浙江省珍稀植物资源及其在自然保护区的分布

浙江省国家重点保护野生珍稀濒危植物51种,占全国珍稀濒危总数419种的12．2％,本文报道了浙江珍稀濒危植物资源的基本概况和自然保护区的分布。并对其保护对策进行了探讨。     

菌物在森林生态系统中的功能和作用研究进展

 综述了菌物在森林生态系统中的功能和作用方面的研究进展,表明菌物是森林生态系统中不可忽视的重要组成部分,对森林生态系统的建立、演替、稳定、物质循环和能量流动等都具有重要的影响。菌物与植物的共生是植物起源和森林形成的基础,而且是森林健康发展的关键;菌物在森林中的分解作用和对土壤母岩的风化作用是生物地球化学循环的重要环节,且菌体本身是森林中的主要碳、氮汇成员;菌物多样性是森林物种多样性和生态稳定的决定因素之一,其多样性的丧失可以直接影响森林的生态系统乃至加剧地球的大气温室效应。菌物在我国森林保护和可持续发展以及生态环境建设上具有重要的位置。     

基于MODIS时序数据的黑龙江流域火烧迹地提取

火烧迹地信息是研究火灾的重要参数和基础数据,也是研究全球生态系统和碳循环扰动的重要依据之一。以受森林火灾影响较为严重的黑龙江流域为研究区,以MODIS时间序列数据为数据源建立了一个分为两阶段的火烧基地提取算法(即首先设定较为严格的提取条件对最有可能发生火灾的像元——核心像元进行提取,然后设定较为宽松的阈值提取距离核心像元一定范围内的火烧像元),对2000—2011年的火烧迹地信息进行了提取,生成了研究区长时间序列火烧迹地分布图,并对其时空分布特征进行了分析。选择黑龙江省为典型验证区对算法精度进行了验证,结果显示算法的整体精度较之以往的算法有了一定程度的提高。     

木论喀斯特林区珍稀濒危植物资源的研究

斯特林区分布有２３种珍稀濒危植物,其中属于国家二级保护５种,三级保护１０种,未划等级的８种。本文对它们分布的自然环境、资源现状特点和区系特征进行了较详尽分析,初步探讨了本区珍稀濒危植物的濒危程度及其致濒的主要原因,并提出了系列保护的对策措施。     

火干扰对苍山云南松林步甲群落的影响

在云南省大理市苍山火烧迹地采用陷阱法初步研究了火干扰对苍山云南松林步甲群落的影响.其中未火烧迹地步甲群落由7属14种组成;火烧迹地步甲群落由6属8种组成,样地同多度没有显著差异.未火烧迹地步甲群落物种组成不同于火烧迹地,但部分火烧迹地与未火烧迹地接近;健步甲Carabus solidior是森林生境良好的指示物种(IndVal=0.9489,P=0.001).研究显示,火干扰已经改变了云南松林步甲群落组成,降低了步甲群落的多样性.     

论生态平衡和林火烈度

 本文探讨林火对森林生态系统的干扰,提出火烈度指标作为衡量标准。建议采用林木蓄积量作为森林生态系统的状态指数。根据林火蔓延过程的物理分析,导出一种模型化的燃烧蔓延方程,并对兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)在不同蔓延速度下计算了火烈度。结合火烧迹地调查资料指出在不同火烈度下,林火对森林生态系统的影响及其对策。     

不同火烈度火烧迹地内油松叶功能性状的变化

叶功能性状对林火的响应是林火生态领域的研究热点之一,研究火后油松叶功能性状变化能够揭示油松为适应火环境形成的生长策略,为促进油松火后恢复提供参考。以山西省沁源县火烧迹地内油松为研究对象,选择当年生叶片分析叶功能性状在不同火烈度(未过火、轻度火烧、中度火烧)火烧迹地间的变化规律,并研究不同火烧迹地内叶经济谱的变化特征。结果表明: 除氮磷比外,叶功能性状在不同火烈度的火烧迹地间存在显著差异,其中,叶面积的差异最为明显,是最敏感的性状。随火烧迹地内火烈度的增加,叶面积、叶厚度、叶干物质含量、叶氮含量和叶磷含量升高,比叶面积、叶有机碳含量降低。部分叶功能性状间存在显著的相关关系,但其相关性在不同火烈度的火烧迹地间存在差异。叶经济谱沿着“未过火-轻度火烧-中度火烧”的火烧迹地环境总体向“快速投资-收益型”的资源权衡策略移动,低烈度火烧迹地内油松的生长恢复会加快。     

