池杉─水稻系统的生态效应（Ⅱ）系统的生态环境效应

池杉┐水稻系统的生态效应（Ⅱ）系统的生态环境效应黄兆祥郑珍贵朱笃（南昌大学生物科学工程系,南昌３３００４７）ＥＣＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＥＦＦＥＣＴＯＦＴＡＸＯＤＩＵＭＡＳＣＥＮＤＥＮＳ－ＯＲＹＺＡＳＡＴＩＶＡＥＣＯＳＹＳＴＥＭ（Ⅱ）ＥＣＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬ－...     

池杉─水稻系统的生态效应

池杉┐水稻系统的生态效应（Ⅰ）系统中池杉的生长特性黄兆祥郑珍贵朱笃（南昌大学生物科学工程系,南昌３３００４７）ＥＣＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＥＦＦＥＣＴＯＦＴＡＸＯＤＩＵＭＡＳＣＥＮＤＥＮＳ┐ＯＲＹＺＡＳＡＴＩＶＡＥＣＯＳＹＳＴＥＭ（Ⅰ）ＴＨＥＧＲＯＷＩＮＧ...     

CRISPR/Cas9系统的脱靶效应

在细菌中发现的免疫系统CRISPR/Cas9,已经成为最有效的基因工程编辑工具,甚至大有希望可以治疗人类遗传性疾病。但是CRISPR/Cas9系统在使用时会产生严重的脱靶问题,导致假表型和错误的解释。提高与靶点结合的高效率,同时减少脱靶效应,将是今后CRISPR/Cas9技术的挑战。综述关注与CRISPR/Cas9脱靶效应相关的内容,总结了影响其靶点专一性的因素,减少CRISPR/Cas9脱靶效应的可行性方法和设计工具等,供大家学习讨论。     

生物体中的氧化还原系统及其效应

生物体中的氧化还原系统主要是由一些富含半胱氨酸残基的蛋白质组成,通过巯基和二硫键的改变调节生物体中的氧化还原状态,从而实现对基因表达的调控。     

具有捕食正效应的捕食-食饵系统

在经典的捕食食饵系统中考虑到由于捕食效应对食饵种群带来的正向调节作用后,提出了具有捕食正效应的捕食-食饵系统.通过对模型的动力学行为的分析,从理论上说明了正向调节作用对系统的影响,并就第一象限内平衡点存在时的相图解释了捕食正效应的作用.结果表明:(1)捕食系统中适当的正向调节作用会增加系统的稳定性;(2)当捕食正效应达到一定的程度后系统拥有一个不稳定的极限环;(3)当捕食正效应过大时会使系统的稳定性发生变化,使捕食者种群与食饵种群同时趋向无穷,出现了调节放纵现象.这些结果在保护生物学中具有重要的意义.     

亚磁空间生物学效应研究的实验系统

直径2 m的补偿式亚磁空间中,内置非铁磁性智能化多功能实验箱系统,箱内温控范围20~40℃,精度0.1℃,过温报警,湿度可控范围40%~80%,通风和光照任意。箱内中央空间(长×宽×高=66.0 cm ×40.0 cm ×28.3 cm)中,80%、15%和5%的位点剩余磁场分别平均为地磁场的0.5%~0.6%、1.3%~1.5%和2.7%~4.2%。箱内中央空间的高度为43.0 cm时,55%、35%和10%的位点剩余磁场分别平均为地磁场的1.9%、2.3%和3.3%。可用于多种生物学效应的观察和研究。     

一个稀疏效应下的Volterra系统的极限环

应用数学生态学和微分方程定性理论,讨论了一个稀疏效应下的Volterra系统,在给定参数满足一定的条件下,证明了该系统极限环的存在性和唯一性,以及该系统的正平衡点全局渐近稳定。     

