双向急性变温对南方鲇幼鱼静止耗氧率和临界游泳速度的影响

为了考查鱼类对温度变化的功能适应和生理反应特征,以不同驯化温度(10、20和30℃,驯化两周)为对照,进行双向急性变温处理(20℃→10℃和20℃→30℃),分别在不同时间(0.5、1、2、4、8和24h)对南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis Chen)幼鱼静止耗氧率(Resting oxygen consumption rate,VO2)进行测定并在处理后及时测定实验鱼的临界游泳速度(Critical swimming speed,Ucrit)。研究发现:不同驯化温度下实验鱼的Ucrit随驯化温度升高呈显著增加的变化趋势,相对临界游泳速度(Relative critical swimming speed,Ur)分别为1.83、2.87和3.37 BL/s(Body length per second)(P<0.05);双向急性变温两组的Ur分别与驯化组均无显著差异(P>0.05);Ur与温度的关系表达为:Ur=0.8114T+1.0976(n=37,R2=0.973,P<0.05)。VO2也随驯化温度升高呈显著增加的变化特征,分别为14.91、28.34和44.98 mg O2/kg·h(P<0.05)。双向急性变温对VO2的影响十分显著。急性升温组的静止耗氧率呈现先上升后下降并趋稳定的变化规律,其静止耗氧率的Q10值的峰值(3.1)出现在升温后的0.5h,是对照组的1.96倍;而急性降温组的静止耗氧率则急剧连续下降至相对稳定水平,其Q10值的峰值(4.8)出现在降温后的1.0h,是对照组的2.5倍。研究表明:在相同的变温幅度下,双向急性变温对南方鲇幼鱼均存在明显的生理胁迫;不同温度变化方向的代谢反应特征却不尽相同,急性降温对南方鲇幼鱼造成的生理胁迫可能大于急性升温;当环境温度发生骤然变化时,实验鱼的运动生理功能具有较好的温度适应能力。研究提示,迅速降温后水流刺激可能会终止鱼类的"冷休克",引起整体的代谢水平的重新调节,以满足运动的能量需求并提高生存适合度。     

南方鲇幼鱼的热耐受特征

为了研究不同驯化温度对南方鲇（Silurus meridionalis Chen）幼鱼热耐受性特征的影响,在水温为10 ℃、20 ℃和30 ℃的条件下,对南方鲇幼鱼（（16.9±0.3）g）进行2周的驯化,以1 ℃·h^-1的变温速率连续观测实验鱼的耐受温度,各驯化温度下的最大临界温度（CT_max）、最大致死温度（LT_max）、最小临界温度（CT_min）和最小致死温度(LT_min）分别为3413 ℃、3822 ℃、39.41 ℃;34.84 ℃、38.63 ℃、39.53 ℃;4.88 ℃、5.90 ℃、9.80 ℃;4.12 ℃、5.03 ℃、8.29 ℃。结果表明：最大临界温度和最大致死温度随驯化温度的升高而增大,最小临界温度和最小致死温度随驯化温度的降低而减小;经计算,南方鲇幼鱼在各驯化温度下的温度耐受幅分别为29.25 ℃、32.32 ℃和29.61 ℃;在10 ℃～20 ℃的驯化温度范围内高、低温驯化反应率分别为0.41和0.12,而在20 ℃～30 ℃驯化温度范围内高、低温驯化反应率分别为0.10和0.39;热耐受区域面积为617.5 ℃²;证明南方鲇幼鱼的热耐受性明显有赖于驯化温度。     

