贵州省发现翼手目动物——高颅鼠耳蝠

2015年7~9月在贵州省兴仁县、平坝县和兴义市的五屯镇及敬南镇捕获鼠耳蝠33只,鉴定为高颅鼠耳蝠(Myotis siligorensis),为贵州省新纪录物种。标本保存于贵州师范大学生命科学学院生态实验室。主要特征:体型较小,前臂长(36.03±1.50)mm(32.66~38.98 mm,n=33);耳狭长;耳屏直而细长;第Ⅲ掌骨最长,第Ⅴ掌骨最短;阴茎长(4.52±0.84)mm(2.85~5.75 mm,n=21);头骨狭长,颅骨凸显;颅全长(13.87±0.74)mm(13.00~14.88 mm,n=8),颅高(6.36±0.24)mm(6.03~6.74 mm,n=8);听泡较小;矢状脊细弱;上颌第1、2门齿向中央倾斜,上颌第1门齿有1个主尖和1个附尖;上颌第2门齿较第1门齿小,且与犬齿分离;上颌第2前臼齿(P3)位于齿列中。基于Cyt b基因(1 141 bp)序列进行的分子系统学分析显示,此次捕获鼠耳蝠物种与高颅鼠耳蝠聚在一起,二者遗传距离最近(仅为0.03),进一步确认所采集物种为高颅鼠耳蝠。     

贵州省翼手目一新纪录-大山蝠

2010年8月在贵州省从江县进行翼手目动物物种多样性调查中,于从江县加鸠乡采集到2只雌性山蝠,体型较大,前臂长60.22 mm,59.72 mm;耳屏明显,短而厚,呈肾型;第5指最短,第3指最长;体被黄棕色;有距缘膜;头骨宽而粗壮,人字脊显著;上齿列长9.12 mm,9.28 mm.外门齿大于内门齿;第一上前臼齿(P2...     

贵州省鼠耳蝠属一新纪录——狭耳鼠耳蝠

2010年10月在贵州省荔波县进行翼手目动物调查过程中,于荔波县洞塘乡捕获14只鼠耳蝠,经鉴定为狭耳鼠耳蝠Myotisblythii。主要鉴别特征:体型中等,前臂长64.60(60.78～67.72)mm(n=14,SD=1.71);耳狭长;耳屏直而细长,顶端尖锐;第三指最长、第五指最短;后足长约为胫长之半;无距缘膜;尾长67.99(60.56～73.82)mm(n=14,SD=3.7);雄性个体无阴茎骨,阴茎长12.58(8.42～15.72)mm(n=5,SD=2.86);颅全长24.09(23.48～24.72)mm(n=6,SD=0.55);头骨窄长;听泡发达;矢状脊较低;上颌内门齿有1个主尖和1个小附尖,外门齿小,与上犬齿分离;第2上前臼齿(P3)稍位于齿列内侧。此种鼠耳蝠为贵州省翼手目新纪录。     

基于部分线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(mtCOI)DNA 序列的6种蝙蝠(翼手目:蝙蝠科)的分子系统进化关系

对贵州5种蝙蝠科蝙蝠的部分线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基ⅠDNA序列进行了测定,并结合从Genbank获得的爪哇伏翼的相应序列,以Pteropus dasymallus,P.scapulatus,Rousettus aegyptiacus为外群,运用贝叶斯法(Bayes-ian),最大似然法(Maximum Likelihood,ML)分析了这6种蝙蝠科蝙蝠的分子系统进化关系。结果表明:在贝叶斯,ML树中,这6种蝙蝠科的蝙蝠可分为3个分支:亚洲长翼蝠是第1个独立出来的分支;白腹管鼻蝠是继亚洲长翼蝠之后第2个分离出来的分支;第3个分支又分为两支,一支由大鼠耳蝠和小鼠耳蝠组成,另一支由南蝠和爪哇伏翼组成,支持将这4种蝙蝠同归于蝙蝠亚科的结论,从一定程度上否定了鼠耳蝠属和管鼻蝠亚科之间的姐妹类群关系,也不支持将鼠耳属提升为亚科。     

