西花蓟马P450基因在继代适应菜豆植株中的应答反应

菜豆是西花蓟马的重要寄主,但西花蓟马对豆荚的嗜食性高于叶片。为探讨西花蓟马在适应菜豆植株过程中P450基因的应答反应,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测了西花蓟马从菜豆豆荚转换到菜豆植株后F 1、F 2和F 3三个世代2龄若虫和成虫体内9个P450基因相对表达量的变化。结果表明,西花蓟马2龄若虫体内CYP4-1、CYP4-2、CYP4-3和CYP6-4的表达量在转换到菜豆植株后F 1代显著升高,然后下降;而CYP4-4和CYP6-2的表达量到F 3代才显著上升;CYP6-1的表达量只有在F 2代显著下降,仅为对照的42.21%,其余世代下和对照均无显著差异;CYP4-5和CYP6-3的表达量在不同世代均显著低于对照。对于成虫而言,CYP4-4、CYP4-5和CYP6-4的表达量在转换到菜豆植株F 1后显著上升,分别是对照的2.28倍、1.40倍和1.31倍;CYP6-1、CYP6-2、CYP6-3的表达量在F 1代开始下降,而CYP4-1、CYP4-2、CYP4-3的表达量在F 2代才开始下降。在同一个世代下,西花蓟马2龄若虫与成虫体内P450基因表达量不完全相同,除CYP4-2的表达量在F 1和F 3代,以及CYP4-4、CYP4-5和CYP6-3的表达量在F 1代两个虫态间差异不显著外,其余情况下均是2龄若虫的表达量高于成虫的。结果说明西花蓟马通过调节P450基因适应菜豆植株,其表达量与其取食的世代和虫态相关。     

西花蓟马对吡虫啉抗性机制的研究

为了解大规模应用吡虫啉防治西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)的抗性风险,本文研究了吡虫啉与多杀菌素和啶虫咪的交互抗性并比较了多功能氧化酶系(mixed-function oxidases,MFO)的3个组分细胞色素P450、细胞色素b5、甲氧试卤灵O脱甲基酶(methoxyresorufin O-demethylase,MROD)在西花蓟马敏感品系(S)、抗吡虫啉品系(BK)和北京田间品系(BJ)中的含量以及活性。生物测定表明北京田间品系(BJ)对多杀菌素已经产生了较高抗性(RR50=35.38),而对啶虫咪(RR50=3.05)和吡虫啉(RR50=1.82)处于敏感,交互抗性研究结果表明西花蓟马对吡虫啉与多杀菌素(RR50=1.31)和啶虫咪(RR50=3.20)无交互抗性。生化研究表明:西花蓟马抗吡虫啉品系的3个组分含量均显著高于S品系西花蓟马的含量(P<0.05),其中细胞色素P450在是S品系WFT的4.5倍,细胞色素b5含量是S品系WFT的4.23倍,MROD活性是S品系WFT的5.99倍,表明多功能氧化酶系与西花蓟马对吡虫啉的抗药性密切相关。     