温度对南方鲇肝组织离体线粒体代谢耗氧率的影响

于2007年2月,把40尾南方鲇1龄幼鱼分为5个不同的温度处理组,用流水式呼吸仪测定每尾实验鱼的静止代谢率(Ms:mg O2/h·kg),随即处死该实验鱼,提取其肝脏线粒体,采用氧电极在与其静止代谢测定相同的温度条件下以琥珀酸为代谢底物测定其线粒体的代谢耗氧率.在12.5、17.5、22.5、27.5和32.5℃条件下,静止代谢率的值分别为26.64、49.03、73.64、102.40、156.72mg O2/h·kg,单位线粒体蛋白重量的线粒体耗氧率(Mp)分别为12.24、11.76、16.28、21.56和31.43nmol O2/min·mg,单位组织重量的线粒体耗氧率(Mt)则分别为64.02、78.72、117.51、121.57和194.20nmol O2/min·g.为了比较南方鲇肝脏离体线粒体的底物偏好性,在27.5℃条件下还测定了其以丙酮酸 苹果酸为底物时的耗氧率.结果显示:该种鱼肝脏离体线粒体对琥珀酸的氧化代谢能力显著高于丙酮酸 苹果酸(p<0.05);在实验温度范围内,鱼体的Ms、Mp和Mt值分别与温度(T: ℃)之间呈显著的双对数直线相关,协方差分析表明,鱼体静止代谢率与线粒体代谢率回归方程的斜率(温度指数b)差异显著(p<0.05),即鱼体静止代谢率与线粒体代谢率随温度变化的趋势不一致.经过计算发现:在最低实验温度条件下(12.5℃)肝器官线粒体代谢总耗氧率占鱼体静止代谢总耗氧率的比例显著高于其他温度梯度(p<0.05).通过讨论认为:在低温条件下,肝脏线粒体代谢水平随温度下降速率的减小是该种鱼抵抗低温的适应性调节机制.     

摄食对鲇鱼幼鱼力竭性运动后过量耗氧的影响

为了检验鲇鱼(Silurus asotus Linnaeus)幼鱼力竭性运动(Exhaustive exercise)后过量耗氧(EPOC)是否受到摄食的影响,以阐明其在两种功能状态下的功率配置模式,在(25.0±1.0)℃条件下,分别测定了对照组(摄食前)、摄食组[摄食12 h,摄食水平为(8.74±0.40)%]、摄食代谢恢复组[摄食60 h,摄食水平为(8.84±0.25)%]鲇幼鱼力竭性运动后EPOC及力竭性运动后恢复过程中呼吸频率(Vf)的变化。研究结果显示:对照组、摄食组、摄食代谢恢复组力竭性运动前耗氧率(MO2)显著差异(P<0.05),而Vf差异不显著;力竭性运动后MO2和Vf均立即达到峰值,随后逐渐恢复到稳定状态;摄食组的耗氧率峰值(MO2peak)[(222.47±10.14)mgO2/(kg.h)]显著大于对照组[(180.53±6.79)mgO2/(kg.h)]和摄食代谢恢复组[(181.65±10.94)mgO2/(kg.h)](P<0.05),但三个组之间Vf无显著变化;摄食组的EPOC总量[(42.49±10.13)mgO2]显著小于对照组[(66.58±6.40)mgO2]和摄食代谢恢复组[(53.46±5.80)mgO2](P<0.05)。以上结果表明:(1)无论是摄食还是运动任一生理功能均不能诱导出鲇鱼幼鱼的最大的MO2;(2)当摄食和运动两种生理功能同时存在时,鲇鱼无氧运动能力减弱,同时力竭性运动后的恢复过程加快,可能与消化导致的内环境碱化减缓了运动后的内环境酸化有关。     

温度对黑鱾幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率的影响

本文研究了温度对饱食和饥饿状态下黑纪(Girella melanichthys)幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率的影响.结果表明:在温度为15～30℃范围内,黑纪幼鱼在饱食状态下的耗氧率、饥饿状态下的耗氧率、饱食状态下的排氨率和摄食率均随温度的升高而增加(P＜0.01),30℃时达到最大,温度为32℃时,均下降;在温度为15～32℃范围内,黑鱾幼鱼在饥饿状态下的排氨率随温度升高而增加(P＜0.01),32℃时达到最大.多项指标表明黑纪幼鱼生长适温在30℃左右.     

