重度干旱胁迫下燕麦叶片活性氧清除系统对喷施腐植酸水溶肥的响应

以燕麦品种‘燕科2号’为试验材料,采用盆栽方式,设置正常供水(CK)、正常供水下喷施腐植酸水溶肥(CKH)、重度干旱胁迫(SS)和重度干旱胁迫下喷施腐植酸水溶肥(SSH)４个处理,对燕麦叶片中活性氧水平、抗氧化酶活性、总抗氧化剂含量及产量等进行测定,以明确腐植酸水溶肥(HA)对重度干旱胁迫下燕麦叶片活性氧清除系统的调控效应,并探讨HA对燕麦耐旱性的影响及其作用机制。结果表明：(1)与CK相比,燕麦叶片超氧阴离子( O₂^-·)、羟自由基(·OH)、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)和丙二醛(MDA)含量、以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性在重度干旱胁迫下显著提高,且均在喷施HA后比重度干旱胁迫处理显著降低,但此时活性氧的水平仍显著高于CK。(2)与CK相比,燕麦叶片过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱氨肽还原酶(GR)和谷胱氨肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活性在重度干旱胁迫下显著降低,而其总抗氧化能力(T AOC)显著提高,它们在喷施HA后均比重度干旱胁迫处理显著提高,但各酶活性仍不同程度低于CK。(3)与CK相比,燕麦籽粒产量和生物产量在重度干旱胁迫下显著下降,喷施HA后又比重度干旱胁迫显著升高,但仍显著低于CK。研究认为,喷施HA可有效提高重度干旱胁迫下燕麦叶片抗氧化酶活性,促进抗氧化物质再生,增强叶片的总抗氧化能力,从而有效清除重度干旱胁迫引起的活性氧积累,降低重度干旱胁迫对植物细胞膜的氧化损伤,最终缓解重度干旱胁迫对燕麦造成的伤害,一定程度上能够减少籽粒产量的损失。     

水分和腐植酸对燕麦果聚糖代谢的影响

探讨水分和腐植酸(HA)对燕麦不同器官非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)积累与分配的影响,进一步明确水分和HA对燕麦糖代谢和粒重形成的作用机制,可为旱作地区燕麦的推广种植提供理论指导和技术支撑。试验以‘蒙农大燕1号'和‘内燕5号'两个燕麦品种为材料,分别在旱作(无灌溉)和有限灌溉(拔节期和抽穗期每次灌水60 mm)两个水分条件下喷施HA与清水(CK),研究燕麦开花后不同时期NSC组分在茎、叶、穗中的动态变化以及叶片中碳代谢相关酶活性的变化。结果表明: 两个燕麦品种茎、叶、穗中的NSC组分含量均随开花后时间的延长先升高后降低,且两品种各器官中的NSC组分含量大致相同;与CK相比,在灌水条件下喷施HA后蒙农大燕1号穗部的果聚糖含量提升幅度明显大于旱作条件;喷施HA后蒙农大燕1号叶片中果聚糖外水解酶和转化酶活性分别显著提高了27.1%和30.6%,单穗粒重显著提高了55.9%,且与旱作条件下相比提高幅度更大;蒙农大燕1号籽粒千粒重和单穗粒重与叶片果聚糖含量呈显著正相关关系。综上,水分和腐植酸协同作用可以有效调节燕麦果聚糖的积累及主要代谢酶活性,从而提高千粒重和单穗粒重,促进产量形成。     

干旱胁迫下红砂幼苗非结构性碳水化合物动态变化特征

该试验以荒漠区主要建群种红砂幼苗为研究对象,设置适宜水分(CK)、轻度干旱(MD)、中度干旱(SD)和重度干旱(VSD)4个胁迫处理(即田间持水量的80%、60%、40%和20%),采用盆栽控水试验,分别测定干旱胁迫15、30、45和60 d时红砂幼苗的叶、茎、粗根和细根中非结构碳水化合物(NSC)及其组分的含量,分析不同胁迫强度下不同干旱持续时间红砂幼苗NSC的动态变化及各组分差异,以揭示红砂NSC对干旱胁迫的响应机制。结果表明:(1)干旱胁迫强度和胁迫持续时间对红砂幼苗不同器官NSC及其组分均有显著影响,其中胁迫持续时间对NSC动态变化的影响尤为显著。(2)干旱胁迫初期,红砂叶中的NSC含量呈下降趋势,而茎中的NSC含量呈上升趋势,粗根和细根中NSC含量在各胁迫处理下基本保持稳定。(3)干旱胁迫后期,红砂叶和茎中的可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量逐渐增加,而粗根和细根中的淀粉和NSC含量呈下降趋势(中度干旱除外),且这一时期重度干旱处理下各器官可溶性糖和NSC的含量明显高于CK。研究发现,重度干旱胁迫能显著诱导提高红砂幼苗不同器官中的NSC含量,并通过分解根中淀粉和增加叶片中可溶性糖含量的方式来调节细胞渗透势平衡,以维持细胞活力,进而保持红砂在干旱胁迫后期的存活。     

