根癌农杆菌介导的金边狗牙根遗传转化条件的优化

为建立根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens,菌(L.)Pers.]最佳遗传转化体系,以葡萄糖醛酸糖苷酶(GUS)基因的瞬间表达率为指标,从愈伤组织继代时间、根癌农杆菌侵染时间、负压条件及光照时间等方面进行了筛选.结果表明,根癌农杆菌介导的金边狗牙根最佳的转化体系是:以继代培养2周的愈伤组织为起始材料,根癌农杆菌介导感染10 min,经负压处理(抽拉20次)并在全光条件下共培养转化.     

发根农杆菌Ri质粒在药用植物生物工程中的应用

发根农杆菌(Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｒｈｉｚｏｇｅｎｅｓ)与根癌农杆菌(Ａ.ｔｕｍｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓ)属于根瘤菌科,均为革兰氏阴性菌[1]。它们在侵染植物后引起的症状不同,含有Ｔｉ质粒的根癌农杆菌在侵染植物后形成冠瘿瘤(ｃｒｏｗｎｇａｌｌ),而含有Ｒｉ质粒的发根农杆菌表现与其不同,它在感染植物后在植物的伤口部位诱发产生毛状根(ｈａｉｒｙｒｏｏｔ)。由发根农杆菌侵染植物诱导产生的毛状根具有生长快、分枝多、根毛多等特点。发根农杆菌Ｒｉ质粒与根癌农杆菌Ｔｉ质粒结构相似,都具有高效率转移的Ｔ-ＤＮＡ区和致病的Ｖｉｒ区…     

Ti质粒对甘薯叶片和愈伤组织的转化

以甘薯(Ipomea batatas)叶片和愈伤组织为材料,分别与根癌农杆菌(Agrobateriuum famefaciens)T_(37)和B_6S_3菌株共培养。然后在MS_0培养基上(含唑啉头孢菌素钠250 mg/L,羧苄青霉素150 mg/L,氨苄青霉素150 mg/L)进行培养,实验结果如下:1.经根癌农杆菌感染后的甘薯叶片和愈伤组织,2～3周后长出新的愈伤组织(表1),而未经处理的则逐渐死亡。两株根癌农杆菌对愈伤组织的转化率明显高于叶片。2.感染后在MS_0培养基上形成的愈伤组     

植物冠瘿瘤与Ti质粒的研究和应用

双子叶植物在接近地面的根茎交界处经常发生一种植物肿瘤。1907年Smith和Townsent发现这种肿瘤是由一种根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefeciens)感染引起的。根癌衣杆菌属于根瘤菌科农杆菌属,为革兰氏阴性杆菌,具鞭毛,能游动,生活在土壤中。当双子叶植物受它感染以后半至一个月就长出一团不规则的帽状结构,称为冠瘿瘤(Crown gall tumors)。这是一种严重影响植物生长的病害。目前已知有93科,643种双子叶植物能感染此病。然而,单子叶植物和裸子植物对根癌衣杆菌不够敏感,发生此病甚少。从植物中分离出来的根癌农杆菌,经接种能使许多双子叶植物诱发肿瘤,最常用的有烟草、番茄、马铃薯、向日葵、豌豆、葫萝卜、落地生根等植物。用刀片在正常植物茎上划一个切口,将农杆菌附着在伤口上,很快就可在切口的部位长出肿瘤组织。     

AcvB基因的发现及表达

被根癌农杆菌感染的植物 ,其部分细胞发生了变异 ,最终形成植物癌。究其原因是由于农杆菌中的 T-DNA转移至植物细胞所致。T- DNA剪切、加工、转移受Ti- DNA中的多个操纵子的共同调控。最近 ,小岛研究室用转座子标记法对根癌农杆菌 (A- 2 0 8株 ) T- DNA转移机能进行了研究 ,发现了 3个位于根癌农杆菌染色体上的 Acv B、chv A、ch VB基因 ,它们在 T- DNA转移过程中担负重要角色。1　 Acv B基因的发现用大肠肝菌 (PJB4 J1)与农杆菌 (A- 2 0 8)在 2 8℃条件下共培养 ,在含卡那霉素 (Kmr)固体培养基上选取单菌落 ,取其菌体分别接…     

植物组织中冠瘿碱合成酶活性检测的一种简便有效方法

由根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)感染引起的植物冠瘿瘤(crown gall)细胞除具激素自养性生长特性外,还具有一类特殊的基因产物,即冠瘿碱(opines)~[3]。常见的冠瘿碱主要有章鱼碱(octopine)和胭脂碱(nopaline)等。催化章鱼碱合成的酶为章鱼碱合成酶(oct-opine synthase),或叫Lysopine脱氢酶[D-(+)-lysopine dehydrogenase,简称LpDH]。催化胭脂碱合成的酶为胭脂碱合成酶(nopaline     