贵州毕节发现霍氏缺齿鼩

在贵州省毕节市七星关区野角乡,利用陷阱法捕捉到3号缺齿鼩。标本体形中等,头体长(64.8±3.0)mm,尾长(76.6±1.9)mm,大于头体长,尾尖有一簇白毛,后足长(16.8±0.1)mm。颅骨呈钝圆形,吻突较短,在上颌前部区域逐渐变细。颅全长(19.22±0.19)mm,脑颅宽(9.31±0.09)mm,第2上臼齿间最大宽(5.29±0.08)mm。上门齿1枚,呈镰刀状,上单尖齿3枚,自前向后大小依次递减。红褐色色素沉积主要分布于上下门齿和第一上单尖齿的齿尖。利用缺齿鼩属检索表进行检索,本次采集标本鉴定为霍氏缺齿鼩(Chodsigoa hoffmanni)。通过线粒体细胞色素b(Cyt b)基因全序列比较,本次采集标本与缺齿鼩属霍氏缺齿鼩的系统进化关系最接近,遗传距离在0.026～0.028之间,与形态鉴定的结果吻合。基于Cyt b基因序列构建的系统发生树,本次采集标本与GenBank下载的霍氏缺齿鼩聚在一个小分支上,进一步证实本次采集3个标本是霍氏缺齿鼩。     

贵州六盘水发现褐腹长尾鼩鼱滇西亚种（Episoriculus caudatus umbrinus）

在贵州省六盘水市杨梅乡慕尼克村,利用陷阱法捕捉到褐腹长尾鼩鼱滇西亚种（Episoriculus caudatus umbrinus）雌性2号。本次采集的标本体型较小,头体长分别为57.2 mm和50.4 mm,尾长（53.2 mm和46.7 mm）略短于头体长。尾部背腹色差较小,腹面略呈现褐色。后足长分别为11.9 mm和12.4 mm。颅全长17.28 mm和17.23 mm,上颌骨较宽（5.02 mm和4.96 mm）与腭齿长（7.72 mm和7.56 mm）之比为65.31%。上门齿1枚,上单尖齿4枚,第1单尖齿和第2单尖齿大小近似,明显大于第3单尖齿,第4单尖齿微小,着生于第3单尖齿和前臼齿缝隙内侧。上颌1枚前臼齿,3枚臼齿,第3枚臼齿小。利用已报道的长尾亚洲鼩属检索表进行检索,鉴定上述采集物种为褐腹长尾鼩鼱滇西亚种。基于Cyt b基因全序列（1 140 bp）,采集标本与长尾亚洲鼩属中的褐腹长尾鼩鼱滇西亚种遗传距离最近,在0.030 ~ 0.062之间。系统发生树也显示,2号标本与褐腹长尾鼩鼱滇西亚种构成一个单系进化分支,进一步证实本次采集2号标本是褐腹长尾鼩鼱滇西亚种。     

山西祁县发现北京宽耳蝠

我国分布的宽耳蝠包括北京宽耳蝠(Barbastella beijingensis)和东方宽耳蝠(B. darjelingensis)2个物种。东方宽耳蝠在我国分布于内蒙古、新疆、青海、陕西、甘肃、河南、湖南、江西、四川、重庆、云南、贵州、台湾等省(自治区、直辖市),但北京宽耳蝠仅记录于北京。2022年7月于山西省祁县昌源河湿地公园林道中(37°19′15″ N,112°26′18″ E,海拔812 m),采集到1只雄性宽耳蝠。该蝠体型中等,前臂长43.7 mm。双耳在额部相连,外耳廓近方形,横嵴明显,耳廓中部外缘具有较小的耳突,其第三掌骨长大于第四掌骨长大于第五掌骨长。颅全长为14.6 mm,具有强壮的上前臼齿和下前臼齿。以上特征均与北京宽耳蝠相符。头骨特征中,与北京宽耳蝠相比其具有较小的颅基长和颅宽,其余头骨测量参数值均与北京宽耳蝠相近。基于Cyt b和ND1基因序列的系统发育学证据亦支持形态鉴定结果。结合外部形态、头骨参数及分子数据,将山西样本鉴定为北京宽耳蝠,为山西省翼手目分布新记录种。     