鲻幼鱼耗氧率、排氨率和窒息点的研究

为探讨鲻幼鱼的耗氧率、排氨率和窒息点,采用封闭流水式实验方法,在不同体质量、光照、放养密度、水流速度以及昼夜更替的条件下,测定鲻幼鱼的耗氧率和排氨率,并且观测体质量对幼鱼窒息点和窒息时间的影响。实验期间水温为19℃±1℃,盐度30,pH7.7。研究结果显示:鲻幼鱼的耗氧率随体质量增加而上升,其变化趋势可用幂函数方程表达:Y=0.4759X0.1878(R2=0.9454);光照对耗氧率的影响较大,对排氨率无明显影响;放养密度对耗氧率的影响差异显著(P0.05),对排氨率的影响差异极显著(P0.01);幼鱼的呼吸代谢旺盛时段在中午11∶00至夜间23∶00;流速对耗氧率和排氨率的影响差异均极显著(P0.01);不同体质量幼鱼窒息点和窒息时间的差异极显著(P0.01)。     

恒温与变温对不同生活史阶段斑马鱼热耐受性的影响

为了探究恒温与变温以及生活史阶段对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)热耐受性的影响,将新孵出的斑马鱼仔鱼、幼鱼以及性成熟雌鱼与雄鱼分别于恒温(28℃)和变温(26～30℃)条件下驯养2周,之后,采用临界温度法测定不同温度驯化下仔鱼、幼鱼以及雌鱼和雄鱼的临界高温CT_(max)、致死高温LT_(max)、临界低温CTmin、致死低温LTmin等热耐受性参数。结果表明:驯化温度、生活史阶段以及二者交互作用对CT_(max)、LT_(max)、CTmin和LTmin均影响显著(P0.05),驯化温度和性别对斑马鱼成鱼的热忍耐参数无显著性影响(P 0.05);仔鱼的热耐受性较差,低于幼鱼和成鱼,表现为CT_(max)和LT_(max)低而CTmin和LTmin高,这可能主要与不同生活史阶段实验鱼的生活习性及其栖息环境有关;变温对幼鱼和成鱼热耐受性无显著影响,但导致仔鱼体长增加、热忍耐范围变窄,提示仔鱼生长和热耐受性可能存在权衡。     

溶氧水平对鲫鱼代谢模式的影响

为了探讨水体溶氧水平对鲫幼鱼(Carassius carassius)运动、消化能力及其交互作用的影响,在(25.0±0.5)℃温度条件下,测定了8(饱和溶氧水平)、2和1mg/L溶氧水平下摄食(饱足摄食)和空腹组(空腹2 d)鲫鱼的临界游泳速度(Ucrit)、运动前耗氧率(MO2pre-exercise)、活跃耗氧率(MO2active)和代谢范围(MS)。摄食诱导的耗氧率上升在各溶氧水平下无显著差异。在饱和溶氧水平下,摄食组和空腹组的Ucrit没有显著差异,但在1和2 mg/L条件下,摄食组的Ucrit显著低于空腹组(P<0.05)。在饱和溶氧水平条件下,消化和运动诱导的耗氧率上升在各个游泳水平均能完全叠加,且摄食组鱼类与空腹组鱼类具有相似的MS和Ucrit和更高的MO2active,提示鲫鱼在常氧下为添加代谢模式。随着溶氧水平下降至2和1mg/L,呼吸能力(摄食组的MO2active)对溶氧水平下降较运动耗氧率更为敏感,消化诱导的耗氧率增加只能在较低游泳速度叠加,与空腹组鱼类比较,摄食组鱼类的MS和Ucrit显著下降,MO2active无显著差异,提示低氧下消化和运动对氧气需求竞争的加剧使其代谢模式转化为消化优先。     