小叶锦鸡儿幼苗非结构性碳水化合物积累及分配对干旱胁迫的响应

以2年生小叶锦鸡儿幼苗为研究对象,采用盆栽控水法,设置适宜水分、轻度、中度和重度胁迫处理(即田间持水量的80%、60%、40%和20%),探讨小叶锦鸡儿幼苗在干旱胁迫历时15、30、45和60 d各器官非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)的响应规律。结果表明:不同干旱胁迫处理程度与时间对小叶锦鸡儿幼苗叶片、茎、粗根和细根可溶性糖、淀粉及总NSC含量均具有显著交互作用。轻度胁迫下,各器官可溶性糖、淀粉及总NSC含量在胁迫30 d时均显著低于适宜水分处理,细根可溶性糖和粗根淀粉含量在胁迫60 d时显著高于适宜水分处理。中度胁迫下,随着胁迫时间延长,茎和粗根可溶性糖含量先低于适宜水分处理,而后逐渐增加;与轻度胁迫处理相比,叶片、茎和细根可溶性糖含量增加,茎和粗根淀粉含量降低。重度胁迫下,各器官淀粉含量在胁迫15 d时显著低于适宜水分处理;在胁迫60d时显著高于适宜水分处理。以上结果说明,小叶锦鸡儿幼苗通过调整各器官NSC积累及分配应对不同干旱环境。     

黄瓜幼苗非结构性碳水化合物代谢对干旱胁迫与CO2倍增的响应

以‘津优1号’黄瓜水培幼苗为试材,采用裂区设计,主区设大气CO2浓度(约380μmol·mol-1)和倍增CO2浓度(760±20μmol·mol-1)2个CO2浓度处理,裂区设无干旱胁迫、中度干旱胁迫和重度干旱胁迫3个水分处理(以PEG 6000模拟根际干旱胁迫),研究了黄瓜幼苗非结构性碳水化合物代谢对干旱胁迫和CO2倍增的响应.结果表明:CO2倍增促进了黄瓜叶片中非结构性碳水化合物(葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、水苏糖)的积累,降低了渗透势,提高了黄瓜的耐旱性.在干旱胁迫处理过程中,叶片中蔗糖合成酶、可溶性酸性转化酶和碱性转化酶活性先上升后下降;根中可溶性酸性转化酶和碱性转化酶活性则逐渐上升,蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性先上升后下降.CO2倍增提高了蔗糖合成酶的活性而降低了蔗糖磷酸合成酶的活性,这两种酶和转化酶相互配合,促进了蔗糖的分解和抑制蔗糖合成,导致己糖积累,从而降低了细胞的渗透势,增强吸水能力.因此,CO2倍增能缓解干旱胁迫造成的不利影响,提高黄瓜的耐旱性,并且这种缓解效应在干旱胁迫严重时表现更为明显.     

沙地樟子松幼苗干旱致死过程中非结构性碳水化合物的变化

以2年生沙地樟子松幼苗为对象,通过持续自然干旱处理,研究当土壤含水量下降到田间持水量的60%、40%、30%、20%和15%时幼苗叶片水势及不同器官(一年生叶、当年生叶、茎、粗根和细根)的可溶性糖、淀粉和非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)的含量,分析沙地樟子松幼苗在干旱致死过程中各器官NSC的分配规律及其适应机制.结果表明: 土壤含水量从田间持水量的40%下降到15%,幼苗叶片凌晨及正午水势无显著变化.当土壤含水量从田间持水量的60%下降到30%,各器官可溶性糖、淀粉、NSC含量和可溶性糖/淀粉先下降后上升.从30%下降到20%,当年生叶、一年生叶、茎和细根可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量降低,而粗根可溶性糖含量增加,淀粉和NSC含量减少.从20%下降到15%,当年生叶、一年生叶和茎可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量降低,粗根可溶性糖和NSC含量下降,淀粉含量上升,细根可溶性糖含量减少,淀粉和NSC含量增加.沙地樟子松幼苗通过不断调整各器官NSC及其组分含量变化以适应不同干旱环境,土壤含水量下降到田间持水量的30%后,幼苗可溶性糖和NSC含量总体呈下降趋势,淀粉在粗根和细根中积累,幼苗可能因碳耗竭而死亡.     

