科尔沁沙地恢复演替进程中群落物种多样性与地上生物量的关系

生物多样性与生产力的关系是当前生态学中研究的重点之一,以科尔沁沙地为研究对象,研究了沙地植被恢复演替进程中物种多样性与地上生物量的关系。结果表明:(1)科尔沁沙地植被恢复演替过程中,物种数量逐渐增加,从流动沙丘的6种到固定沙丘的30种,增加了4倍。一年生草本植物在各群落中占绝对优势,但随着演替的进行,生活型呈现多样化,多年生植物种类明显增加。藜科植物在流动沙丘阶段优势度明显,之后逐渐下降;禾本科植物的种数和优势度逐渐增加,在群落中的地位逐渐增强。多重比较表明,群落的地上生物量存在显著差异(F=18.926,n=360,P0.001),从流动沙丘到固定沙丘(3个恢复阶段的均值计算)地上生物量增加了580%。(2)随着演替的进行,群落Simpson指数、Shannon-winner指数和均匀度指数均呈现增加的趋势。(3)回归分析显示,群落物种多样性和生物量之间存在显著的负二次函数关系即单峰型函数关系,表明中等生产力水平物种多样性较高。     

锦屏水电站岩土渣场植被恢复的动态特征

植被恢复过程物种多样性的动态特征变化反映了植被的恢复程度。本研究以膨润土-纤维复合的岩土渣场植被恢复技术(CSR工程技术)作为岩土渣场植被恢复的应用背景,以锦屏二级水电站岩土渣场为对象,通过对植被恢复群落的调查和物种多样性分析,研究了岩土渣场人工恢复群落物种多样性动态特征。结果表明:初期选取的植物普遍表现出对环境的适应性,且豆科植物在群落中占据着主要的优势;随时间加长,禾本科、菊科等多年生草本植物逐渐增多,在群落功能维持中占据重要地位;群落动态与多样性关系紧密,随演替进展群落物种组成与物种多样性增加,群落生态优势度下降,而均匀度增加,群落渐趋稳定。     

科尔沁沙地植被恢复演替进程中群落土壤种子库研究

研究了科尔沁沙地植被恢复演替进程中各群落土壤种子库种类组成、密度以及物种多样性等特征。主要结论是:①科尔沁沙地植被退化后的恢复演替是一种次生的中途恢复演替。演替各阶段土壤种子库密度为流动沙丘<半流动沙丘<固定沙丘,从流动到半流动沙丘阶段,土壤种子库密度平均增加了709%;从半流动到固定沙丘阶段,土壤种子库密度平均增加了393%。从流动到半流动沙丘阶段是土壤种子库密度的快速增长期。②植被恢复演替过程中,土壤种子库组成均以1年生草本植物为主(优势度为60.40%~91.83%),到演替中后期阶段,多年生草本植物的种类有所增加,但其所占比例仍很小。③演替各阶段群落种子库物种多样性指数分别为0.6616、0.7736、0.7281、1.0939、1.0648和0.9682,可见种子库物种多样性最高的群落并非是演替历史最大的群落。④恢复演替系列各阶段土壤种子库间的相似性系数都较大,在0.368~1.000范围之内,任一群落总是与其下一阶段最邻近的群落具有最高的相似性系数。     

陕西省丹汉江流域退耕地恢复过程中的植被演替

以陕西省丹汉江流域退耕地南坡和北坡不同退耕年限的自然恢复植物群落为研究对象,开展群落物种组成调查,并进行物种多样性特征分析和群落极点排序,对该区退耕地恢复过程中的植被演替规律进行研究.结果表明： 研究区退耕地植被演替的阶段依次为：一年生草本群落→多年生草本群落→灌草群落→乔灌草群落.形成多年生草本群落需2～5 a,形成灌草群落需7～10 a,形成乔灌草群落需30 a以上.南坡和北坡不同类型退耕地的植被演替阶段相同,物种多样性指数略有差异.随着退耕年限的增加,南坡物种多样性指数总体呈先降后升的趋势;而北坡物种多样性指数呈先波动上升,而后在退耕30 a时略有下降.     