水体铅暴露下草鱼幼鱼游泳行为和代谢响应

为探讨重金属铅(Pb)污染对鱼游泳能力和代谢的影响,在实验室条件下,分析了20℃时4组Pb~(2+)浓度(0、0.75、2.24和3.73 mg·L~(-1))暴露对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)幼鱼临界游泳速度(Ucrit)和运动耗氧率(MO_2)的影响。结果表明:与对照组比较,Pb~(2+)浓度为3.73 mg·L~(-1)时草鱼幼鱼Ucrit显著下降(P0.05),Ucrit为对照组的91.22%;草鱼幼鱼游泳速度与耗氧率均线性相关;随着Pb~(2+)浓度增加,草鱼幼鱼最大和最小耗氧率差值先增加后降低,Pb~(2+)浓度为3.73 mg·L~(-1)时这一差值下降了17.68%;低浓度Pb~(2+)暴露引起运动过程中耗氧利用效率降低,可能是导致草鱼幼鱼游泳能力下降的主要原因;通过草鱼耗氧和行为对急性Pb~(2+)暴露的响应研究,为河流Pb~(2+)生态风险评价及控制提供参考。     

溶氧水平对鳊鱼、中华倒刺鲃幼鱼游泳能力的影响

在(25 1)℃条件下, 以鳊鱼(Parabramis pekinensis)体重(4.70 0.11)g, n=32、中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)体重(3.26 0.06)g, n=32幼鱼为研究对象, 采用鱼类游泳代谢测定仪在水体溶氧为8、4、2、1 mgO2/L条件下分别测定其临界游泳速度(Ucrit)和游泳代谢率(MO2), 并计算出静止代谢率(MO2rest)、最大游泳代谢率(MO2max)、代谢范围(MS)及单位位移能耗(COT)等相关参数。结果显示, 随着溶氧水平的下降, 鳊鱼、中华倒刺鲃幼鱼的Ucrit均逐渐下降, 除中华倒刺鲃幼鱼的值在4与8 mgO2/L下没有显著性差异外, 其他各组均差异显著(P0.05); 在同一溶氧水平下的中华倒刺鲃Ucrit显著大于鳊鱼(P0.05)。两种鱼的MO2max和MS均随DO的下降而显著下降, 但MO2rest在溶氧水平低于1 mgO2/L才显著下降(P0.05)。研究还发现鳊鱼、中华倒刺鲃幼鱼的MO2在同一游泳速度下随溶氧水平下降而降低, 而在相同溶氧水平下随游泳速度的上升而显著升高(P0.05); COT随游泳速度上升而显著降低(P0.05), 但在高游泳速度下相对稳定, 在同一游泳速度下随着DO的下降有所减小。中华倒刺鲃的COT整体上小于鳊鱼, 且在低游泳速度下差异更大。87.5%(1-8 mgO2/L)溶氧水平的下降导致两种鱼类相似的Ucrit变化(53% vs. 50%), 但溶氧水平由8降到4 mgO2/L时, 鳊鱼32%MO2max的下降导致Ucrit下降13%, 但同样的溶氧水平下降虽然导致中华倒刺鲃的MO2max下降20%, 但由于MO2rest和COT的下降, 其Ucrit并没有显著的变化。实验结果表明: 不同溶氧水平对不同鱼种游泳能力的影响存在差异, 这种差异与其代谢对策密切相关。       

Thermal variability in body temperature in an ectotherm: Are cloacal temperatures good indicators of tortoise body temperature?

Historically, studies of reptilian thermal biology have compared ambient temperatures (T_a) to body temperatures (T_b) from the animal under study, with T_b usually taken from the cloaca and various instruments being used to measure T_b. The advent of surgically implanted miniature temperature loggers has offered the opportunity to test the efficacy of cloacal T_b as a measurement in thermoregulatory studies. We expected that there was a difference between skin, cloacal, and core T_b's. Temperatures were measured from various positions on leopard tortoises (Stigmochelys pardalis) using thermocouples and miniature temperature loggers, including surgically implanted temperature loggers. Measurements of temperature from various positions on and in the tortoise were significantly different from T_a. Cloacal T_b's were significantly lower than all other body temperatures measured, and core T_b's were significantly different from cloacal T_b, skin and carapace temperatures. In addition, significant differences were found between measures of temperature from other parts of the body. The variations between core T_b, cloacal T_b and other measures of T_b indicated that there are large thermal gradients within the body of a relatively large tortoise at any given time with cloacal T_b not an accurate measure of core T_b.     

