堆肥过程中优势功能微生物菌群多样性及其影响因素

堆肥是一个由多因子所介导的复杂系统。功能微生物在堆肥中扮演着至关重要的因素,其在降解可利用废弃物的同时,也受到其他环境因子的调控,在不同堆肥时期有着明显的菌群差异。近年来,研究人员阐明了不同堆肥时期(嗜温期、嗜热期、降温期和腐熟期)优势微生物菌群多样性、功能以及堆体环境因子(温度、氧气、pH、EC和养分状况)对优势菌群的影响及其机理,这二者之间的相互作用促进了堆肥发酵进程。本文就堆肥不同时期优势微生物菌群多样性、生态学功能及其影响因素进行介绍,并提出堆肥研究所面临的问题,为今后堆肥过程中功能微生物的研究方向及合理利用提供新的视角。     

微生物菌剂在鸡粪有机肥料堆制发酵中的应用

降解鸡粪的微生物菌剂是由蛋白分解菌、纤维分解菌、酵母菌、光合细菌、乳酸菌等多种有益微生物组成。这些菌群在生长中产生的代谢物质相互利用,而不发生拮抗现象。在鸡粪堆制发酵过程中微生物菌群以辅料为载体与鸡粪组成了复杂而稳定的微生态系统,能够快速、环保地发酵鸡粪并增加肥效。介绍了微生物菌剂在鸡粪堆肥中的作用、机理、发酵工艺及研究现状。     

城市垃圾堆肥过程中的生物学问题研究

介绍了城市垃圾堆肥处理的主要工艺,详细分析了垃圾堆肥过程中的生物化学变化和微生物学原理及研究现状。提出了可以将耗氧速率、C/N比、pH值作为堆肥腐熟度在线监测指标及在堆肥过程中,添加高效复合微生物接种剂可加快有机物的分解,缩短发酵周期,减少恶臭气体的产生,提高堆肥制品质量。     

双孢蘑菇培养料发酵过程中细菌群落动态变化

双孢蘑菇产量的最主要影响因素是培养料的堆肥发酵过程,而微生物是其中的主要推动力。为了揭示工厂化生产双孢蘑菇堆肥发酵过程中的微生物群落结构变化及演替规律,深入了解细菌在堆肥发酵过程中作用,文章以工厂化生产双孢蘑菇堆肥为研究对象,采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术分析堆肥前、一次发酵、二次发酵过程中细菌群落特征。共产生有效操作分类单元(OTUs) 854个,涵盖了19门259属的细菌。堆肥前优势类群为Proteobacteria,一次发酵优势类群为Firmicutes、Deinococcus-Thermus等,二次发酵时绿弯菌门Chloroflexi为主要类群。研究结果表明:微生物种类和数量随堆肥过程不断升高,并在二次发酵后降低,且微生物群落结构呈现连续变化的规律。高通量测序还发现了很多未分类细菌,说明双孢蘑菇培养料堆肥样品中还蕴含着大量未知的微生物种类。     

园林废弃物堆肥化技术中微生物菌剂的功能与作用

园林废弃物的日益增加给环境带来了巨大压力。微生物菌剂接种于园林废弃物中堆肥,可以加速堆肥的腐熟度,增强肥效,改善并促进资源利用效率,在园林废弃物再利用方面已显示较好的应用前景。从园林废弃物目前的处理方法和菌剂在堆肥化技术方面的应用着手,介绍了微生物在园林废弃物堆腐中和发酵成微生物菌肥后的功能与作用,阐述了目前监测堆肥腐熟程度的重要参数以及检测发酵过程中菌群变化的技术手段,最后对微生物菌剂接种于园林废弃物堆肥化技术的前景进行了展望,旨为相关领域的研究与开发提供参考和借鉴。     

浅析有机垃圾发酵过程中的微生物研究

有机垃圾的发酵过程涉及多种微生物的共同参与,对这些微生物进行研究,有利于研究新型的垃圾处理办法,减少城市污染。在研究中,可以采用平板计数法计算微生物的数量,观察垃圾发酵的不同时期微生物种类,分析微生物对垃圾发酵的影响。     

葡萄籽对猪粪秸秆高温堆肥中微生物群落与碳氮含量的影响

以猪粪与秸秆(鲜质量10.5∶1)为基础,在自制的强制通风静态堆肥反应箱中进行堆肥化试验,研究添加8%葡萄籽对猪粪秸秆高温堆肥中微生物群落演替和碳氮转化的影响.在堆肥化的30 d里,分7次采集不同时期的堆肥样品,测定堆肥中微生物区系、微生物生理群的数量及堆肥碳氮含量.结果表明：添加葡萄籽使堆肥中细菌数量略高、放线菌数量显著增加、真菌数量明显降低,细菌/放线菌下降;氨化细菌和反硝化细菌数量降低;而硝化细菌、固氮菌和纤维素分解菌数量增多;铵态氮和有机碳含量下降,而硝态氮含量明显提高.堆肥中硝态氮含量与放线菌数量呈极显著正相关关系.添加葡萄籽使堆体升温快且高温期稳定,堆肥含水率波动较小,从而使堆肥高温期放线菌和亚硝化细菌的波动较小,数量较高,有利于堆肥中硝态氮含量的增加.     