高等植物在发根农杆菌介导下的遗传转化

本文介绍了发根农杆菌的生物学特性、遗传转化的操作技术、RiT-DNA转化体的形态特征以及发根农杆菌转化的利用。与根癌农杆菌不同,农杆碱型发根农杆菌的RiT-DNA含有生长素合成基因、农杆碱、甘露碱合成基因,不含有细胞分裂素合成基因,它的转化体首先是转化根。发根农杆菌介导的植物遗传转化,在次生代谢产物生产,植物抗逆性育种以及细菌与植物进化关系的研究等方面具有广泛的应用前景。     

亚麻下胚轴转化系统的建立

亚麻是重要的纤维和油料作物,建立简易有效的转化系统,利用农杆菌介导的方法引入有用的外源基因具有十分重要意义。已知不同亚麻品种被根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)和发根农杆菌(Agrobacterium rhizogenes)感染的能力差别很大(Zhan XC等 1989)。植物的基因型和农     

Ri质粒转化番茄的初步研究

作者利用具Ri质粒的发根农杆菌(Agrobacterium rhizogenes)PRi 15834,PRiA4和PRi2659,对番茄不同品种的不同外植体进行转化试验。在感染部位诱导出毛状根和再生植株,经检测毛状根及再生植株均含有农杆碱和甘露碱。比较不同菌种诱导毛状根的频率和在不同番茄品种间差异。结果表明:发根农杆菌PRi15834和PRiA4感染番茄诱导毛状根的频率比PRi2569诱导频率高。供试番茄品种中强力米寿和粉白砂,感染效果最好。感染方式以叶盘法和胚轴的直接注射法比较适宜。     

发根农杆菌Ri质粒的分子生物学及其应用前景

发根农杆菌(Agrobacterium rhizogenes)与根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaci-end)均是革兰氏阴性菌,同属根瘤菌科(Rhizobaceae)。根癌农杆菌侵染可以诱使大多数双子叶植物产生冠癌瘤(crown gall),发根农杆菌则可以使植物宿主细胞组织产生毛状根瘤(hairy roots tumors)。土壤杆菌的这一类致病特性早在本世纪初就已被观察     

Conjugation in Agrobacterium tumefaciens in the absence of plant tissue.

A general, reliable conjugation system for Agrobacterium tumefaciens in the absence of plant tissue is described in which A. tumefaciens can serve either as the donor or recipient of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid with reasonable efficiency. Plasmid RP4 was transferred from Escherichia coli to A. tumefaciens and from strain of A. tumefaciens. Both RP4 and the A. tumefaciens virulence-associated plasmids were detected by alkaline sucrose gradients in A. tumefaciens strains A6 and C58 after mating with E. coli J53(RP4). The pathogenicity (tumor foramtion) of strains A6 and C58 and the sensitivity of strain C58 to bacteriocin 84 were unaffected by the acquistion of RP4 by the Agrobacterium strains. Plasmid R1drd-19 was not transferred to A. tumefaciens. Transformation experiments with plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid were unsuccessful, even though, in the case of RP4, conjugation studies showed taht the deoxyribonucleic acid was compatible with that of the recipient strains.     

Specific attachment of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to bamboo cells in suspension cultures.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens was tested for its ability to attach to tissue culture cells of bamboo, a monocotyledonous plant. Phase-contrast microscopy and kinetic experiments with radiolabeled bacteria showed that attachment to bamboo cells was indistinguishable from attachment to cells of dicotyledonous plants. Bacterial mutants defective in attachment to dicotyledonous plants showed similar behavior with bamboo, and extensive washing of the bamboo cells had no effect on the number of bacteria which attached.     

N2-(1-carboxyethyl)methionine. A 'pseudo-opine' in octopine-type crown-gall tumours.

A novel methionine-containing plasmid-determined compound, N2-(1-carboxyethyl)methionine (NCEM) has been identified in crown-gall tumours induced by octopine-type strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. NCEM is probably synthesized by octopine synthase. Cell-free preparations from octopine-type strains of A. tumefaciens can degrade NCEM; however, the bacterium cannot transport the compound into the cell, although these strains can take up and degrade the octopine family of opines.     

Expression of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens chvB virulence region in Azospirillum spp.