Thermal preference,tolerance and oxygen consumption of adult white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) exposed to different acclimation temperatures

Final temperature preferendum of white shrimp adults were determined with acute and gravitation methods. The final preferendum was similar, independent of method (26.2–25.6 °C). A direct relationship was determined between the critical thermal maxima values and the acclimation temperatures (P<0.05). The end point of Critical Thermal Maxima (CTMax) for adults was defined as the loss of righting response (LRR). The acclimation response ratio (ARR) for adults of white shrimp had an interval of 0.36–0.76, values that agreed with others obtained for crustaceans from tropical and subtropical climates. The oxygen consumption rates increased significantly (P<0.05) from 39.6 up to 90.0 mg O₂ kg⁻¹ h⁻¹ wet weight (w.w.) as the acclimation temperature increased from 20 to 32 °C. The range of temperature coefficient (Q₁₀) of the white shrimp between 23 and 26 °C was the lower 1.60. The results obtained in this work are discussed in relation to the species importance in the reproductive scope and maintenance of breeders.     

Effects of acclimation and egg-incubation temperature on selected temperature by hatchling western painted turtles (Chrysemys picta bellii)

The ability of hatchling turtles to detect environmental temperature differences and to effectively select preferred temperature is a function that critically impacts survival. In some turtle species, temperature preference may be influenced by embryonic and post-hatching conditions, such as egg-incubation and acclimation temperature. We tested for effects of embryonic incubation temperature (27.5 °C, 30 °C) and acclimation temperature (20 °C, 25 °C) on the selected temperature and movement patterns of 32 Chrysemys picta bellii (Reptilia: Emydidae) hatchlings in an aquatic thermal gradient of 14-34 °C and in single-temperature (20 °C, 25 °C) control tests. Among 10-11 month old hatchlings, acclimation temperature and egg-incubation temperature influenced temperature selection and movement patterns. Acclimation temperature affected activity and movement: in thermal gradient and single-temperature control tests, 25 °C-acclimated turtles relocated between chambers significantly more frequently than individuals acclimated to 20 °C. Acclimation temperature also affected temperature selection: 20 °C-acclimated turtles selected a specific temperature during gradient tests, but 25 °C-acclimated turtles did not. Among 20 °C-acclimated turtles, egg-incubation temperature was inversely related to selected temperature: hatchling turtles incubated at 27.5 °C selected the warmest temperature available (34 °C); individuals incubated at 30 °C selected the coldest temperature (14 °C). These results suggest that interactions of environmental conditions may influence post-hatching thermoregulatory behavior in C. picta bellii, a factor that ultimately affects fitness.     

Consequences of thermal acclimation for the mating behaviour and swimming performance of female mosquito fish

The mating system of eastern mosquito fish (Gambusia holbrooki) is dominated by male sexual coercion, where all matings are forced and females never appear to cooperate and actively avoid all attempts. Previous research has shown that male G. holbrooki offer a model system for examining the benefits of reversible thermal acclimation for reproductive success, but examining the benefits to female avoidance behaviour has been difficult. In this study, we examined the ability of non-male-deprived female G. holbrooki to avoid forced-coercive matings following acclimation to either 18 or 30 degrees C for six weeks (12h light:12h dark photoperiod). Thermal acclimation of burst and sustained swimming performance was also assessed, as these traits are likely to underlie their ability to avoid forced matings. There was no influence of thermal acclimation on the burst swimming performance of female G. holbrooki over the range 18-30 degrees C; however, sustained swimming performance was significantly lower in the warm- than the cool-acclimation group. For mating behaviour, we tested the hypothesis that acclimation would enhance the ability of female G. holbrooki to avoid forced matings at their host acclimation temperature relative to females acclimated to another environment. However, our hypothesis was not supported. The rate of copulations was almost three times greater for females acclimated to 30 degrees C than 18 degrees C when tested at 30 degrees C, indicating that they possess the ability to alter their avoidance behaviour to 'allow' more copulations in some environments. Coupled with previous studies, female G. holbrooki appear to have greater control on the outcome of coercive mating attempts than previously considered and can alter their propensity to receive forced matings following thermal acclimation. The significance of this change in female mating-avoidance behaviours with thermal acclimation remains to be explored.     