葡萄籽对猪粪秸秆高温堆肥中微生物群落与碳氮含量的影响

以猪粪与秸秆(鲜质量10.5∶1)为基础,在自制的强制通风静态堆肥反应箱中进行堆肥化试验,研究添加8％葡萄籽对猪粪秸秆高温堆肥中微生物群落演替和碳氮转化的影响.在堆肥化的30 d里,分7次采集不同时期的堆肥样品,测定堆肥中微生物区系、微生物生理群的数量及堆肥碳氮含量.结果表明:添加葡萄籽使堆肥中细菌数量略高、放线菌数量显著增加、真菌数量明显降低,细菌/放线菌下降;氨化细菌和反硝化细菌数量降低;而硝化细菌、固氮菌和纤维素分解菌数量增多;铵态氮和有机碳含量下降,而硝态氮含量明显提高.堆肥中硝态氮含量与放线菌数量呈极显著正相关关系.添加葡萄籽使堆体升温快且高温期稳定,堆肥含水率波动较小,从而使堆肥高温期放线菌和亚硝化细菌的波动较小,数量较高,有利于堆肥中硝态氮含量的增加.     

有机物料发酵流体和堆肥对苹果连作土壤环境及平邑甜茶幼苗生物量的影响

为探讨不同有机物料的发酵流体(厌氧发酵产物)和堆肥(有氧发酵产物)对苹果连作土壤环境的影响,以盆栽平邑甜茶幼苗为试验材料,分别设置猪粪+秸秆、鸡粪+秸秆、羊粪+秸秆、猪粪+鸡粪+羊粪+秸秆4个不同有机物料组合并进行厌氧发酵和有氧发酵,并将发酵产物分别施入连作土中,研究其对平邑甜茶幼苗生物量、连作土壤中微生物、土壤酶活性、土壤酚酸等的影响。结果表明:与有机物料堆肥相比,各有机物料发酵流体处理的平邑甜茶幼苗干重、鲜重较高,其中猪粪发酵流体处理显著提高了幼苗干、鲜重,7月份为对照的1.57、1.26倍,9月份为CK的1.55、1.86倍;两类发酵产物均增加了土壤微生物的数量,且发酵流体处理显著增加了土壤中细菌和放线菌的数量,其中羊粪发酵流体效果最明显,分别为CK的2.95倍和2.37倍,在堆肥处理中,真菌数量显著增高;两类发酵产物也影响了土壤中酚酸总量,表现为猪粪、鸡粪发酵流体和猪粪堆肥处理含量下降,至9月份分别下降到CK的0.45、0.39倍和0.36倍。     

双孢蘑菇堆肥中真菌群落多样性分析

以农作物玉米秸和稻草、牛粪为原料,分别设计双孢蘑菇Agaricus bisporus堆肥配方并进行堆肥发酵,研究二者堆肥过程中真菌多样性。在建堆、一次发酵结束和二次发酵结束3个时期分别采集堆肥样品,提取总DNA,以真菌18S rDNA基因通用引物,进行PCR-DGGE扩增和序列分析。累计获得39条特异条带18S rDNA基因信息,分属于真菌14个属、藻类7个属和原生动物3个属。子囊菌是两种配方堆肥过程中的优势菌群,建堆时期的优势类群为Pichia和Wickerhamomyces,一次和二次发酵时期的优势类群为Chaetomium和Lecythophora。多样性指数分析显示,稻草配方微生物多样性大于玉米秸配方;主成分分析（PCA）显示,玉米秸配方一次发酵结束时期与稻草和玉米二次发酵结束时期聚为一类,说明玉米秸配方堆肥提前腐熟。     

Simple emission-reducing measures in an open biological waste treatment plant

In the course of composting biological waste, concentrations of various thermophilic and thermotolerant microorganisms increase. Moving piles of compost results in increased emissions of Actinomycetes and fungi. The present investigation deals with the reduction of airborne microorganism emission and immission in large-scale composting plants with open piles. Simple measures were introduced in order to reduce the release of bioaerosols when turning piles and the release of dust and bioaerols at large. These measures included the sealing of turning machinery with rubber mats, the wetting of piles before and after turning and regular cleaning and wetting driveways during the dry season.Concentrations of airborne microorganisms during the summer season were determined on 5 days before and after the introduction of emission-reducing measures using the six-stage Andersen cascade sampler. The investigation showed that following the introduction of emission-reducing measures there was, at all locations, a highly significant reduction not only of all culturable indicator organisms (thermophilic actinomycetes and Aspergillus fumigatus) but also of total microorganism concentrations (p < 0,001). The introduction of the simple emission-reducing measures mentioned above, however, reduced the immission in the vicinity of the plant to such a degree that the natural background levels were reached at a distance of 150 m.     