Inner membranes of Azospirillum brasilense incubated with UDP-glucose were unable to synthesize beta-(1-2) glucan and lacked the 235-kilodalton intermediate protein known to be involved in the synthesis of beta-(1-2) glucan in Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Rhizobium meliloti. Inner membranes of A. brasilense strains carrying a cosmid containing the chromosomal virulence genes chvA and chvB of Agrobacterium tumefaciens formed beta-(1-2) glucan in vitro and synthesized the 235-kilodalton intermediate protein. No DNA homology to the chvB region was found in different wild-type strains of A. brasilense, but the introduction of a cosmid containing the Agrobacterium tumefaciens chvA and chvB regions yielded strains in which DNA hybridization with the chvB region was detected, provided that the strains were grown under an antibiotic selective pressure.     

Tumor Induction by Agrobacterium tumefaciens: Specific Transfer of Bacterial Deoxyribonucleic Acid to Plant Tissue

When Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells grown in the presence of tritiated thymidine to label specifically the bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are incubated with carrot root tissue for short periods of time, an appreciable fraction of the label becomes firmly associated with the root tissue. Such association is not observed in identical experiments when A. tumefaciens cell ribonucleic acid or protein are labeled. The extent of the retention of thymidine-derived label from bacterial cells by the root tissue in experiments with A. radiobacter and poorly tumorigenic strains of A. tumefaciens is significantly less than that afforded by tumorigenic strains of A. tumefaciens but greater than the level afforded by Escherichia coli. Transfer of DNA-specific label from A. tumefaciens to carrot root discs is not enhanced by treatments designed to provoke lysis of the bacterial cells, nor is it decreased by addition of deoxyribonuclease or excess unlabeled thymidine to the incubation medium. Bacterial cell-to-plant cell contact is necessary for transfer. Unlabeled A. radiobacter cells decrease in a competitive manner transfer of label when mixed with labeled A. tumefaciens cells. These findings suggest that transfer of DNA from A. tumefaciens to plant tissue after binding of the bacterial cells to specific plant tissue site(s) is a necessary feature of the mechanism by which A. tumefaciens provokes tumors in plants and provides an experimental technique of potentially great value in study of the early steps in the process of tumor induction by A. tumefaciens.     

Cytokinin production by Agrobacterium and Pseudomonas spp.

The production of cytokinins by plant-associated bacteria was examined by radioimmunoassay. Strains producing trans-zeatin were identified in the genera Agrobacterium and Pseudomonas. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains containing nopaline tumor-inducing plasmids, A. tumefaciens Lippia isolates, and Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains produced trans-zeatin in culture at 0.5 to 44 micrograms/liter. Pseudomonas solanacearum and Pseudomonas syringae pv. savastanoi produced trans-zeatin at levels of up to 1 mg/liter. In vitro cytokinin biosynthetic activity was measured for representative strains and was found to correlate with trans-zeatin production. The genetic locus for trans-zeatin secretion (tzs) was cloned from four strains: A. tumefaciens T37, A. rhizogenes A4, P. solanacearum K60, and P. syringae pv. savastanoi 1006. Southern blot analysis showed substantial homology of the Agrobacterium tzs genes to each other but not to the two Pseudomonas genes.     

Deoxyribonucleic acid homology and taxonomy of Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, and Chromobacterium

Hybridization experiments were carried out between high molecular weight, denatured, agar-embedded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and homologous, nonembedded, sheared, denatured (14)C-labeled DNA from a strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Rhizobium leguminosarum (the reference strains) in the presence of sheared, nonembedded, nonlabeled DNA (competing DNA) from the same or different nomen-species of Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, Chromobacterium, and several other organisms. Percentage of DNA homology was calculated from the results. The findings are discussed in relation to previous taximetric studies, present classification schemes, and guanine-cytosine content of the DNA. Strains of A. tumefaciens, A. radiobacter, A. rubi, A. rhizogenes, R. leguminosarum, and R. meliloti exhibited a mean percentage of DNA homology greater than 50 with the two reference strains. A. tumefaciens, A. radiobacter, and A. rubi were indistinguishable on the basis of DNA homology, with strain variations for this group involving up to 30% of their base sequences. The remainder of the organisms studied fall into at least six distinct genetic groups: (i) R. (Agrobacterium) rhizogenes, which is more homologous to R. leguminosarum than to the A. tumefaciens-A. radiobacter group; (ii) R. leguminosarum; (iii) R. meliloti; (iv) R. japonicum, which has a mean DNA homology of some 38 to 45% with the reference strains; (v) Chromobacterium, which is as genetically remote from the reference strains as, for example, Pseudomonas; and (vi) A. pseudotsugae strain 180, which has a DNA homology with A. tumefaciens and R. leguminosarum of only about 10%. Since this latter homology value is similar to what was found after hybridizations between the reference strains and organisms such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, A. pseudotsugae should definitely be removed from the genus.     