甘肃碌曲发现黄眉鹀

我国分布的宽耳蝠包括北京宽耳蝠(Barbastella beijingensis)和东方宽耳蝠(B. darjelingensis)2个物种。东方宽耳蝠在我国分布于内蒙古、新疆、青海、陕西、甘肃、河南、湖南、江西、四川、重庆、云南、贵州、台湾等省(自治区、直辖市),但北京宽耳蝠仅记录于北京。2022年7月于山西省祁县昌源河湿地公园林道中(37°19′15″ N,112°26′18″ E,海拔812 m),采集到1只雄性宽耳蝠。该蝠体型中等,前臂长43.7 mm。双耳在额部相连,外耳廓近方形,横嵴明显,耳廓中部外缘具有较小的耳突,其第三掌骨长大于第四掌骨长大于第五掌骨长。颅全长为14.6 mm,具有强壮的上前臼齿和下前臼齿。以上特征均与北京宽耳蝠相符。头骨特征中,与北京宽耳蝠相比其具有较小的颅基长和颅宽,其余头骨测量参数值均与北京宽耳蝠相近。基于Cyt b和ND1基因序列的系统发育学证据亦支持形态鉴定结果。结合外部形态、头骨参数及分子数据,将山西样本鉴定为北京宽耳蝠,为山西省翼手目分布新记录种。     

贵州省果树蹄蝠的分类记述

2008年10月在贵州省荔波县进行翼手目动物多样性调查中,于该县永康乡采集到2号蹄蝠标本,经与国内外记载过的蹄蝠科bicolor族群的标本进行比较,这2号标本的体型较小,前臂长分别为44.26mm、42.48mm,耳大而圆,耳长22.02mm、22.58mm;鼻叶简单,前鼻叶外侧没有小附叶,中鼻叶不发达;后鼻叶稍宽于前鼻叶和中鼻叶,被3纵隔分为4个部分,P2弱小,但未消失,位于齿列线外侧,这些特征与中国和泰国记载的果树蹄蝠Hipposideros pomona一致。另对贵州早期文献中记载的双色蹄蝠H.bicolor标本进行了查阅,认为其应归为果树蹄蝠。     

四川省兽类新纪录

在鉴定整理1987年我省采集的翼手类标本时,发现有两种属四川省兽类新纪录,现报道如下(重量单位:克;长度:毫米):大菊头蝠Rhinolophusluctuslanosus1987.10.5,采于汶川县卧龙自然保护区三江保护站附近(1180米)。1♂,体重31,体长76,耳长38,尾长44,后足长17,前臂长67,颅全长29.1,颅基长23.8,腭长8.5,颧宽14.4,眶间宽3.3,后头宽12.8,上齿列长10.5,下齿列长12.6。特征:体型较大。体毛长密而卷曲,呈暗褐色,毛尖灰白色。耳廓背基部毛呈棕褐色。前臂长67mm。鞍状叶基部向两侧扩展成翼状,位于鼻孔之上端。阴茎骨长8.5mm,后端略膨大且分叉。本种数量稀…     