Microbiological aspects of biowaste during composting in a monitored compost bin

AIMS: To determine the microbial succession of the dominating taxa and functional groups of microorganisms and the total microbial activity during the composting of biowaste in a monitored process. METHODS AND RESULTS: Biowaste (vegetable, fruit and garden waste) was composted in a monitored composting bin system. During the process, taxonomic and functional subpopulations of microorganisms were enumerated, and dominating colonies were isolated and identified. All counts decreased during the thermophilic phase of the composting, but increased again when the temperature declined. Total microbial activity, measured with an enzyme activity assay, decreased during the thermophilic phase, increased substantially thereafter, and decreased again during maturation. Bacteria dominated during the thermophilic phase while fungi, streptomycetes and yeasts were below the detection limit. Different bacterial populations were found in the thermophilic and mesophilic phases. In fresh wastes and during the peak-heating phase, all bacterial isolates were bacilli. During the cooling and maturation phase the bacterial diversity increased, including also other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Among the fungi, Aspergillus spp. and Mucor spp. were predominant after the thermophilic phase. CONCLUSIONS: The microbial abundance, composition and activity changed substantially during composting and compost maturity was correlated with high microbial diversity and low activity. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: A more complete overview of the whole composting process of biowaste, based on microbial counts, species diversity and functional groups and abiotic parameters is presented, and the potential of a simple enzyme assay to measure total microbial activity was demonstrated.     

Microbial community succession and lignocellulose degradation during agricultural waste composting

The changes of microbial community during agricultural waste composting were successfully studied by quinone profiles. Mesophilic bacteria indicated by MK-7 and mesophilic fungi containing Q-9 as major quinone were predominant and seemed to be important during the initial stage of composting. Actinobacteria indicated by a series of partially saturated and long-chain menaquinones were preponderant during the thermophilic period. While Actinobacteria, fungi and some bacteria, especially those microbes containing MK-7(H4) found in Gram-positive bacteria with a low G+C content or Actinobacteria were found cooperate during the latter maturating period. Since lignocellulsoe is abundant in the agricultural wastes and its degradation is essential for the operation of composting, it’s important to establish the correlation between the quinone profiles changes and lignocellulose degradation. The microbes containing Q-9 or Q-10(H2) as major quinone were found to be the most important hemicellulose and cellulose degrading microorganisms during composting. While the microorganisms containing Q-9(H2) as major quinone and many thermophilic Actinobacteria were believed to be responsible for lignin degradation during agricultural waste composting.     

Biological health risk associated with resource recovery,sorting of recycle waste and composting

Numbers of airborne microorganisms, fungi, Gram-negative bacteria, thermophilic microorganisms, endotoxins and dust have been monitored in resource recovery plants and composting plants. The work is still in progress, so this paper decribes only preliminary results. Only low levels (< 15 ng m^?3) of endotoxins were found at all locations. Levels of microorganisms, fungi, Gram-negative bacteria and dust changed with quality of waste, activity in the plant etc. Levels of airborne microorganisms, endotoxins and dust could be considerably decreased in resource recovery plants if only waste of good quality, e.g. presorted materials, is handled. For composting plants the highest levels of airborne microorganisms were found during aeration, especially by indoor composting where levels of 8.3 × 10⁵ CFU of mesophilic microorganisms were found.     

Characterization of dairy cattle manure/wallboard paper compost mixture

The aim of this research was to evaluate the use of manufacturing wallboard paper scraps as an alternative bulking agent for dairy cattle manure composting. The characteristics of the composting process were studied based on the changes in physico-chemical parameters and final compost quality. Composting of dairy cattle manure with wallboard paper was performed in a 481-L cylindrical reactor with vacuum-type aeration. Rapid degradation of organic matter was observed during the thermophilic stage of composting due to high microbial activity. High temperature and alkaline pH conditions promoted intense ammonia emission during the early stage of composting. The number of mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms were found to be affected by changes in temperature at different composting stages. The total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sodium (Na) concentrations of the mixture did not change significantly after 28days of composting. However, the presence of gypsum in the paper scraps increased the calcium content of the final compost. The wallboard paper had no phyto-inhibitory effects as shown by high germination index of final compost (GI=99%).     

