福建省脊髓灰质炎疫苗转换前后AFP病例病原学监测结果分析

自2016年5月1日起,我国与全球另外154个国家和地区同步实施脊髓灰质炎(以下简称"脊灰")疫苗免疫策略转换,停用三价口服脊灰减毒活疫苗,改用二价口服脊灰减毒活疫苗.为探讨脊灰疫苗转换对福建省急性弛缓性麻痹(Acute flaccid paralysis,AFP)病例监测结果产生的变化,本研究收集2012-2018年福建省AFP病例的流行病学及实验室监测数据,对脊灰疫苗转换前后AFP病例的监测结果进行描述性分析,采集AFP病例及其接触者粪便标本,并使用RD细胞和L20B细胞进行病毒分离;对L20B阳性分离物进行脊灰病毒(Poliovirus,PV)的型内鉴别(Intratypic differentiation,ITD),对PV衣壳蛋白VP1编码区核苷酸序列测定和分析.使用SPSS 21.0软件对数据进行统计检验,比较采用X2检验.结果显示,2012-2018年福建省累计报告AFP病例1 776例,根据AFP病例分类流程确诊的AFP病例1 283例,排除的非AFP病例493例,疫苗转换前后报告发病率平均为2.83/10万和2.71/10万.实验室共检测3123份粪便标本(包括AFP病例、非AFP病例及接触者),其中合格标本采集率为92.42％,7日及时送检率为97.85％,14日内病毒分离完成率接近100％,疫苗转换前后PV平均分离率分别为1.91％(38/1986)、1.58％(18/1137),非脊灰肠道病毒平均分离率分别为10.22％(203/1 986)、5.45％(62/1 137).2016年5月1日之前分离出Ⅰ型PV6株,Ⅱ型PV 13株,Ⅲ型PV 19株;2016年5月1日之后分离出Ⅰ型PV 6株,Ⅲ型PV 12株.本研究结果提示,脊灰疫苗转换前后福建省AFP监测系统运转正常,始终保持较高的敏感性和及时性.2012-2018年福建省分离出的PV均为脊灰疫苗株,毒株血清型别以Ⅲ型为主,VP1编码区核苷酸以低变异为主,未发现疫苗衍生脊灰病毒及脊灰野病毒,疫苗转换后再未检出Ⅱ型PV,提示Ⅱ型脊灰疫苗株病毒可能已被阻断.     

贵州省贞丰县疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎病毒循环的病毒学分析

为及时发现和阻断疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）病毒（vaccine-derived polioviruses, VDPVs）循环、脊灰野病毒的输入和能够引起临床脊灰的其它脊灰疫苗相关病毒,做好贵州省无脊灰状态下脊灰病毒学监测工作,采用病毒分离、鉴定与核苷酸序列测定和分析方法,对贵州省贞丰县及周围10个县2003～2004年报告的急性弛缓性麻痹（AFP）病例及2004年接触者粪便标本的病毒学监测的结果进行了分析. 对收集到的105例AFP病例和47例密切接触者的278份便标本进行了病毒学监测,结果从66例中共分离到肠道病毒（EV）66株,阳性率为43.4%,其中脊灰病毒（PV）29例,分离率为19.1%,非脊灰肠道病毒（NPEV）37例,分离率为24.3%.29例PV经中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所国家脊灰实验室鉴定,24例为疫苗相似株,5例为脊灰Ⅰ型VDPVs,这5例均为2004年从贞丰县所分离到.贞丰县及周围县EV阳性检出率（43.4%）高于2003～2004年全省水平（22.9%～24.6%）,2004年PV分离率比2003年高达2.6倍,29株PV中单个Ⅰ型占34.5%,明显高于往年（2000～2002年全省平均4.1%）.本研究提示,Ⅰ型VDPVs在贞丰县引起了循环（cVDPVs）,通过口服脊灰疫苗强化免疫已经阻断cVDPVs的传播.人群中PV和NPEV带毒率明显增高,非VDPVs引起的临床符合脊灰病例不容忽视;应加强脊灰病毒学监测数据的分析和早期疫情预警工作.     