兴安落叶松林火烧迹地土壤理化性质驱动因子

探索火烧迹地土壤理化性质的驱动因子是解释生态系统响应火干扰机制的重要组成部分。旨在分析兴安落叶松林火烧迹地土壤理化性质的决定因子，深入认识火干扰在北方森林生态系统所扮演的角色，为北方森林火烧迹地火后恢复、林业可持续发展提供科学支持和理论依据。以过火后1 a的兴安落叶松林火烧迹地为研究对象，设置了不同火烈度和立地条件的火烧迹地及对照研究样地共计35块。在每个研究样地记录了树种、胸径、存活状态等乔木数据，测量了坡向、坡位、坡度、海拔等地形数据，利用植被变化情况量化了火烈度。分别采集了0—5 cm和5—10 cm的土壤样品并测定其9种理化指标，对比了过火与未过火样地这些土壤理化指标的差异。然后，分析了各土壤理化指标与火烈度量化结果的关联趋势，比较了火烈度、地形和乔木因子对火烧迹地土壤理化性质的影响程度。与对照样地相比，火干扰提升了土壤理化指标观测值的离散程度，显著提高了0—5 cm土壤含水率(MC)(P<0.05)和5—10 cm土壤MC、总氮(TN)、总有机碳(TOC)含量(P<0.05)。土壤理化性质与火烈度有明显关联趋势的并不多，观察到0—5 cm土壤MC随火烈度指数的增加...     

大兴安岭呼中林区火烧迹地粗木质残体特征

对大兴安岭呼中林区不同年份火烧迹地的粗木质残体特征进行了研究.结果表明：呼中林区火烧迹地粗木质残体贮量在24.87～180.98 m³·hm^-2,其中倒木和枯立木分别为6.03～93.91 m³·hm^-2和15.29～138.37 m³·hm^-2,且不同年份火烧迹地之间差异显著;倒木、枯立木所占比例分别为24.26％～86.00％和14.01％～75.4％,且不同年份火烧迹地之间差异显著;倒木和枯立木的优势径级分别为2.50～20 cm和1.50～15 m, 优势长度分别为2.50～15 cm和5～20 m;随着火烧迹地的恢复,粗木质残体贮量的动态变化不明显.粗木质残体特征与火前林分条件和火烧强度密切相关.     

鄂北高贵山珍稀濒危木本植物调查研究

本文报道了高贵山珍稀濒危重点保护木本植物21种（亚种）,其中国务院新近公布的I级重点保护植物1种,Ⅱ级重点保护植物6种,省级重点保护植物8种,其他珍稀植物6种,分析了高贵山珍稀濒危重点保护木本植物的区系特点,指出了高贵山珍稀濒危树木在湖北珍稀濒危植物保护中的重要地位,提出了保护高贵山珍稀濒危木本植物的建议和措施。     

大兴安岭林区多孔菌的区系组成与种群结构

本文在过去10 a野外调查和室内鉴定及分析研究的基础上,对大兴安岭林区多孔菌的区系组成和种群结构进行了分析,发现大兴安岭林区的多孔菌具有较高的多样性,共有5目11科56属129种,占中国多孔菌区系的21.36%,优势科是多孔菌科。种的区系地理成分分为7类,以北温带成分和世界广布成分为主,具有明显的北温带成分的区系特征。大兴安岭的多孔菌常见种较多,种群结构中共生菌3种,寄生菌27种,腐生菌占大多数,有99种。在能够引起木材腐朽的126种真菌中,白腐菌93种,占多数,褐腐菌33种,占少数,但该地区褐腐菌所占比例明显高于全国范围内褐腐菌在多孔菌中的比例。通过对大兴安岭主要树种上的种群结构进行比较,表明阔叶树上的木材腐朽菌绝大部分是白色腐朽菌,而针叶树上的白腐菌与褐腐菌数量相差不大,褐腐菌对于针叶林特别是落叶松的更新具有非常重要的作用。     

Significant levels of extracellular reactive oxygen species produced by brown rot basidiomycetes on cellulose

It is often proposed that brown rot basidiomycetes use extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) to accomplish the initial depolymerization of cellulose in wood, but little evidence has been presented to show that the fungi produce these oxidants in physiologically relevant quantities. We used [(14)C]phenethyl polyacrylate as a radical trap to estimate extracellular ROS production by two brown rot fungi, Gloeophyllum trabeum and Postia placenta, that were degrading cellulose. Both fungi oxidized aromatic rings on the trap to give monohydroxylated and more polar products in significant yields. All of the cultures contained 2,5-dimethoxyhydroquinone, a fungal metabolite that has been shown to drive Fenton chemistry in vitro. These results show that extracellular ROS occur at significant levels in cellulose colonized by brown rot fungi, and suggest that hydroquinone-driven ROS production may contribute to decay by diverse brown rot species.     