贵州六盘水发现东阳江麝鼩

在贵州省六盘水市杨梅乡慕尼克村,利用陷阱法捕捉到3号麝鼩属(Crocidura)标本。本次采集标本的体形较小,头体长(49.0 ± 0.8)mm,尾长[(41.8 ± 4.2)mm]略短于头体长(尾长/头体长为85%)。背毛呈浅灰褐色,腹毛颜色浅于背毛,呈灰色。尾部双色,背侧黑褐色,腹侧淡于背侧。前足背部白色,后足则为淡灰色。尾近乎裸露,尾基约1/3着生稀疏白色长毛。颅全长(15.92 ± 0.55)mm,脑颅高(4.75 ± 0.18)mm。上门齿1枚,有一长而大的前尖和一小而矮的后尖。上单尖齿3枚,第1单尖齿最大,第2单尖齿略大于第3单尖齿,1枚第四前臼齿(P4),3枚臼齿。上述特征与东阳江麝鼩(C. dongyangjiangensis)模式标本的描述和鉴定特征基本一致,因此将3号采集标本鉴定为东阳江麝鼩。基于Cyt b基因进行分子系统发育分析,采集标本与麝鼩属物种中的东阳江麝鼩遗传距离最近,在0.004 ~ 0.027之间。系统发生树显示,3号标本与东阳江麝鼩构成一个单系进化分支,进一步证实本次采集的3号标本是东阳江麝鼩,为贵州省分布新记录种。     

Le Fort I型截骨术定位平面的应用解剖学研究

目的：研究Le Fort I型截骨术与上颌牙根尖的关系,为临床合理制订截骨平面提供解剖学依据。方法：选择上颌牙槽清晰或出土后仍有牙保留的颅骨,在颅骨梨状孔下缘至上颌结节作一连线作为模拟Le Fort I型术式截骨水平,以上颌牙槽缘为标志,用游标卡尺测量每侧上颌各牙的牙槽缘至上述模拟截骨水平的距离及牙槽缘至各牙根尖端的长度,然后计算出上颌各牙根尖至Le Fort I型术式截骨线的距离。结果：上颌各牙相对的牙槽缘至Le FortI型术式截骨线的距离,从中切牙至第二磨牙逐渐缩小,右侧中切牙为21．09±1．53mm,左侧中切牙为20．96±1．64mm,右侧第二磨牙为14．94±1．52mm,左侧第二磨牙为14．95±1．59mm;上颌各牙根尖至Le Fort I型术式截骨水平的距离,从中切牙至第二磨牙也逐渐缩小,而两侧尖牙牙根尖距离Le Fort I型术式截骨线的距离右侧为4．49±1．74mm,左侧为4．69±2．14mm,第二磨牙牙根尖距离Le Fort I型术式截骨线的距离右侧为4．65±1．63mm,左侧为4．49±1．89,两侧尖牙牙根尖和第二磨牙牙根尖至Le Fort I型术式截骨水平的距离均比较接近。结论：上颌各牙根尖至LeFortI型术式截骨线的距离均在4mm以上,根据前牙中尖牙牙根尖的位置和后牙中第二磨牙牙根尖的位置,Le Fort I型术式截骨线水平在13、23（3｜3）根尖及27、27（7｜7）根尖上方4mm以上,按此平面作截骨水平较为安全,不易损伤牙根。     

Disturbance and contrasting patterns of population structure in the brachiopod Terebratulina septentrionalis (Couthouy) from two subtidal habitats

The population structures of Terebratulina septentrionalis (Couthouy) from exposed upper rock surface and semi-cryptic rock wall habitats at 33 m depth in the Gulf of Maine differ. Over a 3-yr period, population densities were consistently higher in rock wall habitats. Although both populations were dominated by juveniles (1–4 mm shell length), size-frequency distributions constructed from upper rock surface and rock wall populations were significantly different, as a result of a greater frequency of large brachiopods (> 20 mm shell length) in rock wall populations. Prominent modes occurred at 14–15 mm shell length in upper surface populations and at 19–20 mm length in rock wall populations. Recruitment was higher in rock wall habitats where ambient light intensities were significantly lower than on upper rock surfaces. Differences in recruitment are either the result of larval selection for shaded rock walls or differential juvenile mortality between habitats. The larvae of Terebratulina settle on a diverse array of substrata. These include bedrock, sandy polychaete tubes and algae in upper surface habitats and bedrock, calcareous polychaete tubes, and ascidians in rock wall habitats. Individuals attached to polychaete tubes and algae in upper surface habitats do not attain large body size (> 13 mm shell length). It is suggested that these differences in population structure reflect the greater intensity of disturbance in upper surface habitats. For example, the cod, Gadus morhua (Linnaeus), ingests brachiopods attached to algae and polychaete tubes in this habitat. Gastropod predation affects brachiopods in upper surface habitats but not in rock wall habitats. Predation by gastropods and asteroids is not size-specific. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that predation contributed to the decline in the abundance and diversity of articulate brachiopods since the Mesozoic, and suggest that the restriction of recent populations to semi-cryptic rock wall and crevice habitats is, in part, controlled by disturbance.     