西花蓟马GABA受体基因鉴定及FoRDL 在多杀霉素抗性中的作用

【目的】γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA)是动物神经系统中一种重要的神经递质。本研究旨在鉴定西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis γ-氨基丁酸受体(GABA receptors, GABAR)家族基因,明确离子型受体(GABA_AR)在西花蓟马对多杀霉素抗性形成中的作用。【方法】根据西花蓟马基因组和转录组数据,鉴定并克隆GABAR基因,进行生物信息学分析;采用qPCR检测GABAAR亚基基因FoRDL, FoLCCH3和FoGRD在西花蓟马多杀霉素敏感品系不同发育阶段(1-2龄若虫、蛹和成虫)的表达模式及在敏感和抗性品系成虫期的相对表达量差异;对西花蓟马敏感品系3日龄成虫的FoRDL进行RNAi 24 h后,在0.250和0.400 mg/L多杀霉素处理下生物测定计算西花蓟马成虫死亡率。【结果】注释并克隆获得8个GABAR基因：FoRDL, FoLCCH3, FoGRD, FoGRD like1, FoGRD-like2, FoB1, FoB2和FoB-like(GenBank登录号: MH148151-MH148158),其ORF长度介于1 080~3 720 bp;系统进化分析表明,西花蓟马的GABAR基因与其他昆虫物种相应基因聚类,具有很高的保守性。GABA_AR亚基FoRDL, FoLCCH3和FoGRD具有典型的N端胞外区环结构(loop A-F)和4个跨膜区(TM 1-4);FoRDL外显子3存在互斥剪切。FoRDL, FoLCCH3和FoGRD的表达量随多杀霉素敏感品系西花蓟马发育阶段逐渐升高,成虫期达最高;FoRDL在西花蓟马抗性品系成虫期的表达量显著低于敏感品系成虫期的。对西花蓟马敏感品系的FoRDL进行RNAi后,在0.250和0.400 mg/L多杀霉素处理剂量下,西花蓟马成虫死亡率均显著下降,分别比对照下降了55.80%和43.00%。【结论】在西花蓟马体内鉴定到5个离子型和3个代谢型GABAR基因,其中FoRDL可能在西花蓟马对多杀霉素产生抗性中发挥一定作用。     

淡色库蚊细胞色素P450基因研究

采用一对昆虫细胞色素P450简并引物,以反转录-聚合酶链反应从淡色库蚊对溴氰菊酯敏感品系和抗性品系成虫RNA扩增到约485 bp和510 bp两个片段,将这两个片段与PinPoint^TMXa-1 T质粒重组,然后克隆至大肠杆菌JM109菌株,筛选获得68个阳性克隆;其中24个阳性克隆测序后与GenBank资料对照,显示为细胞色素P450新序列;分子系统学研究显示,24个新基因（等位基因）分别属CYP4家族CYP4C、CYP4D、CYP4H和CYP4J等4个亚家族,其已由细胞色素P450命名委员会命名和GenBank登录上网;其中CYP4C23可能是一个假基因,CYP4H13具有一段58个碱基长度的内含子,CYP4J4V1在近3′端具有一个终止密码子TAG.     

家蚕细胞色素P450的基因组学分析

细胞色素P450参与许多基础代谢过程, 确保有机体避免外源复合物对它们的伤害. 将预测的家蚕基因同已知的P450基因进行蛋白质序列比对, 在家蚕基因组中发现86个可能的细胞色素P450基因, 初步将它们归于32个P450亚家族. 通过比较基因组学分析, 发现细胞色素P450基因在果蝇与家蚕中的分布规律具有总体上的相似性, 但在某些P450基因家族中的分布也有差异. 特别是在CYP4A, CYP4C, CYP4D, CYP6A, CYP6AE, CYP6B和CYP9A等7个亚家族中P450s差异分布更明显. 进一步将这些P450基因的DNA序列与家蚕ESTs进行核酸序列比对, 其中49个可能P450基因发现有ESTs证据, 证明了这些基因在转录水平的真实性.     