Penetration and Development of Meloidogyne hapla in Resistant and Susceptible Alfalfa Under Differing Temperatures

Studies were conducted to examine under differing temperatures (12, 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32 C) the penetration anti development of Meloidogyne hapla in resistant lines ''298'' and ''Nev. Syn XX'', and susceptible ''Lahontan'' and ''Ranger'' hardy-type alfalfas. The results indicated that resistance to M. hapla was similar to that previously described for M. incognita in nonhardy alfalfa. Although initial penetration in resistant seedlings was similar to that of susceptible seedlings, nematode larvae failed to establish and develop in root tissues and nematode numbers subsequently declined. In susceptible seedlings, nematode development proceeded rapidly, and egg production began after 5 weeks. Temperature had little influence on the nematode development except to slow the response at the lower temperatures. Other studies were conducted to verify a previously reported immune (no penetration) reaction to M. hapla by the ''Vernal'' selection ''M-4''. When compared to the resistant (penetration without nematode development) Vernal selection ''M-9'' under differing temperatures (20, 24, 28, and 32 C), each selection was equally penetrated by M. hapla but at a lower level than in susceptible Ranger cuttings. Generally, no root galling was observed in either M-4 or M-9; however, very slight galling was found 35 days after inoculation on about 50% of these cuttings when grown at 32 C.     

The use of small subcutaneous transponders for quantifying thermal biology and torpor in small mammals

Remote measurements of body temperature (T_b) in animals require implantation of relatively large temperature-sensitive radio-transmitters or data loggers, whereas rectal temperature (T_rec) measurements require handling and therefore may bias the results. We investigated whether ∼0.1 g temperature-sensitive subcutaneously implanted transponders can be reliably used to quantify thermal biology and torpor use in small mammals. We examined (i) the precision of transponder readings as a function of temperature and (ii) whether subcutaneous transponders can be used to remotely record subcutaneous temperature (T_sub). Five adult male dunnarts (Sminthopsis macroura, body mass 24 g) were implanted with subcutaneous transponders to determine T_sub as a function of time and ambient temperature (T_a), and in comparison to thermocouple readings of T_rec. Transponder temperature was highly correlated with water bath temperature (r²=0.96–0.99) over a range of approximately 10.0–40.0 °C. Transponders provided reliable data (±0.6 °C) over the T_sub of 21.4–36.9 °C and could be read from a distance of up to 5 cm. Below 21.4 °C, accuracy was reduced to ±2.8 °C, but individual transponder accuracy varied. Consequently, small subcutaneous transponders are useful to remotely quantify thermal physiology and torpor patterns without having to disturb the animal and disrupt torpor. Even at T_sub<21.4 °C where the accuracy of the temperature readings was reduced, transponders do provide reliable data on whether and when torpor is used.     

Metabolic heat estimation of the sea turtle Lepidochelys olivacea embryos

Several studies have reported the importance of metabolic heat on the increment of temperature in the sea turtle nests; however, the metabolic heat has not been calculated for sea turtle eggs. In this study, the metabolic heat generated by embryos of the sea turtle Lepidochelys olivacea was estimated from a thermal balance model by means of three measured temperatures—one in the center of the nest, and the others in the sand above and beside the nest. An experiment was conducted with a sample of 100 eggs from a Lepidochelys olivacea nest collected in the Baja Peninsula, Mexico. The results showed that during the incubation period, no metabolic heat was detected before day 19 but it increased from that day until a maximum of 0.84 W at day 34, when the incubation process was interrupted due to rain. This value corresponds to 31 emerged hatchlings. The novel model is a suitable framework to predict the temperature and metabolic heat within the nest.     