长白山森林生态系统中的稀有和濒危多孔菌

1　引　　言近一个世纪以来 ,由于天然林遭到大量砍伐和破坏 ,生态环境恶化 ,生物物种正以惊人的速度从地球上消失 ,因此保护生物学的重要性被越来越多的人所认识 .过去 2 0年间 ,很多国家或地区发表了有关濒危物种报告 ,但多数为动物和植物方面 .关于菌类物种濒危性的研究 ,只有少数对菌物研究深入的国家有所报道 ,如芬兰有 6 0种多孔菌被列为濒危种[11] ,瑞典有 10 6种大型菌类被列为濒危种[6] ,英国有 399种大型菌类被列为保护名单[10 ] ,荷兰有 182种大型菌类正面临绝迹的威胁[1] 等 .这主要是因为对菌类的研究远比动物和植物落后 .就全…     

中国濒危的多孔菌

1992-2009年在全国范围内对中国多孔菌进行了系统调查,基于对多孔菌生境是否受到威胁,初步将48种中国多孔菌列为濒危种,占中国多孔菌总数的8%;分布于20个省和自治区,其中绝大部分生长于原始森林中,主要在倒木和腐朽木上;它们几乎不能在人为干扰的林分内生存;38种为木材白色腐朽菌,9种为褐色腐朽菌,1种为树木菌根菌。对每种的基本形态学、生长基质和生态习性进行了简要论述。     

Impact of Norway spruce pre-degradation stages induced by Gloeophyllum trabeum on fungal and bacterial communities

In forest ecosystems, fungi are the key actors in wood decay. They have the capability to degrade lignified substrates and the woody biomass of coniferous forests, with brown rot fungi being common colonizers. Brown rots are typically involved in the earliest phase of lignocellulose breakdown, which therefore influences colonization by other microorganisms. However, few studies have focused on the impact of introducing decayed wood into forest environments to gauge successional colonization by natural bacterial and fungal communities following partial decay. This study aimed to address this issue by investigating the bacterial and fungal colonization of Norway spruce (Picea abies) wood, after intermediate and advanced laboratory-based, pre-decay, by the brown rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum. Using Illumina metabarcoding, the in situ colonization of the wood blocks was monitored 70 days after the blocks were placed on the forest floor and covered with litter. We observed significant changes in the bacterial and fungal communities associated with the pre-decayed stage. Further, the wood substrate condition acted as a gatekeeper by reducing richness for both microbial communities and diversity of fungal communities. Our data also suggest that the growth of some fungal and bacterial species was driven by similar environmental conditions.     

东喜马拉雅地区多孔菌区系和生态习性

对东喜马拉雅地区多孔菌区系和生态习性进行了分析,发现该地区多孔菌极为丰富,共有10目19科101属372种,其中优势科为多孔菌科和锈革孔菌科,优势属为木层孔菌属和多孔菌属。种的区系地理成分可以分为8类,其中北温带类型种类最多,表明东喜马拉雅地区多孔菌具有明显的北温带区系特征。该地区的多孔菌有常见种、偶见种、稀有种和濒危种分别为156、141、54和21个;有腐生菌304种、寄生菌49种、菌根菌19种。在寄主方面,能够生长在被子植物上的有256种,裸子植物上的有137种,既能生长在被子植物,也能生长在裸子植物上的有40种,地上生长的有19种。东喜马拉雅地区的裸子植物,特别是云杉属、松属和冷杉属树木对于多孔菌的生长更重要,因为生长在这些属树木上的多孔菌分别有71、68和51种,高于该地区被子植物其他属树木上的多孔菌。     

Saproxylic beetle assemblages related to silvicultural management intensity and stand structures in a beech forest in Southern Germany

Compared to agricultural land and spruce plantations, central European beech-oak forests are often relatively close to natural conditions. However, forest management may alter these conditions. In Steigerwald, southern Germany, a large beech-dominated forest area, three management intensities were applied during the past 30–70 years. Here, we examined the influence of management intensity on saproxylic beetles in >100-year old mature stands at 69 sampling plots in 2004. We sampled beetles using flight-window traps and time standard direct searches. The community structure based on presence/absence data changed remarkably along the gradient from unmanaged to low-intensity to high-intensity management, but these differences were not evident using abundance data from flight interception traps. Saproxylic species richness decreased in intensively managed forests. Elateridae and threatened species richness peaked in unmanaged forests and in forests under low-intensity management. Saproxylic species richness was dependent on certain micro-habitat factors. These factors were (1) the amount of dead wood for Elateridae, overall and threatened saproxylic beetle richness; (2) the amount of flowering plants for Cerambycidae; (3) the richness of wood-inhabiting fungi for Staphylinidae, Melandryidae and overall saproxylic beetle richness; and (4) the frequency of Fomes fomentarius for threatened species. Species richness was better explained by plot factors, such as dead wood or fungi, than by management intensity. These results suggest that the natural variation of dead wood niches (decay stages, snag sizes, tree cavities and wood-inhabiting fungi species) must be maintained to efficiently conserve the whole saproxylic beetle fauna of beech forests. Also, intensive management may alter the specialised saproxylic beetle community even if the initial tree-species composition is maintained, which was the case in our study. For monitoring the ecological sustainability of forest management we must focus on threatened species. If structures alone are sampled then the amount of dead wood is the best indicator for a rich saproxylic beetle fauna.     