2017-2021年宁夏急性驰缓性麻痹病例监测系统非脊灰肠道病毒病原鉴定分析

为了解宁夏急性驰缓性麻痹病例中（acute flaccid paralysis,AFP）非脊灰肠道病毒（non-polio enterovirus,NPEV）的流行,本研究对宁夏2017-2021年急性驰缓性麻痹病例监测中分离到的NPEV进行型别鉴定和基因进化分析。按照监测方案要求采用RD细胞和L20B细胞分离病毒,分离到的病毒进行VP1区的全部核苷酸序列测定、基因型别鉴定分析、系统发生学分析。2017-2021年共收到969份粪便标本,其中AFP病例标本290份,密接者标本679份。从969份标本中共分离到55株NPEV,AFP病例中分离率6.16%(9/146,以例计),密接者人群分离率6.7%(46/679)。其中53株鉴定成功,分别属于人肠道病毒HEV-A、HEV-B、HEV-C组,包含16个血清型别,其中HEV-A组24株（45.2%）,5个血清型,以EV-A71、CVA10、coxsackieviruses (CV)CVA4、为主;HEV-B组28株（54.7%）,10个血清型,以echoviruses(ECHO)30、CVB5、CVB3为主,HEV-C组1株为CVA24,...     

肠道病毒B组山东地方株的基因型分布

为明确源自急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例的HEV-B组病毒山东地方株的基因型分布,探讨其优势基因型的变迁与疾病暴发之间的关系,本研究对山东省1994年~2008年AFP监测系统分离到的HEV-B组病毒进行了VP1区核酸扩增和序列测定。序列测定结果显示HEV-B山东地方株共包括29种基因型,其中CVA 1种(CVA9),CVB 5种(CVB1~5),ECHO 20种以及新型肠道病毒EV73、75、97。其中ECHO11、CVB3、ECHO6、ECHO14、ECHO25是AFP监测系统中最常分离到的B组病毒。同源性比较显示,相同血清型HEV-B山东地方株型内核苷酸同源性最小75.4%,最大99.6%,与原型株核苷酸同源性最小73.8%,最大85.2%,但氨基酸变异不大。研究表明,不同基因型病毒具有不同的时间循环模式,相同基因型毒株内部根据其遗传距离的远近又可划分为不同的基因亚型,从而帮助确定HEV的传播途径和传播范围。     

云南省1例疫苗衍生株脊髓灰质炎病毒病例的调查分析

本调查旨在了解2010年云南省昭通市1株脊髓灰质炎Ⅱ型疫苗衍生毒株(Vaccine-derived poliovirus,VDPV)引起的病例的流行病学特征、该病例的排毒情况及其周围健康儿童的肠道病毒(EV)携带情况和病毒型别特征。在该病例的发生地进行现场流行病学调查,连续采集病例粪便标本,采集密切接触者及病例居住地健康儿童粪便标本进行病毒分离和型别鉴定。经省级专家组最终分类诊断为VDPV病例;实验室结果显示病例标本中未再检出VDPV;密切接触者及周围健康儿童标本中均未检测到脊灰疫苗株病毒及VDPV,AFP病例入户主动搜索未发现类似病例,表明该病毒未在当地造成循环;在健康儿童中检测到NPEV 21株,病毒携带率为20.0%;经VP1区核苷酸序列测定,21株NPEV分别属于HEV-A组(11株,3个血清型,占52.4%)和HEV-B组(10株,4个血清型,47.6%)。     

广东省2020年首次报道E基因型柯萨奇病毒B组3型的鉴定及基因特征分析

柯萨奇病毒B组3型(Coxsackievirus B3,CVB3)是肠道病毒中流行较为广泛的血清型之一,在全球多个国家和地区曾报道儿童急性心肌炎、无菌性脑膜炎、手足口病等的暴发流行,严重威胁儿童健康和公共卫生安全。本研究对广东省2020年手足口病患者标本中分离到的8株CVB3进行基因特征和进化分析,结果显示分离到的8株CVB3 VP1区核苷酸序列相似性为98.2%~99.5%,与原型株Nancy的核苷酸序列相似性在77.9%~78.5%之间,与其他CVB3中国大陆流行株的核苷酸序列相似性为79.6%~82.2%。8株CVB3均为E基因型,为广东省首次报道。8株CVB3分离株在进化树上聚集,提示病毒发生了局部传播。全基因组序列分析提示2株广东CVB3分离株在非结构蛋白区有重组现象的发生。本研究为E基因型CVB3在我国的流行传播和疾病防控提供基础资料。     