茂县土地岭植被恢复过程中物种多样性动态特征

植被恢复是退化生态系统重建的重要途径,植被恢复过程物种多样性的变化反映了植被的恢复程度.通过群落调查和多样性分析,研究了岷江上游土地岭植被恢复过程中群落物种多样性特征.结果表明： 恢复过程中6类不同类型群落分别表现其对于不同环境特征、干扰及更新方式等的响应;森林是较灌丛更适合当地环境状况的植被类型;人工恢复无干扰和轻度干扰群落的多样性相对较高,是较好的恢复模式.重度干扰使得1年生植物与地下芽植物比例增加,其它口食性较好的多年生草本减少.较强的干扰是群落无法更新、长期处于灌丛阶段且多样性较低的重要原因.本地区人工恢复群落在更新进程和多样性维持上优于自然更新群落,种植华山松加速了本地区植被演替进程.建议以适合恢复区域的多种恢复配置方式进行造林,并避免较强干扰,可以加速群落演替进程并保持恢复群落较高的物种丰富度与多样性.     

科尔沁沙地封育过程中植被特征的动态变化

为研究沙地退化植被封育恢复过程中植被特征的动态变化规律,分别于2011年、2013年和2015年8月中旬在流动、半固定、固定沙丘和沙质草地上开展了3次植被特征调查。结果表明:2011—2015年,流动沙丘优势植物沙米(Agriophyllum squarrosum)的优势度逐渐降低,半固定沙丘优势植物差巴嘎蒿(Artemisia halodendrom)的优势度波动下降、一年生植物优势度有所增加;固定沙丘和草地中一年生植物的优势度有所下降,多年生植物所占比例逐渐增加;随着退化植被封育恢复,植被盖度、物种丰富度、凋落物量和地上-地下生物量明显增加; 2011—2015年,4种生境上的平均凋落物量和半固定沙丘的植被盖度逐年增加,而物种丰富度和地上生物量表现出波动变化趋势,地下生物量年际间变化不显著;沙地退化植被封育恢复过程中,物种丰富度与植被盖度、地上生物量、凋落物量、地下生物量和总的植物生物量呈极显著线性正相关。沙地退化植被封育恢复过程中植物群落组成和优势种的动态变化,反映了沙地植物群落的正向演替与群落结构复杂化的趋向;沙地退化植被的封育恢复导致了物种多样性与生物量的线性正相关。     

浑善达克退化沙地恢复演替18年中植物群落动态变化

探讨了浑善达克退化沙地草地围封后流动沙丘的稳定程度 ,以及相应的群落特征随恢复进程的变化规律。采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法 ,从物种丰富度、生活型及功能型多样性等方面探讨了围封 18a(1985～ 2 0 0 3年 )过程中草地自然恢复演替进程。在这一过程中 ,物种多样性、丰富度和生物量随恢复演替先增加而后基本稳定或略有降低 ,呈抛物线型的变化趋势 (P<0 .0 0 1)。依群落特征变化 ,大致可将退化沙地恢复过程分为 3个阶段 :(1)流动沙丘向半固定沙丘转变的过程。在围封的前 2 a内 ,群落盖度增加 6倍 ,物种丰富度增加了 1倍 ,而物种多样性增加较缓慢 ;(2 )半固定沙丘向固定沙丘演替的过程。围封后 3～5 a内 ,尽管群落盖度只增加了约 2 0 % ,但物种丰富度和多样性显著增加 ,植物种类在 3a期间增加了 15种 ,是沙地恢复演替的关键时期 ;(3)固定沙丘稳定阶段。围封第 6 a后 ,群落总盖度、生物多样性、物种丰富度保持不变或略呈下降趋势。在恢复演替中 ,C4 植物在初期起先锋作用 ;而 C3植物在后期对群落稳定起重要作用 ;豆科植物尽管在群落中所占的比重较小 ,但可能对改善沙丘土壤养分方面起重要作用。从生活型多样性来看 ,1年生植物在恢复演替早期阶段对沙丘稳固起重要作用 ;而中后期群落则以多年生植物为     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同植被恢复类型昆虫群落结构及多样性的研究

为探讨黄土高原植被恢复过程中植物与昆虫群落的关系,评价人工植被和自然恢复植被种类搭配的合理性,为退化生态系统的植被恢复提供依据。采用样地调查法,在黄土丘陵沟壑区纸坊沟流域研究比较了不同植被恢复类型昆虫群落组成、结构及多样性的变化。结果表明,2种不同植被恢复类型区昆虫有189种(含蜱螨目),分别隶属13目84科。而不同植被恢复类型昆虫群落的物种数、丰富度、多样性、均匀度及优势度指数值均有明显差异。以20a自然封育植被恢复区昆虫群落的物种数、丰富度、多样性、均匀度指数值均较高,其值分别为160、21.17、1.4914和0.6918。优势度则以人工治理区(0.7251)>自然封育区(0.5845)。说明从人工治理区到自然封育区,随着植被种类增加,昆虫种类相应增加,优势种由突出降至不明显,昆虫群落稳定性提高。     