Influence of Forest Management on the Species Richness and Composition of Wood-inhabiting Basidiomycetes in Swiss Forests

In order to investigate the diversity of wood-inhabiting aphyllophoroid basidiomycetes in Swiss forests, 86 plots of 50 m ² were established. They harboured a total of 3339 samples of woody debris, classified according to three categories (coarse, fine, and very fine woody debris), yielding 238 species of wood-inhabiting fungi. The selected sites cover the main forest types of Switzerland and various degrees of management intensity. A multiple linear regression analysis showed that substrate variation, i.e. differences in the quality of dead wood, including volume, age, degree of decomposition and host tree species, are the most important factors influencing diversity of wood-inhabiting fungi. In addition, a Principle Coordinate Analysis highlighted differences in the fungal communities in the different forest types. The greatest fungal species richness is found on thermophilic deciduous tree and woody shrub species. Fine and very fine woody debris, even present in intensively managed forests, often serve as important refuges for many species. Forests with a recent management intervention were found to be either species poor or species rich. Possible reasons for these differences may lay in forest size and landscape fragmentation, the distance to the nearest species pool or microclimatic factors. In Switzerland intensively managed forests harbour significantly less wood-inhabiting, aphyllophoroid fungi than non-managed or extensively managed forests. This is the case in both deciduous forests and in conifer forests. However, occasionally intensively managed forest will also harbour rare and endangered species.     

Detection and identification of decay fungi in spruce wood by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of amplified genes encoding rRNA

We have developed a DNA-based assay to reliably detect brown rot and white rot fungi in wood at different stages of decay. DNA, isolated by a series of CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) and organic extractions, was amplified by the PCR using published universal primers and basidiomycete-specific primers derived from ribosomal DNA sequences. We surveyed 14 species of wood-decaying basidiomycetes (brown-rot and white-rot fungi), as well as 25 species of wood-inhabiting ascomycetes (pathogens, endophytes, and saprophytes). DNA was isolated from pure cultures of these fungi and also from spruce wood blocks colonized by individual isolates of wood decay basidiomycetes or wood-inhabiting ascomycetes. The primer pair ITS1-F (specific for higher fungi) and ITS4 (universal primer) amplified the internal transcribed spacer region from both ascomycetes and basidiomycetes from both pure culture and wood, as expected. The primer pair ITS1-F (specific for higher fungi) and ITS4-B (specific for basidiomycetes) was shown to reliably detect the presence of wood decay basidiomycetes in both pure culture and wood; ascomycetes were not detected by this primer pair. We detected the presence of decay fungi in wood by PCR before measurable weight loss had occurred to the wood. Basidiomycetes were identified to the species level by restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the internal transcribed spacer region.     

Detection and Identification of Decay Fungi in Spruce Wood by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of Amplified Genes Encoding rRNA

We have developed a DNA-based assay to reliably detect brown rot and white rot fungi in wood at different stages of decay. DNA, isolated by a series of CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) and organic extractions, was amplified by the PCR using published universal primers and basidiomycete-specific primers derived from ribosomal DNA sequences. We surveyed 14 species of wood-decaying basidiomycetes (brown-rot and white-rot fungi), as well as 25 species of wood-inhabiting ascomycetes (pathogens, endophytes, and saprophytes). DNA was isolated from pure cultures of these fungi and also from spruce wood blocks colonized by individual isolates of wood decay basidiomycetes or wood-inhabiting ascomycetes. The primer pair ITS1-F (specific for higher fungi) and ITS4 (universal primer) amplified the internal transcribed spacer region from both ascomycetes and basidiomycetes from both pure culture and wood, as expected. The primer pair ITS1-F (specific for higher fungi) and ITS4-B (specific for basidiomycetes) was shown to reliably detect the presence of wood decay basidiomycetes in both pure culture and wood; ascomycetes were not detected by this primer pair. We detected the presence of decay fungi in wood by PCR before measurable weight loss had occurred to the wood. Basidiomycetes were identified to the species level by restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the internal transcribed spacer region.