低温导致中华蜜蜂后翅翅脉的新变异

在封盖发育期,将中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana封盖子放入24℃低温环境中分别处理24、48、72 h,再恢复到正常的发育温度35℃至羽化,或将封盖子放在30℃低温中培养至羽化,发现羽化后的蜜蜂后翅翅脉发生明显变异。发现翅脉变异有3种类型,翅脉增加、翅脉突出和翅脉缺失。后翅翅脉增加的变异只发现一种,基室、缘室共有的径分脉与基室、盘室共有的中脉之间,新增径中横脉。新增的径中横脉发生的程度不同,有的在径分脉和中脉相对的位置相向伸出,有的形成完整的新脉,新增的径中横脉与原径中横脉相似,在末端均有"弱化点"。由于原有径中横脉较短,一直忽略其存在,这次径中横脉的确定,可以判定原来公认的"中脉分叉"应分别是径分脉和中脉延伸出来的两条翅脉。后翅突出的变异有2种,中脉向基室突出,径分脉向基室突出。翅脉突出的程度不同,有的略突出,有的明显突出,有的伸出翅脉较长。中脉突出均发生在中脉的转折点上,且此类翅脉变异,仅发生在雄蜂样本中,在工蜂样本中还未见。后翅翅脉缺失的变异有2种,发生在肘臀横脉和中脉。肘臀横脉"弱化点"处缺失。将中华蜜蜂雄蜂封盖子放入低温30℃恒温培养箱中发育,发现2个羽化的雄蜂样本发生肘臀横脉在"弱化点"处缺失。中脉向盘室伸出的部分发生缺失。翅脉缺失的程度不同,有的明显缩短,有的仅存痕迹,有的缺失大部分或完全缺失。中脉向盘室伸出的部分是东方蜜蜂Apis cerana区别于西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera的主要形态特征之一,如果东方蜜蜂这段翅脉全部缺失,此部位的形态与西方蜜蜂完全相同。这意味着这个翅脉作为区分东方蜜蜂和西方蜜蜂的翅脉特征将面临挑战。对蜜蜂种质资源鉴定,蜜蜂的系统发育和进化生物学等领域的研究将具有重要影响。温度影响翅脉发育的深入研究,为研究蜜蜂翅脉发育过程,揭示翅脉发育调控机制,以及蜜蜂发育的温度适应生理机制提供一个新思路。     

孵化温度对双斑锦蛇初生幼体行为和呼吸代谢的影响

以双斑锦蛇(Elaphe bimaculata)为对象,在24 、27和30 ℃下孵化双斑锦蛇卵,研究孵化温度对孵出幼蛇吐信频次、选择体温、二氧化碳代谢量、生长过程中的呼吸代谢、初次摄食个体数和初次摄食量的影响。结果显示:孵化温度对双斑锦蛇孵出幼蛇的各项行为指标均没有显著影响。自幼蛇孵出至体内剩余卵黄消耗完这一时间段内,呼吸代谢产生的二氧化碳量逐步减少到最低值。24 、27和30 ℃孵化温度下孵出幼体呼吸每分钟所产生的CO₂量分别为10.58、12.06和10.88 μL;初次摄食量分别为4.92、4.34和3.60 g,各温度下摄食个体的数目分别约占该温度下孵出幼体总数的46.2%、56.3%和40%。鉴于3个温度处理下孵出幼体的各项指标均无显著差异,24-30 ℃是双斑锦蛇适宜生存的温度区间。     

Lizards in the slow lane: Thermal biology of chameleons

1.

Field body temperatures (T_b's) of Chamaeleo chamaeleon in southwestern Spain averaged 28 °C in October and 30 °C in June. Slopes of regressions of T_b on T_a (ambient temperature at perch height) indicated that individuals were able to maintain a preferred body temperature of about 30 °C in June but not in October.