公路碾压干扰下群落植物多样性——以藏北矮嵩草草甸为例

运用时空替换法,以空间变换替代时间变换,对公路碾压干扰下藏北矮嵩草草甸恢复演替中不同阶段群落植物多样性进行研究.结果表明：各草地群落样方中共出现高等植物33种,其中菊、豆、禾本科和蔷薇科合计16种,占48.48﹪,在其自然恢复演替所起的作用最大;莎草科植物作为顶级群落的建群种具有重要作用.物种构成具有明显的阶段性特征：演替前期以1年生和2年生植物为主;中期多年生草本植物逐渐占据优势;后期矮嵩草成为单优势种;菊叶萎陵菜和二裂萎陵菜几乎贯穿始终.物种积聚主要是在演替前期和中期完成,其积聚过程符合二次曲线.演替后期群落植物多样性程度最高,多样性随演替进程表现为逻辑斯谛增长规律：前期群落物种丰富度较低,均匀度较高,生态优势度？也比较高,但综合多样性较低;中期群落的均匀度下降,生态优势度也同时下降,综合多样性高;后期矮嵩草成为群落的单优势种,群落的均匀度和生态优势度均下降,综合多样性仍然增加.     

露天煤矿排土场边坡植被组成特征及其群落稳定性评价

研究植被恢复过程中植物群落组成、结构及稳定性的变化,可进一步了解到植物群落的演替过程及规律。采用空间代时间的方法对内蒙古锡林郭勒盟北电胜利露天煤矿4个排土场边坡人工恢复植被进行群落调查,在此基础上采用多样性指数与优化后的M.Godron稳定性指数对植物物种组成、物种多样性及其群落稳定性进行分析,探究不同恢复年限排土场边坡植被在恢复过程中群落特征及稳定性变化特征。结果表明：（1）排土场边坡植物物种组成共有16科44属56种,植物群落组成较简单,其中禾本科种类最多,生长型以草本植物为主。（2）随着恢复年限的增加,植物生活型由一、二年生转变为多年生,坡面优势种由人工种植植物转变为本土植物。（3）整体看,随着恢复年限增加,物种多样性呈下降趋势,群落稳定性整体呈上升趋势。（4）由于不同坡向土壤微环境差异,北坡恢复效果及稳定性好于南坡。本研究在一定程度上可为露天煤矿排土场边坡人工修复过程中植物物种及合理配置模式的选择提供科学依据。     

铜陵市狮子山铜尾矿废弃地生态恢复过程中植被演替规律

通过对铜陵市狮子山铜尾矿废弃地植被的实地调查,探讨了该废弃地的植被状况及其植被恢复过程中的植物群落形成与演替的一般规律与特征。结果表明目前废弃地入侵、定居植物共49种,隶属于15科38属,主要包括菊科(12种)、禾本科(11种)、豆科(8种)等。极端贫瘠和过高的重金属含量(特别是Cu、Cd,平均超出对照土样的20~30倍)是限制植物在废弃地定居的主要因素。全部植物中,一、二年生草本植物26种,多年生草本植物20种。风播种子和果实是废弃地植物繁殖体的主要来源。尾矿废弃地植物群落形成具有先锋植物的入侵、定居、群聚和竞争等过程,共形成了14种相对稳定的小群落,包括单优势种群落、次优势种群落和共优势种群落三种类型。伴随着尾矿废弃地植物群落的形成与演替,群落中物种丰富度增大,多样性指数呈增加趋势,而群落内植物种综合优势比间的差值趋于减小。     

铜陵市狮子山铜尾矿废弃地生态恢复过程中植被演替规律

通过对铜陵市狮子山铜尾矿废弃地植被的实地调查,探讨了该废弃地的植被状况及其植被恢复过程中的植物群落形成与演替的一般规律与特征.结果表明:目前废弃地入侵、定居植物共49种,隶属于15科38属,主要包括菊科(12种)、禾本科(11种)、豆科(8种)等.极端贫瘠和过高的重金属含量(特别是Cu、Cd,平均超出对照土样的20～30倍)是限制植物在废弃地定居的主要因素.全部植物中,一、二年生草本植物26种,多年生草本植物20种.风播种子和果实是废弃地植物繁殖体的主要来源.尾矿废弃地植物群落形成具有先锋植物的入侵、定居、群聚和竞争等过程,共形成了14种相对稳定的小群落,包括单优势种群落、次优势种群落和共优势种群落三种类型.伴随着尾矿废弃地植物群落的形成与演替,群落中物种丰富度增大,多样性指数呈增加趋势,而群落内植物种综合优势比间的差值趋于减小.     