海岸带林草复合系统环境及其效应研究

在江苏东台海岸带防护林内设置5个林分密度小区,记录各小区不同生长季节的光照、地面温度和地面相对湿度及其日变化,测定牧草的蒸腾作用、营养价值及其生物量的变化,分析林草复合系统的环境特征及其生态效应,结果表明：林分郁闭度对光照强度变化的影响可分为3个阶段,低郁闭度时,郁闭度的变化对光照影响较小,中等郁闭度时影响最大,高郁闭度时影响又会减弱。生长季盛期,试区平均温度最高,为23.09±5.93℃,分别比初期和末期高24.3％和62.4％;此时平均相对湿度为91.61％±1.57％,分别高于初期24.4％和末期32.9％。生长季盛期苏丹草(Sorghum sudonense)的平均蒸腾强度为3659.82％±489.44g·dm-2·h-1,比末期高1.72％。在IV区茅叶荩草(Arthraxon pricnodes)单位面积的代谢能、饲料单位最高,分别为4.877×103kJ·m-2和3890.64FU·hm-2,比最低的Ⅰ区高77.54％和80.87％。不论是单个生长季的温度,还是几个生长季温度的组合,对于狗尾草(Setaria faberii)和苏丹草干重的影响都是不显著的,相对湿度也是如此。生长季初期的光照(L)对狗尾草生物量(Y)回归是显著的：Y= –724.19+0.063L;生长季末期的光照对苏丹草的生物量是显著的：Y= –1093.30+0.11 L。对于狗尾草,在生长季初期,试区内温度(T)、相对湿度(RH)和光照对其生物量的影响都是极显著的,其关系为：Y＝–3859.39+25.35T+23.03RH+0.11L;盛期时,只有相对湿度和光照的作用显著,关系为：Y＝1205.16+0.05L–14.84RH末期时,三因子中没有一个因子或因子的组合有显著作用。对于苏丹草,在生长季初期,温度和相对湿度的作用明显,其回归方程为：Y＝6186.48–69.38T–62.64RH;盛期时,温度、相对湿度和光照的作用都是显著的,其关系是：Y＝–3777.95+11.61 T+16.36RH+0.15L;而在末期,光照和相对湿度与苏丹草干重呈显著回归：Y＝–779.92+0.116L–5.59RH。     

生境变化对集合种群系统生态效应的影响

通过大量的数值模拟发现 :生境恢复或扩展将导致集合种群的强弱序由自然数的顺序规律演变为奇数种群强 -偶数种群弱 ,同时集合种群里的最优秀种群将迅速扩张、发展为更为强大的最优势种。而当生境遭受到破坏 (毁坏 ) ,集合种群里的最优秀种群将迅速地伦为最弱者。如果栖息地的毁坏率大于集合种群优势种对栖息地的占有率 ,不仅集合种群里的优势种群将不可避免地灭绝 ,伴随最优秀种群走向灭绝的种群依次还有第二、第三、第四强等的种群。同时 ,将导致集合种群的强弱序由自然数的顺序规律演变为偶数种群强 -奇数种群弱。     

Is Net Ecosystem Production Equal to Ecosystem Carbon Accumulation?

Net ecosystem production (NEP), defined as the difference between gross primary production and total ecosystem respiration, represents the total amount of organic carbon in an ecosystem available for storage, export as organic carbon, or nonbiological oxidation to carbon dioxide through fire or ultraviolet oxidation. In some of the recent literature, especially that on terrestrial ecosystems, NEP has been redefined as the rate of organic carbon accumulation in the system. Here we argue that retaining the original definition maintains the conceptual coherence between NEP and net primary production and that it is congruous with the widely accepted definitions of ecosystem autotrophy and heterotrophy. Careful evaluation of NEP highlights the various potential fates of nonrespired carbon in an ecosystem.     

Parasites and Dung Beetles as Ecosystem Engineers in a Forest Ecosystem

Dung beetles serve as the intermediate host for Streptopharagus pigmentatus, a nematode parasite that infects an old world primate, the Japanese Macaque (Macaca fuscata). This study compares the behaviors of infected and uninfected beetles in both transmission dynamics and the ecological role of the parasite. The results suggest that parasitism does not alter the beetle’s use of shelter or choice of substrate on Yakushima Island, Japan. However, infected beetles consume significantly less feces. Dung beetles remove the majority of fecal material in this forest ecosystem, eliminating breeding grounds for many insect pests and burying nutrients that are essential for plant health. Thus, the nematode parasite S. pigmentatus, by altering its host’s behavior, changes the availability of fecal resources to both plant and animal communities and should therefore be classified as an ecosystem engineer.     