山东省柯萨奇病毒B1型VP1区全基因序列分析

为了解柯萨奇病毒B1型(Coxsackievirus B1,CV-B1)山东地方株的分子流行病学特征,本研究对1994年至2015年山东省急性弛缓性麻痹(Acute flaccid paralysis,AFP)监测系统、环境污水监测和无菌性脑膜炎病例标本中分离到的CV-B1病毒进行了VP1序列测定、系统发生学分析和同源性分析。共分离到CV-B1病毒53株,其中AFP监测、污水和及脑炎标本各分离到41株、4株和8株。基于VP1完整编码区序列的系统发生学分析显示CVB1山东株与国内其他分离株属于一个大的分支,该分支内无国外分离株,国外分离株构成了其他两个分支。山东株之间的VP1核苷酸同源性为84.4%~100.0%,与其他国家分离株的同源性为77.9%~85.0%。研究结果表明,中国CV-B1分离株与国外株相比有较大的遗传差异,需要加强相关手足口病病毒学监测,关注不同传播链的新的基因亚型的肠道病毒的输入。     

云南省2006～2010年非脊灰肠道病毒分子流行病学特征分析

为了解云南省非脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)肠道病毒(NPEV)的基因型分布及分子进化特征,对2006～2010年间从急性迟缓性麻痹(AFP)病例中分离到的105株NPEVs进行VP1区部分核苷酸扩增和序列测定。所获得的云南地方株基因序列与各基因型原型株进行核苷酸与氨基酸同源性比较,并与GenBank中选取的代表株构建基因进化关系树。结果分析显示:105株NPEVs分别属于HEV-A、HEV-B、HEV-C,其中HEV-A 18株(7个血清型)所占比例为17.1%;HEV-B 77株(22个血清型)所占比例为73.3%,表明云南省AFP病例中流行的NPEV还是以HEV-B为主;HEV-C 10株(4个血清型)所占比例为9.5%;没有分离到HEV-D组肠道病毒;基因进化树中各种血清型病毒与对应原型株及代表株聚集一起,除CA2、EV90和EV76外,云南地方株与原型株位于不同分支。相同型别的毒株在5年的流行过程中变异程度亦不同,亲缘关系远近不一,表明这些病毒在云南省存在不同的传播链。     

河北省石家庄市手足口病流行中健康人肠道病毒带毒情况及病原分析

为了解河北省石家庄市健康儿童中肠道病毒带毒情况及血清型构成,对2010~2012年石家庄市的3个县区1 223例0~6岁的健康儿童及406名监护人(健康成人)采集咽拭子和粪便标本进行核酸检测鉴定肠道病毒血清型,并进行分子流行病学分析,为肠道病毒感染相关疾病的防控和治疗提供基础资料。1 223名健康儿童的标本检测结果中,肠道病毒(Enterovirus,EV)阳性的283例,阳性率为23.14%(283/1 223)。其中,以非肠道病毒71型非柯萨奇病毒A组16型的EV(Other-Enterovirus,other-EVs)阳性为主,占EV阳性的62%(175/283),而引起手足口病常见的EV病原体肠道病毒71型(Enterovirus A71,EV71)和柯萨奇病毒A组16型(Coxsackievirus A16,CVA16)阳性率较低,分别占19%(55/283)和18%(51/283);将结果为other-EVs阳性的175名健康儿童的标本全部进行病毒分离鉴定,共分离到25株病毒,分离率为14.29%(25/175),其中柯萨奇病毒B组5型(Coxsackievirus B5,CVB5)分离率最高,为40%(10/25)、柯萨奇病毒B组13型(Coxsackievirus B3,CVB3)分离率为24%(6/25)、埃可病毒21型(Enteric cytopathic human orphan virus 21,ECHO21)分离率为16%(4/25)、其他EV株分离率为20%(5/25)。提示,应加强对CVB3和CVB5等other-EVs的监测。     