四川茂县土地岭大熊猫走廊带植被恢复格局及其与干扰的关系

通过样带调查和TWINSPAN、DCCA分析,从植物种、植物群落及其多样性与环境关系方面,研究了岷江上游土地岭大熊猫走廊带恢复植被的干扰状况。结果表明：应用TWINSPAN分类,并结合优势种组成、干扰状况分析及DCCA排序,可将植被划分为6个群落类型,同时划分出响应型、迟钝型、中度干扰忍耐型和重度干扰忍耐型4类干扰响应的植物类型。以样方物种和以样方多样性指数的DCCA分析结果基本一致,物种及群落的空间分布呈明显的聚集格局,反映其与环境因子间的密切关系。DCCA排序图上,海拔差、坡形、与公路距离、坡度及道路条数对群落和物种分布有明显的影响,与干扰相关性最大的坡度、样地道路数目、与公路间的距离3个因子反映了植被的干扰梯度。干扰对土地岭恢复植被影响显著,干扰降低了群落的物种多样性,同时阻碍了演替进程。     

Soil Disturbance as a Grassland Restoration Measure—Effects on Plant Species Composition and Plant Functional Traits

Soil disturbance is recognized as an important driver of biodiversity in dry grasslands, and can therefore be implemented as a restoration measure. However, because community re-assembly following disturbance includes stochastic processes, a focus only on species richness or establishment success of particular species will not inform on how plant communities respond ecologically to disturbance. We therefore evaluated vegetation development following disturbance by quantifying species richness, species composition and functional trait composition. Degraded calcareous sandy grassland was subjected to experimental disturbance treatments (ploughing or rotavation), and the vegetation was surveyed during four subsequent years of succession. Treated plots were compared with control plots representing untreated grassland, as well as nearby plots characterized by plant communities representing the restoration target.Species richness and functional diversity both increased in response to soil disturbance, and rotavation, but not ploughing, had a persistent positive effect on the occurrence of specialist species of calcareous sandy grassland. However, no type of soil disturbance caused the plant species composition to develop towards the target vegetation. The disturbance had an immediate and large impact on the vegetation, but the vegetation developed rapidly back towards the control sites. Plant functional composition analysis indicated that the treatments created habitats different both from control sites and target sites. Community-weighted mean Ellenberg indicator values suggested that the observed plant community response was at least partially due to an increase in nitrogen and water availability following disturbance. This study shows that a mild type of disturbance, such as rotavation, may be most successful in promoting specialist species in calcareous sandy grassland, but that further treatments are needed to reduce nutrient availability. We conclude that a functional trait based analysis provides additional information of the vegetation response and the abiotic conditions created, complementing the information from the species composition.     

科尔沁沙地丘间地植被演变的研究

主要研究了科尔沁沙地丘间地植被的发生和演变规律及不同发育时间群落种类组成动态特征。结果表明 :丘间地植被发育很快 ,在围封条件下 ,30年内经历了一年生草本阶段、多年生草本阶段和灌丛阶段。在组成结构上 ,物种多样性指数和均匀度呈上升趋势 ,而生态优势度下降 ,表明其相对稳定的特征。同时就过度放牧对植被的影响进行了论述     

Vegetation restoration patterns and their relationships with disturbance on the Giant Panda Corridor of Tudiling, Southwest China

Human activities such as deforestation, cultivation, and overgrazing have contributed to the destruction of forest ecosystems in the upper Minjiang River basin for a long time, which has led to the reduction in forest coverage and biodiversity. On the Giant Panda Corridor of Tudiling in this basin, the effects of the existing disturbance regimes on plant communities after the vegetation restoration in the 1980s were assessed, and the community composition, the species diversity and their relationships with environmental factors significantly associated with the disturbance were analyzed using the transect sampling method, the two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and the detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA). The results were as follows: communities could be classified into six types, and species were clustered into four functional groups (responsive to disturbance, retarded disturbance, resistant to intermediate disturbance, and resistant to heavy disturbance) based on both TWINSPAN and DCCA. DCCA with species composition of plots is similar to that with species diversity of plots. The communities were separated into distinct groups along the DCCA axis, and this pattern was significantly correlated with environmental factors. Elevation differences, shape, slope, distance to roads, and the number of paths in the plots had an evident influence on the distribution of the species and communities. Environmental factors including slope, distance to roads, and the number of paths revealed the gradient of disturbance among the communities along the DCCA axis. High disturbance intensity caused significantly lower species diversity and inhibited the regeneration of vegetation compared with the more diverse undisturbed communities. Artificial restoration was more effective than natural restoration in maintaining high species diversity. The process of succession was inhibited in natural restoration because of the failure of tree establishment, growth, and survival during regeneration.     