Architecture and functional groups of biofilms during composting with and without inoculation

Detailed knowledge of the architecture and molecular structure of biofilms during composting is important for understanding the underlying mechanisms of rapid composting with inoculation. In this study, multiple fluorescent labeling and two-dimensional Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) correlation spectroscopy were used to characterize biofilms during composting with and without inoculation with a cellulose-degrading strain, Aspergillus fumigatus F12. The results showed that inoculation with A. fumigatus F12 allowed the compost to rapidly reach the thermophilic phase. Further investigation demonstrated that the role of A. fumigatus F12 during composting was to destroy the network-like structure of cellulose and to increase the contact of other biopolymers with microorganisms, as observed in situ using multiple fluorescence labeling combined with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Two-dimensional FTIR correlation spectroscopy supported the conclusion that the critical role of inoculation in composting was attributed to the degradation of cellulose (1420 cm^?1) prior to other biopolymers. In summary, multiple fluorescent labeling and two-dimensional FTIR correlation spectroscopy can be used as a novel tool for characterizing biofilms and the critical roles of microorganisms in composting.     

Comparison of organic matter degradation and microbial community during thermophilic composting of two different types of anaerobic sludge

Changes in organic matter degradation and microbial communities during thermophilic composting were compared using two different types of anaerobic sludge, one from mesophilic methane fermentation, containing a high concentration of proteins (S-sludge), and the other from thermophilic methane fermentation, containing high concentrations of lipids and fibers (K-sludge). The difference in the organic matter degradation rate corresponded to the difference in the organic matter constituents; the CO(2) evolution rate was greater in the composting of S-sludge than of K-sludge; moreover, the NH(3) evolution resulting from the protein degradation was especially higher in the composting of S-sludge. Then the differences in the microbial communities that contributed to each composting were determined by the PCR-DGGE method. Ureibacillus sp., which is known as a degrader with high organic matter degradation activity, was observed during the composting of S-sludge, whereas Thermobifida fusca, which is a well known thermophilic actinomycete that produces enzymes for lignocellulose degradation, were observed during the composting of K-sludge.     

Variation in microbial population during composting of agro-industrial waste

Two compost piles were prepared, using two ventilation systems: forced ventilation and ventilation through mechanical turning. The material to compost was a mixture of orange waste, olive pomace, and grass clippings (2:1:1 v/v). During the composting period (375 days), samples were periodically taken from both piles, and the enumeration of fungi, actinomycetes, and heterotrophic bacteria was carried out. All studied microorganisms were incubated at 25 and 55 °C after inoculation in appropriate growth media. Fungi were dominant in the early stages of both composting processes; heterotrophic bacteria proliferated mainly during the thermophilic stage, and actinomycetes were more abundant in the final stage of the composting process. Our results showed that the physical and chemical parameters: temperature, pH, moisture, and aeration influenced the variation of the microbial population along the composting process. This study demonstrated that composting of these types of wastes, despite the prolonged mesophilic stage, provided an expected microbial variation.     

Dynamics of water-soluble carbon substances and microbial populations during the composting of de-inking paper sludge

Composting is an alternative method to dispose of de-inking paper sludge (DPS). Today, few studies have investigated the water-soluble carbon (WSC) substances as indicators of the decomposition process and the microbial changes taking place during the composting of DPS. Accordingly, the goal is to study their dynamics during the composting of DPS at three nitrogen levels, 0.6%, 0.7% or 0.9% total N, using mechanical turning. The changes in WSC substances, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and, total and DPS microbial populations were monitored during 24 weeks. Also, microorganisms were identified and tested for the production of selected enzymes. Regardless of N treatments, the dynamic of WSC substances indicated that cellulose and hemicellulose fractions of DPS fibers were mainly biodegraded during the first 8 weeks while the more resistant carbon (C) fractions were biodegraded thereafter. MBC also evolved regardless of N treatments but was correlated to WSC substances. Its high values decline mostly after 12 weeks indicating the exhaustion of this source of C energy for microbial growth and the stabilisation of DPS organic matter. The dynamic and identified microorganisms were comparable to those observed in other composting processes. However, the results pointed out that those mostly implicated in the hydrolysis of DPS fibers were the thermophilic actinomycetes and fungi and, by comparison to the 0.6% or 0.7% N treatment, they decreased in presence of the 0.9% N treatment. Most microorganisms were hemicellulolytic bacteria, while actinomycetes and fungi were capable of degrading a wide variety of substrates. Overall, dynamics of WSC substances and microbial populations indicated that during composting, DPS decomposition obey a two phase decay while, contrary to the lowest N treatment, the 0.9% N treatment has slowed down this process by harming the important microbial populations implicated in the degradation of DPS fibers.