%以上。综上结果不仅为解决珍稀物种的繁殖障碍和保存种质资源提供了数据支持,而且对后续提高报春苣苔属的杂交育种成功率具有重要意义。     

龙须草花粉活性及结实率与其无融合生殖的关系

以两种生态型无融合生殖龙须草为材料,经去雄套袋、去掉柱头及相互杂交等处理,比较几种方式下的结实率。结果表明：去雄套袋、截去柱头以破坏授粉和杂交授粉等处理与去雄不套袋作对照之间结实率的差异不显著。两种生态型龙须草的成熟花粉粒都具有活力,在蔗糖溶液中的离体萌发率分别为28％和34％;花粉在柱头上的附着和生长的荧光观察表明：花粉附着率较低,花粉在柱头上可以萌发,但不能进入柱头和花柱。证明龙须草花粉对其结实率没有显著影响;龙须草具有很高的无融合生殖度,是优良的无融合生殖基因供体。     

The functional significance of a stigma color polymorphism in Acer pictum subsp. mono (Aceraceae)

Aims Exploring the characteristics and function of a flower color polymorphism contributes to our understanding of floral evolution in angiosperms. However, little information is available on stigma color polymorphisms in flowering plants despite their important functional role in plant reproduction.Methods We studied a stigma color polymorphism at the individual level in Acer pictum subsp. mono (aka A. mono) by investigating stigma-color morph proportion and comparing stigma performance and components of female fitness (pollen adhesion, pollen germination, fruit set, seed set and fruit weight) between the two morphs (red and greenish-yellow stigma) within natural populations at Dongling Mountain in the north of China. In the flowering period, we conducted hand pollination in natural populations and then made microscopic observations using the aniline blue fluorescence method.Important findings Individuals in the studied populations did not change their stigma color between years, and flowers produced by a single tree were uniform in their stigma color. This strongly suggests that stigma color variation is genetically controlled. The percentage of the red stigma flowers with germinated pollen grains was significantly higher than that of the greenish-yellow stigma flowers when hand pollination was conducted in the early flowering period, but not so in the late flowering period. There was no significant difference in the percentage of flowers with pollen adhesion to the stigma between the two morphs. Fruit set of the red morph was significantly higher than that of the greenish-yellow morph. Our findings suggest that the red morph may be more advantageous for pollen germination and fruit set than the greenish-yellow morph, which may provide a functional explanation for the high incidence of the red stigma morph in the studied populations. Alternative explanations for the stigma color polymorphism are discussed to stimulate further work.     

毛竹花粉的形态及双受精过程研究

由于实验的材料、条件和技术的限制,关于竹类花粉形态、花粉管生长过程的研究十分少见。毛竹( Phyllostachys edulis)属于禾本科( Poaceae/Gramineae)竹亚科( Bambusoideae)植物,在我国广泛分布,具有重要的经济、生态和文化价值。由于其独特的生殖生物学特性,即开花周期长、结籽率低,所以对其开花材料的获取十分困难。该研究在其独特的开花特性基础上,结合野外实地观察,利用显微镜、环境扫描电镜、荧光显微镜等,对毛竹的花粉形态、结构以及花粉管的萌发与生长动态进行了首次报道。结果表明：(1)毛竹花粉近球形,平均直径为61.00μm,属于大型孢子。(2)毛竹成熟花粉落到雌蕊柱头上后,经过花粉与柱头的成功识别,开始萌发,并形成花粉管;随着花粉管的逐渐伸长生长,依次经过柱头和花柱,到达子房;约120 min后到达珠孔处,进入胚珠和胚囊,完成双受精作用。通过对毛竹花粉形态结构和花粉管生长至受精过程的动态观察,为毛竹花粉可授性、花粉生理、生化研究提供了实验技术准备。该研究结果完善和丰富了毛竹乃至整个禾本科植物在生殖生物学方面的研究内容。