2008～2011年贵州省肠道病毒71型分子流行特征分析

为研究贵州省肠道病毒71型(EV71)的基因型和分子流行特征,监测了全省报告的手足口病病例,选择2008年以来贵州全省部分EV71阳性标本进行病毒分离及VP1全基因测序(含重症病例、死亡病例和轻症病例),与国内外近年流行毒株及各亚型代表株进行基因比对,分析同源性及基因亚型。2008年、2009年及2011年贵州省流行的主要病原为EV71,获得109株参比序列毒株的同源性为95.3%～99.7%,贵州省毒株与邻省及山东省、上海市、南京市、吉林省和宁波市代表株的同源性最高,轻症与重死病例的核苷酸及氨基酸序列无明显的特征性差异,未出现不同基因亚型病毒的输入或改变,仍属C4a亚型。同地区、同年度内的核苷酸序列差异小于跨地区、跨年度差异。     

Frequency of Discrimination,Harassment, and Violence in Lesbian,Gay Men,and Bisexual in Italy

Background

This cross-sectional study assessed the frequency of discrimination, harassment, and violence and the associated factors among a random sample of 1000 lesbian, gay men, and bisexual women and men recruited from randomly selected public venues in Italy.

Methods

A face-to-face interview sought information about: socio-demographics, frequency of discrimination, verbal harassment, and physical and sexual violence because of their sexual orientation, and their fear of suffering each types of victimization.

Results

In the whole sample, 28.3% and 11.9% self-reported at least one episode of victimization because of the sexual orientation in their lifetime and in the last year. Those unmarried, compared to the others, and with a college degree or higher, compared to less educated respondents, were more likely to have experienced an episode of victimization in their lifetime. Lesbians, compared to bisexual, had almost twice the odds of experiencing an episode of victimization. The most commonly reported experiences across the lifetime were verbal harassment, discrimination, and physical or sexual violence. Among those who had experienced one episode of victimization in their lifetime, 42.1% self-reported one episode in the last year. Perceived fear of suffering violence because of their sexual orientation, measured on a 10-point Likert scale with a higher score indicative of greater fear, ranges from 5.7 for verbal harassment to 6.4 for discrimination. Participants were more likely to have fear of suffering victimization because of their sexual orientation if they were female (compared to male), lesbian and gay men (compared to bisexual women and men), unmarried (compared to the others), and if they have already suffered an episode of victimization (compared to those who have not suffered an episode).

Conclusions

The study provides important insights into the violence experiences of lesbian, gay men, and bisexual women and men and the results may serve for improving policy initiatives to reduce such episodes.     

Correlations of calcium accumulations in arteries, veins, cartilages, ligaments, and bones in single humans

To show the relationships of calcium accumulation in the thoracic aorta to the other tissues, calcium contents were determined with a microwave-induced plasma-atomic emission spectrometer on arteries, veins, cartilages, ligaments, and bones. These tissues were resected from 18 individuals, consisting of 11 men and 7 women who died in the age range 59–91 yr. As thoracic and abdominal aortas are routinely used for radiographic examination of arterial calcification, they appear to be standard tissues of the calcium accumulation. The calcium accumulations were determined in the femoral artery, the superior and inferior venae cavae, the internal jugular vein, cartilages of the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint and the intervertebral disk, both the ligaments of the anterior cruciate ligament and the ligamentum capitis femoris, and the calcaneus, in contrast with the thoracic aorta. As calcium increased in the thoracic aorta, it increased in the femoral artery, the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint, the intervertebral disk, both ligaments of the anterior cruciate ligament, and the ligamentum capitis femoris, but it did not increase in veins, such as the superior and inferior venae cavae and the internal jugular vein. In contrast, it decreased in the calcaneus.     

Seroepidemiology of human parechovirus types 1, 3, and 6 in Yamagata,Japan, in 2014

To clarify the seroepidemiology of human parechovirus type 1 (HPeV1), 3 and 6, neutralizing antibodies (NT Abs) were measured in 214 serum specimens collected in 2014 in Yamagata, Japan. The seroprevalence against HPeV1 was 100% in all age groups, while that against HPeV3 and HPeV6 was 79.4% and 66.8%, respectively, overall. The geometric mean titers of NT Abs against HPeV1, 3 and 6 were 755.2, 255.0 and 55.9, respectively, overall. Our findings indicate that HPeV1 is the most prevalent HPeV circulating in Yamagata, followed by HPeV3 and HPeV6.     