Ecosystem growth and development

One of the most important features of biosystems is how they are able to maintain local order (low entropy) within their system boundaries. At the ecosystem scale, this organization can be observed in the thermodynamic parameters that describe it, such that these parameters can be used to track ecosystem growth and development during succession. Thermodynamically, ecosystem growth is the increase of energy throughflow and stored biomass, and ecosystem development is the internal reorganization of these energy mass stores, which affect transfers, transformations, and time lags within the system. Several proposed hypotheses describe thermodynamically the orientation or natural tendency that ecosystems follow during succession, and here, we consider five: minimize specific entropy production, maximize dissipation, maximize exergy storage (includes biomass and information), maximize energy throughflow, and maximize retention time. These thermodynamic orientors were previously all shown to occur to some degree during succession, and here we present a refinement by observing them during different stages of succession. We view ecosystem succession as a series of four growth and development stages: boundary, structural, network, and informational. We demonstrate how each of these ecological thermodynamic orientors behaves during the different growth and development stages, and show that while all apply during some stages only maximizing energy throughflow and maximizing exergy storage are applicable during all four stages. Therefore, we conclude that the movement away from thermodynamic equilibrium, and the subsequent increase in organization during ecosystem growth and development, is a result of system components and configurations that maximize the flux of useful energy and the amount of stored exergy. Empirical data and theoretical models support these conclusions.     

生态系统健康与生物多样性*

生态系统健康学是一门研究人类活动、社会组织、自然系统及人类健康的整合性学科,主要探讨资源环境管理对策,以及生态系统健康与人类健康的关系。生态系统健康是人类健康的基础,是人类可持续发展的重要前提,维护生态系统健康,保护生物多样性,也就是维护人类生存的机会。人类健康依附于健康的生态系统功能和服务日益为人们所认识,关注和理解生物多样性、生态系统健康、人类健康之间的相互联系已成为全球可持续发展的必要条件。本文着重综述了生态系统健康的研究内容及全球环境变化背景下生物多样性的变化对生态系统健康的影响效应。     

Ecosystem thresholds with hypoxia

Hypoxia is one of the common effects of eutrophication in coastal marine ecosystems and is becoming an increasingly prevalent problem worldwide. The causes of hypoxia are associated with excess nutrient inputs from both point and non-point sources, although the response of coastal marine ecosystems is strongly modulated by physical processes such as stratification and mixing. Changes in climate, particularly temperature, may also affect the susceptibility of coastal marine ecosystems to hypoxia. Hypoxia is a particularly severe disturbance because it causes death of biota and catastrophic changes in the ecosystem. Bottom water oxygen deficiency not only influences the habitat of living resources but also the biogeochemical processes that control nutrient concentrations in the water column. Increased phosphorus fluxes from sediments into overlying waters occur with hypoxia. In addition, reductions in the ability of ecosystems to remove nitrogen through denitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation may be related to hypoxia and could lead to acceleration in the rate of eutrophication. Three large coastal marine ecosystems (Chesapeake Bay, Northern Gulf of Mexico, and Danish Straits) all demonstrate thresholds whereby repeated hypoxic events have led to an increase in susceptibility of further hypoxia and accelerated eutrophication. Once hypoxia occurs, reoccurrence is likely and may be difficult to reverse. Therefore, elucidating ecosystem thresholds of hypoxia and linking them to nutrient inputs are necessary for the management of coastal marine ecosystems. Finally, projected increases in warming show an increase in the susceptibility of coastal marine ecosystems to hypoxia such that hypoxia will expand. Guest editors: J. H. Andersen & D. J. Conley Eutrophication in Coastal Ecosystems: Selected papers from the Second International Symposium on Research and Management of Eutrophication in Coastal Ecosystems, 20–23 June 2006, Nyborg, Denmark