西花蓟马抗辛硫磷种群的抗性机制及交互抗性

为明确西花蓟马对辛硫磷的抗性风险,研究了西花蓟马抗辛硫磷种群对其他杀虫剂的交互抗性及其对辛硫磷的抗性机制.交互抗性测定结果表明,西花蓟马抗辛硫磷种群对辛硫磷与毒死蜱、高效氯氟氰菊酯和灭多威存在中等水平的交互抗性,对溴虫腈、吡虫啉、甲维盐和多杀菌素存在低水平交互抗性,对啶虫脒和阿维菌素不存在交互抗性.酶抑制剂与辛硫磷的增效剂测定结果表明,胡椒基丁醚(PBO)、三丁基三硫磷酸酯(DEF)和磷酸三苯酯(TPP)对西花蓟马抗辛硫磷种群(XK)、田间种群(BJ)和敏感种群(S)均起到了显著的增效作用(P＜0.05),马来酸二乙酯对西花蓟马抗辛硫磷种群和敏感种群增效作用均不显著,但对田间种群增效作用显著(P＜0.05).生化测定发现:除田间种群西花蓟马乙酰胆碱酯酶活性提高不显著外,西花蓟马抗辛硫磷种群和田间种群的细胞色素P450含量(2.79和1.48倍)、细胞色素b5含量(2.88和1.88倍)及O-脱甲基酶活性(2.60和1.68倍)、羧酸酯酶活性(2.02和1.61倍)和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性(3.10倍)均显著高于敏感种群(P＜0.05);谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶酶活性也有一定程度提高(1.11和1.20倍),但不显著(P＞0.05).表明其体内解毒代谢酶和靶标酶活性提高是西花蓟马对辛硫磷产生抗性的重要原因.     

二斑叶螨不同抗性品系最佳内参基因的筛选及CYP392E亚家族基因的表达分析

【目的】 筛选二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae敏感品系（SS）、 抗阿维菌素品系(Av-R)和抗螺虫乙酯品系（Sp-R）中合适的内参基因, 研究二斑叶螨不同抗性品系CYP392E亚家族基因表达水平的变化。【方法】采用实时荧光定量PCR （quantitative real time PCR, qRT-PCR）技术, 对二斑叶螨α-tubulin, β-actin, ELFn, GAPDH, 5.8S rRNA基因和SDHA共6个看家基因的表达稳定性进行分析以期筛选出合适的内参基因, 并在此基础上进一步分析二斑叶螨不同品系P450酶系CYP392E亚家族基因的表达量差异。【结果】在二斑叶螨SS, Av-R和Sp-R品系中稳定性最高的内参基因为ELFn。以ELFn为内参基因, CYP392E7基因相对表达量在二斑叶螨Av-R品系中显著高于SS品系(P<0.05), 为后者的2.18倍, 而在Sp-R品系和SS品系中差异不显著; 其余基因的相对表达量在2个抗性品系中均没有增加, Av-R品系的CYP392E4, CYP392E9和CYP392E10基因以及Sp-R品系的CYP392E1和CYP392E9基因相对表达量甚至显著下调, 分别为SS品系的48%, 74%, 65%, 63%和73%。【结论】在二斑叶螨SS, Av-R和Sp-R品系中ELFn为理想的内参基因, Av-R品系CYP392E4, CYP392E7, CYP392E9和CYP392E10基因相对表达量的显著变化可能与二斑叶螨对阿维菌素的抗性形成有关, Sp-R品系CYP392E1和CYP392E9基因也可能与二斑叶螨对螺虫乙酯的抗性形成有一定联系。     