Quantitation of the involvement of the recA, recB, recC, recF, recJ, recN, lexA, radA, radB, uvrD, and umuC genes in the repair of X-ray-induced DNA double-strand breaks in Escherichia coli

Isogenic Escherichia coli strains carrying single DNA-repair mutations were compared for their capacity for (i) the repair of X-ray-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) as measured using neutral sucrose gradients; (ii) medium-dependent resistance, i.e., a recA-dependent X-ray survival phenomenon that correlates closely with the capacity for repairing DSB; and (iii) the growth medium-dependent, recA-dependent repair of X-ray-induced DNA single-strand breaks (SSB) as measured using alkaline sucrose gradients (about 80% of these SSB are actually parts of DSB). These three capacities were measured to quantitate more accurately the involvement of the various genes in the repair of DSB over a wide dose range. The mutations tested were grouped into five classes according to their effect on the repair of X-ray-induced DSB: (I) the recA, recB, recC, and lexA mutants were completely deficient; (II) the radB and recN mutants were about 90% deficient; (III) the recF and recJ mutants were about 70% deficient; (IV) the radA and uvrD mutants were about 30% deficient; and (V) the umuC mutant resembled the wild-type strains in its capacity for the repair of DSB.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Seasonal variation in the diet of juvenile lake sturgeon,Acipenser fulvescens,Rafinesque, 1817, in the Winnipeg River,Manitoba, Canada

The lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, is a threatened species across most of its range. To understand any potential shifts in diet across season or habitat, stomach contents were examined from juvenile lake sturgeon caught in the Winnipeg River, Manitoba, Canada. This information will aid in assessment of environmental impacts and conservation initiatives for this threatened species. From 2006 to 2008 gut contents were collected from juvenile lake sturgeon using a non‐lethal gastric lavage methodology. Juvenile lake sturgeon were sampled from four discrete deep water habitat types (13.7–27.4 m depths), during the months of May, June, July and October. In total, 13 066 prey items belonging to 14 prey groups were collected from 345 juvenile lake sturgeon (251–835 mm TL). Overall, juvenile lake sturgeon consumed a low diversity of organisms; insect larvae from three invertebrate orders, Trichoptera, Diptera and Ephemeroptera, accounted for 97.4% of the total numeric abundance of prey items recovered. A relationship between size of juvenile lake sturgeon and prey quantity or type was not observed. Diet of juvenile lake sturgeon varied in relation to season, with Diptera (77.6%) being the most abundant prey in May, Trichoptera the most abundant in June (n = 3,056, 60.4%) and July (n = 2,055, 52.6%). During October, 96% of stomachs examined were empty. In terms of habitat type, the standardized abundance of invertebrate prey items was highest in deep water habitats characterized by medium water velocity (depths > 13.7 m) and coarse substrate (particle sizes > 0.063 mm) in May and June when compared to deep water habitats characterized by low water velocity (<0.2 m.s^?1) and fine substrate (particle sizes < 0.063 mm). However, in July, the opposite was observed and prey abundance in juvenile lake sturgeon stomachs decreased with increasing particle size. Results suggest a high degree of dietary overlap among juvenile lake sturgeon from multiple size/age classes occupying deep‐water habitats of the Winnipeg River.     

Digestibility of chitin in cod,Gadus morhua,in vivo

Sixteen cod,Gadus morhua (L.), were individually fed a single ration of shrimps,Crangon allmanni. Four fish were killed and examined 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after the fish had been fed. Chitinase activities were measured in the extracts of stomach contents, stomach tissue, pyloric caecae, intestinal contents and intestinal tissue. The level of enzyme activity in different parts of the digestive tract was shown to be dependent on the phase of the digestive process. High concentrations of the chitin degradation product N-acetyl-D-glucosamine were determined in the stomach and in the intestinal contents. Based on the chitin concentration in the food organisms and the individual food uptake, the amount of chitin consumed by each fish could be calculated. Only up to 9% of the ingested chitin was recovered from the intestinal contents of the fish at any given time after feeding (6, 12, 24 and 48 h). In addition, only 2.4% of the chitin consumed with the food could be recovered in the collected faeces of the fish. The 4 cod killed 48 h after feeding had completely emptied their stomach. Chitin digestion in these fish was calculated to have been 90%.