Vegetation restoration patterns and their relationships with disturbance on the Giant Panda Corridor of Tudiling, Southwest China

Human activities such as deforestation, cultivation, and overgrazing have contributed to the destruction of forest ecosystems in the upper Minjiang River basin for a long time, which has led to the reduction in forest coverage and biodiversity. On the Giant Panda Corridor of Tudiling in this basin, the effects of the existing disturbance regimes on plant communities after the vegetation restoration in the 1980s were assessed, and the community composition, the species diversity and their relationships with environmental factors significantly associated with the disturbance were analyzed using the transect sampling method, the two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and the detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA). The results were as follows: communities could be classified into six types, and species were clustered into four functional groups (responsive to disturbance, retarded disturbance, resistant to intermediate disturbance, and resistant to heavy disturbance) based on both TWINSPAN and DCCA. DCCA with species composition of plots is similar to that with species diversity of plots. The communities were separated into distinct groups along the DCCA axis, and this pattern was significantly correlated with environmental factors. Elevation differences, shape, slope, distance to roads, and the number of paths in the plots had an evident influence on the distribution of the species and communities. Environmental factors including slope, distance to roads, and the number of paths revealed the gradient of disturbance among the communities along the DCCA axis. High disturbance intensity caused significantly lower species diversity and inhibited the regeneration of vegetation compared with the more diverse undisturbed communities. Artificial restoration was more effective than natural restoration in maintaining high species diversity. The process of succession was inhibited in natural restoration because of the failure of tree establishment, growth, and survival during regeneration.     

铅锌矿渣场植被自然演替与基质的交互效应

矿业废弃地生态系统自然恢复的植被演替过程与机理是生态恢复研究的重要内容之一.以空间代替时间的方法,选择立地条件基本一致的4个不同自然恢复年限铅锌矿区为对象,研究黔西北土法炼锌渣场废弃地植被自然演替与矿渣基质理化性质的交互效应.结果表明： 随着堆置时间的增加,矿渣基质的营养条件明显得到改善,全氮、全磷和全钾含量极显著增加, pH上升,电导率下降,容重降低,有效铅和镉显著降低. 同时,随着恢复时间的增长,植物群落的物种丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度也相应提高.植物群落组成以多年生草本植物为主,植物群落演替在前20年较为缓慢,30年后植被群落盖度可达到53%,超过40年盖度可达87%.矿渣理化性质与物种多样性显著相关,典型变量分别是全氮、全磷和全钾;物种多样性指数与有效铅和镉呈显著负相关.土法炼锌渣场废弃地植被自然演替过程在30年后速度加快,植被生长的限制因子是营养供给不足和重金属的有效性高.     

中国西南喀斯特植物群落演替特征及驱动机制

植被恢复是西南喀斯特石漠化治理和生态重建的关键步骤。通过总结已有的结果和分析中国科学院环江喀斯特试验站部分试验数据,研究了西南喀斯特植被演替过程中群落的动态特征,结果发现:西南喀斯特沿北、中、南亚热带至北热带的海拔递减、气温和降雨量升高的梯度格局下,群落的高度、盖度增加,密度、科属种数量和物种多样性呈递减趋势;不同区域沿草丛、灌丛、灌乔丛、乔丛的顺向演替方向上,群落的高度、盖度增加、密度减小,科属种数量及物种多样性除北亚热带持续增加外,其他3个区域的最大值均出现在灌乔丛,乔丛反而有所下降;西南喀斯特植被演替是生物驱动因素与环境阻力相互作用的结果,不同区域不同演替阶段植被演替的建群种和关键种不同,其植物群落的稳定性受多样性和结构性的共同控制,因地质和生态环境恶劣,植被退化容易恢复难,充分理解和认识植被演替规律对西南喀斯特植被恢复和生态重建意义重大。