土壤水分对麦蓝菜生物量及王不留行黄酮苷含量的影响

为探讨土壤水分条件对麦蓝菜生物量及王不留行黄酮苷(VR)含量影响,以盆栽麦蓝菜为材料,采用4种土壤水分(重度干旱、中度干旱、适宜水分和过湿水分)处理麦蓝菜,测定胁迫后15、30和45 d麦蓝菜根、茎、叶、种子生物量,以及VR含量和产量。结果表明,与适宜水分相比,土壤重度干旱、中度干旱、过湿水分均会降低麦蓝菜各器官生物量,而中度干旱能够显著提高麦蓝菜各器官中VR含量,当土壤水分为田间持水量的70%~75%时,可获得最佳的麦蓝菜生物量和VR产量。建议人工种植麦蓝菜时保持适宜土壤水分含量,以兼顾药材的产量和质量。     

黄瓜幼苗非结构性碳水化合物代谢对干旱胁迫与CO2倍增的响应

以‘津优1号’黄瓜水培幼苗为试材,采用裂区设计,主区设大气CO₂浓度(约380 μmol·mol^-1)和倍增CO₂浓度(760±20 μmol·mol^-1)2个CO₂浓度处理,裂区设无干旱胁迫、中度干旱胁迫和重度干旱胁迫3个水分处理(以PEG 6000模拟根际干旱胁迫),研究了黄瓜幼苗非结构性碳水化合物代谢对干旱胁迫和CO₂倍增的响应.结果表明: CO₂倍增促进了黄瓜叶片中非结构性碳水化合物(葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、水苏糖)的积累,降低了渗透势,提高了黄瓜的耐旱性.在干旱胁迫处理过程中,叶片中蔗糖合成酶、可溶性酸性转化酶和碱性转化酶活性先上升后下降;根中可溶性酸性转化酶和碱性转化酶活性则逐渐上升,蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性先上升后下降.CO₂倍增提高了蔗糖合成酶的活性而降低了蔗糖磷酸合成酶的活性,这两种酶和转化酶相互配合,促进了蔗糖的分解和抑制蔗糖合成,导致己糖积累,从而降低了细胞的渗透势,增强吸水能力.因此,CO₂倍增能缓解干旱胁迫造成的不利影响,提高黄瓜的耐旱性,并且这种缓解效应在干旱胁迫严重时表现更为明显.
     

多效唑和干旱胁迫对毛竹实生苗活力、光合能力及非结构性碳水化合物的影响

以1年生毛竹实生苗为研究对象,研究多效唑对不同水分条件下毛竹实生苗的叶绿素含量、光合参数、非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)含量、碳氮比、根系活力的影响。设置3个水分梯度:W1(75%相对田间持水量,CK)、W2(50%相对田间持水量,中度干旱)和W3(35%相对田间持水量,重度干旱),以及2个多效唑浓度:P1(0mg/L)、P2(40mg/L)。结果表明:随干旱强度增加,P1W1、P1W2、P1W3处理叶色逐渐变淡。与对照P1W1相比,P1W2和P1W3处理下叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素、叶绿素a/b和叶绿素总含量显著下降(P0.05),Pn、Tr、WUE显著下降(P0.05),Ls显著上升(P0.05),毛竹叶片及根系中非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)含量显著上升(P0.05),毛竹根系活力显著下降。多效唑处理后,P2W2和P2W3的叶片色素含量相对于P2W1显著提高,但P2W2与P2W3无显著差异。同时,施加多效唑使Pn显著提高,P2W3较P1W3增加了146.9%。此外,P2W3处理使可溶性糖大量积累,达最大值3.41mg/g;毛竹叶片及根系淀粉含量显著上升,根系活力显著提高。试验揭示了多效唑通过提高干旱水平下毛竹实生苗的根系活力、光合速率,增加光合色素、非结构性碳水化合物含量,并将养分从地上转移到地下部分,进而抵御干旱胁迫带来的伤害。     

干旱胁迫对宁夏枸杞叶片蔗糖代谢及光合特性的影响

以宁夏枸杞品种‘宁杞1号’为材料,采用防雨棚内盆栽控水法研究了轻度干旱(LD)、中度干旱(MD)、重度干旱(SD)和正常灌水(CK)4种土壤水分条件下枸杞叶片糖分含量、蔗糖代谢酶活性和光合参数的响应规律,为宁夏枸杞在干旱地区高产栽培提供参考依据。结果显示:(1)干旱胁迫降低了枸杞青果期叶片蔗糖和淀粉含量,轻度干旱胁迫可提高枸杞色变期叶片果糖和蔗糖含量,而成熟期叶片淀粉含量则随着干旱加重而升高。(2)干旱胁迫降低了青果期枸杞叶片中性转化酶(NI)、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)和蔗糖合成酶(SS)的活性,降低了色变期和成熟期叶片酸性转化酶(AI)和SS的活性,但提高了色变期和成熟期叶片NI的活性。(3)随着干旱胁迫的加剧,叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)呈降低趋势,瞬时水分利用率(WUE)呈现:LD>CK>SD>MD的变化趋势。研究认为,轻度干旱胁迫能促进宁夏枸杞成熟期叶片蔗糖积累和水分利用率提高,有利于更多光合同化物输送到果实中。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.