Genetic transformation of Populus deltoides and P.x euramericana clones using Agrobacterium tumefaciens

The susceptibility of different Populus euramericana (Neva, PE68-022 x P. nigra, 71-060 x P. nigra) and P. deltoides (PE68-022 x P. deltoides) clones to wild-type Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains (A281 and 82.139) was evaluated in an inoculation experiment, and differences in the frequency of tumor formation (0-48) were found. Co-cultivation experiments demonstrated high transformation ability of oncogenic binary A. tumefaciens strains as compared to disarmed strains. Using oncogenic binary strains, transgenic calluses were obtained from all tested clones. The presence of acetosyringone did not influence the transformation frequency of the disarmed strains. Co-inoculation experiments were performed using leaf discs and a bacterial suspension containing both wild-type and disarmed strains. No positive effects on transformation efficiency were noticed in these conditions either. The transformation of tumors and kanamycin resistant calluses was confirmed by DNA analysis.     

A diffusible compound can enhance conjugal transfer of the Ti plasmid in Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

Several octopine strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens were tested for Ti plasmid (pTi) transfer after induction by 400 micrograms of octopine per ml for 24 h. The strains could be divided into two groups, transfer efficient (Trae) and transfer inefficient (Traie); the respective rates of transfer were 0.77 x 10(-2) to 1.14 x 10(-2) and 0.33 x 10(-6) to 9.8 x 10(-6) plasmid transconjugant per donor cell. Transfer efficiencies of Traie strains were greatly increased when the time of induction was 72 h. A diffusible conjugation factor (CF) that can enhance conjugal transfer of pTi in A. tumefaciens was discovered when both Trae and Traie donor strains were induced in the same plate. The evidence indicates that CF is a key factor affecting transfer efficiency of pTi but is not sufficient by itself to induce transfer. Trac mutants can produce CF constitutively, and Trae strains can produce it after induction by low octopine concentrations. The transfer efficiency of Traie strains was greatly increased by adding CF to the induction medium. The thermosensitive strain B6S, which normally cannot conjugate at temperatures above 30 degrees C, could transfer pTi efficiently at 32 and 34 degrees C in the presence of CF. Production of CF is dependent on the presence of pTi but appears to be common for different opine strains; it was first detected in octopine strains, but nopaline strains also produced the same or a similar compound. CF is very biologically active, affecting donor but not recipient bacterial cells, but CF does not promote aggregation. Data suggest that CF might be an activator or derepressor in the conjugation system of A. tumefaciens. CF is a dialyzable small molecule and is resistant to DNase, RNase, protease, and heating to 100 degrees C for 10 min, but autoclaving (121 degrees C for 15 min) and alkaline treatment removed all activity.     

Surface motility and associated surfactant production in Agrobacterium vitis

Aims:  Agrobacterium vitis is the causal agent of crown gall of grapevine. Surface motility (swarming), an important mechanism for bacterial colonization of new environments and a previously unknown behaviour of Ag. vitis , was demonstrated.
Methods:  Surface motility assays were performed on half-strength potato dextrose agar (Difco) containing 0·75% agar. To test for surfactant production, a drop-collapse test was used. Quorum-sensing (QS) negative and complemented mutants were tested for swarming activity.
Results:  Ninety-one Agrobacterium strains representing – Agrobacterium tumefaciens (17 strains), Agrobacterium rhizogenes (14 strains) and Ag. vitis (60 strains) were tested for swarming and production of surfactant. All Ag. vitis strains expressed a surface-related motility. In contrast, none of 17 strains of Ag. tumefaciens or 14 strains of Ag. rhizogenes exhibited this behaviour. Surface motility in Ag. vitis was associated with surfactant secretion; both of which are regulated by a QS system previously associated with induction of a hypersensitive response on tobacco and necrosis on grape. An aviR (belongs to luxR family) mutant was surface motility negative and did not produce surfactant. An avsI mutant (autoinducer synthase) was also surface motility negative and was complemented with an Ag. tumefaciens clone expressing avsI .
Conclusions:  Agrobacterium vitis is able to produce a characteristic swarming phenotype that is regulated by a complex QS system.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  Swarming activity is unique to Ag. vitis among Agrobacterium sp. and may be associated with the ability of the pathogen to colonize grapevines.