烟粉虱不同发育阶段解毒代谢酶基因的特异性表达

【目的】基于烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci转录组数据,系统分析了烟粉虱解毒代谢酶基因在噻虫嗪抗性品系中的表达模式,探讨了这些基因在烟粉虱不同发育阶段差异表达的生物学意义。【方法】分别收集室内长期饲养的烟粉虱噻虫嗪抗性和敏感品系的卵、4龄若虫和刚羽化1 d的雌成虫,在烟粉虱转录组数据库中挑选8 394条解毒代谢相关基因设计探针,通过探针杂交,得到烟粉虱噻虫嗪抗性品系表达谱芯片,比较了这些基因在抗性烟粉虱3个不同发育阶段的表达情况。并随机挑选了9个基因,在抗感品系间3个不同发育阶段进行了荧光定量PCR验证。【结果】在抗性烟粉虱的卵和4龄若虫发育阶段,共有3 424个差异表达基因,其中489个是编码3类解毒代谢酶(羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶和细胞色素P450多功能氧化酶)的基因;有14个基因在4龄若虫发育阶段过量表达,其中10个为P450基因,4个为GST家族基因。在抗性烟粉虱的4龄若虫和雌成虫发育阶段,总共有1 273个差异表达基因,193个为3类解毒代谢酶家族的基因,其中有9个P450家族基因在雌成虫期的表达量超过4龄若虫期的10倍。此外,表达谱芯片分析还筛选到了一些候选抗性基因。qRT-PCR验证显示在这些候选基因中,与敏感品系相比,9个基因在抗性烟粉虱的3个不同发育阶段表达上调,其中GST基因家族的p_06027和P450基因p_06013在抗性品系的卵和4龄若虫中过量表达;p_05885和p_07806和编码CYP6家族蛋白的p_00988在抗性品系的4龄若虫期的表达量上调;p_05916和p_00478在抗性品系卵和4龄若虫期表达量很低,而在成虫期过量表达;而p_00059和p_00428在抗性品系雌成虫发育阶段表达量显著上调,其中编码CYP4C1的p_00059的差异表达倍数在雌成虫期约为15.15倍。【结论】表达谱芯片分析结果提示,CYP6和CYP4C1基因的过量表达可能会是烟粉虱抗性产生的机制之一。解毒代谢酶基因在烟粉虱不同发育阶段的特异性表达,可能与其在抵御杀虫剂胁迫时体内能量的分布及有效利用率有关,也可能是害虫在环境选择压下的一种适应机制。     

籼稻细胞色素P450超基因家族成员及其EST证据

将预测的籼稻基因同289个已知的拟南芥细胞色素P450基因进行蛋白质序列比对, 在籼稻(Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica)工作框架草图中找到了528个可能的细胞色素P450基因, 初步认定上述籼稻P450基因来自于已在拟南芥中确定的40个P450基因家族. 比较拟南芥和籼稻的细胞色素P450s在基因家族中的分布, 发现这两种植物P450基因的家族分布规律总体相似, 但也有不同, 例如: CYP71, CYP72, CYP76, CYP89, CYP94, CYP709等家族的成员在籼稻中远远多于拟南芥的; CYP705家族的成员在籼稻中没有, 但在拟南芥中却多达33个. 另外, 发现籼稻CYP71和CYP81家族的成员在基因组中成串联重复排列, 它们可能是进化过程中基因复制的结果. 进一步将这些籼稻P450基因的DNA序列同籼稻表达序列标签(expression sequence tags, ESTs)进行核酸序列比对, 为263个可能的籼稻P450s找到了ESTs的证据, 说明这些基因在转录水平上确实有所表达.     

致倦库蚊GSTe1和CYP9J40的时空表达特点

【目的】细胞色素P450单加氧酶(P450)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)是生物降解外源有毒物质的重要解毒酶家族,在昆虫适应杀虫剂选择的过程中发挥重要的作用。以往在致倦库蚊Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus对硫磷抗性研究中,发现了一个Epsilon GST基因(GSTe1)和一个P450 CYP9家族基因(CYP9J40)在抗性品系中高表达。研究它们在蚊虫中的时空表达模式对理解它们的生物学功能有重要意义。【方法】本研究利用实时定量PCR和原位杂交的方法探讨了这两个解毒酶基因在蚊虫中的时空表达。【结果】定量PCR显示GSTe1和CYP9J40在对硫磷抗性蚊虫中的转录水平分别是敏感蚊虫的4.2倍和1.9倍,它们在蚊虫整个生活周期的表达模式相似,均为幼虫期表达量相对较低,从蛹期开始表达量显著升高,到成虫期雌虫达到顶峰,而雄虫与幼虫期表达量相当。原位杂交结果表明这两个基因在肌肉、消化道和卵巢中都有表达,且CYP9J40的表达更广泛,在脑和胸部神经节也有明显表达。【结论】基因表达的发育阶段特异性和广泛的组织分布说明GSTe1和CYP9J40除了参与蚊虫对杀虫剂的抗性,还可能具有其它生理功能,如对雌虫发育有重要的影响。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.