记广西田东却林缅甸先炭兽的新材料

记述了产自广西田东县却林那读组中一残破的缅甸先炭兽 (Anthracokeryxbirmanicus)头骨。通过对化石的描述 ,对该种特征进行了补充和分析 ,并认为其终生生长的上犬齿可能是用来作为争夺领域和配偶的武器。终生生长的上犬齿的发现 ,证明炭兽类具有性双形。将那读动物群和缅甸邦唐动物群进行对比 ,认为那读组的时代很可能有一部分属于中始新世     

The effect of specimen geometry on the mechanical behaviour of trabecular bone specimens.

The effect of specimen geometry on the mechanical behaviour of trabecular bone specimens was studied by non-destructive uniaxial compression to 0.4% strain using cylindrical specimens with different sizes and length-to-diameter ratios, and by comparing cubic and cylindrical specimens with the same cross-sectional area. Both the length and the cross-sectional area of the specimen had a highly significant influence on the mechanical behaviour (p less than 0.0001). Within the actual range of length (2.75-11.0 mm) the normalized stiffness (Young's modulus) was related nearly linearly to the specimen length. This dependency on specimen length is suggested to be caused mainly by structural disintegrity of the trabecular specimens near the surface. The normalized stiffness (Young's modulus) was also positively correlated to the cross-sectional area. This dependency on cross-sectional area is probably due to friction-induced stress inhomogeneity at the platen-specimen interface. A cube with side length 6.5 mm or a cylindrical specimen with 7.5 mm diameter and 6.5 mm length are suggested as standard specimens for comparative studies on trabecular bone mechanics.     

中国翼手类新记录——马氏菊头蝠

2003 年9 月8 日, 在云南省红河州弥勒县白龙洞(24°12′N , 103°21′E) 获得一号蝙蝠标本, 雄性(共捕捉和测量了7 个此种蝙蝠的个体, 但鉴于数量稀少, 故仅保留一只个体用来制作标本, 其余测量后放飞) , 经鉴定为马氏菊头蝠, 为中国新记录。本文给出了这种蝙蝠的特征描述和相关测量数据, 并对这种蝙蝠的分布进行了分析。标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所。     

Larvae of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lamprogrammus shcherbachevi</Emphasis> (Ophidiiformes: Ophidiidae) from the western North Pacific Ocean

Three exterilium larvae (18.2 mm notochord length to 113.3 mm standard length) of an ophidiid, Lamprogrammus shcherbachevi, from the western North Pacific are described. The specimens had a highly specialized morph with a remarkably elongate trailing gut and ventral coracoid process, and many elongate anterior dorsal fin rays, as occur in other exterilium larvae, but were characterized by unique melanophore patterns (a cluster of melanophores on the back of the stalked pectoral fin base, a row of clusters midlaterally on the trunk and caudal region, and further clusters on the trailing gut). Although the largest specimen (113.3 mm standard length, much larger than the previously recorded maximum size of exterilium larvae) retained typical features of the exterilium stage, the ventral coracoid process was significantly reduced in size compared with that of a smaller specimen (37.8 mm standard length). Comparison of the largest specimen with an adult suggests that the anterior dorsal fin rays would disappear during the transformation stage.