种子蛋白质组的研究进展

蛋白质组学是通过对全套蛋白质动态的研究,来阐明生物体、组织、细胞和亚细胞全部蛋白质的表达模式及功能模式。大量可用的核苷酸序列信息和灵敏高速的质谱鉴定技术,使得蛋白质组学方法为分析模式植物和农作物的复杂功能开辟了新的途径。目前,种子蛋白质组研究主要集中在两个方面：一方面是鉴定尽可能多的蛋白,以创建种子特定生命时期的蛋白质组参照图谱;另一方面主要集中在差异蛋白质组,通过比较分析不同蛋白质组,以探明关键功能蛋白。该文综述了近年来种子蛋白质组的研究进展,内容包括种子发育过程中蛋白质组的变化,与种子休眠/萌发相关的蛋白质组、翻译后修饰蛋白质组、细胞与亚细胞差异蛋白质组以及环境因子对种子蛋白质组的影响;并对种子蛋白质组研究的热点问题进行了展望。     

叶绿体蛋白质组研究进展

亚细胞蛋白质组学是近年来蛋白组学研究中的一个热点。通过细胞器的纯化和亚细胞组分的分离,降低了样品的复杂性,增大了相应蛋白质组分的富集,有利于由此分离获得的蛋白质的序列分析及功能鉴定。叶绿体蛋白质组为植物亚细胞蛋白质组学研究中相对全面的一部分,利用亚细胞分离结合双向电泳技术系统地鉴定叶绿体中蛋白质组分是获取叶绿体蛋白质信息、确定其功能的重要技术手段。本文就近年来植物叶绿体蛋白质组涵盖的叶绿体内、外被膜、叶绿体基质、类囊体膜和类囊体腔蛋白的研究进行综述,以全面认识叶绿体蛋白的组成、特点及其在叶绿体生理生化代谢网络中的作用。     

快速发展的亚细胞蛋白质组学

亚细胞蛋白质组是蛋白质组学领域中的一支新生力量 ,已成为蛋白质组学新的主流方向 ,通过多种策略和技术方法 ,一些重要的亚细胞结构的蛋白质组不断的得到分析 ,到目前为止 ,几乎所有亚细胞结构的蛋白质组学研究都有报道 ,而且已经深入到亚细胞器和复合体水平 ;另外 ,不仅局限于对亚细胞结构的蛋白组成进行简单分析 ,而且更注重功能性分析 ,将定量技术和差异分析引入亚细胞蛋白质组学 ,来观察此亚细胞结构的蛋白质组在某些生理或病理条件下的变化 ,这已经成为亚细胞蛋白质组学新的发展方向 .亚细胞蛋白质组学最大的困难在于怎样确认鉴定出来蛋白质的定位 ,是在提取过程中的污染还是真正在此亚细胞结构中有定位 ?这将是亚细胞蛋白质组学需要努力解决的挑战 .文章全面介绍了亚细胞蛋白质组学的最新研究进展 ,阐述了亚细胞蛋白质组学面临的挑战 ,并对亚细胞蛋白质组学的发展方向作了展望 .     

叶绿体蛋白质组学研究进展

蛋白质组分析是鉴定蛋白质种类和功能的有力工具之一。叶绿体作为光合作用的重要细胞器,叶绿体蛋白质组学成为了研究的热点,涉及的领域包括叶绿体的总蛋白质组学、亚细胞蛋白质组学、差异蛋白质组学和蛋白质的功能等。现主要介绍蛋白质组学的常用技术以及叶绿体蛋白质组学的最新研究进展。     

蛋白质组学在病毒致病机理研究中的应用

近年来,蛋白质组学技术成为医学研究的热点。蛋白质组学是高通量的分析正常及病理条件下机体、组织、细胞或亚细胞成分中的全部蛋白质。对不同空间、不同时间上动态变化的蛋白质组的整体进行比较,分析不同蛋白质组之间在表达数量、表达水平和修饰状态上的差异。蛋白质组学分析作为对生物代谢调控分析的技术手段,以病毒为研究的对象和工具,该技术的研究主要集中在新蛋白的发现、致病机理、疫苗的研制及耐药机制等方面。本文主要概述了蛋白质组学在一些动物传染病病毒致病方面研究和应用,分析了蛋白质组学技术对蛋白功能研究存在的问题和未来发展趋势,以便使研究者了解该技术使用的现状,提供理论参考。     

亚细胞蛋白质组学

蛋白质组研究应用了分辨蛋白分离技术、质谱法、生物信息学工具来鉴定生物体蛋白质性质。但由于高等真核细胞的复杂性 ,对其全部蛋白质组进行一步鉴定难于达到。为了分析细胞的全蛋白质组 ,目前提议以亚细胞蛋白质组作为切入点 ,即建立细胞的大分子结构 ,如亚细胞区室、细胞器、大分子结构和多蛋白复合物相应的蛋白质组 ,其优点是减少全细胞分析的复杂性 ,研究结果更具体。本文将介绍在亚细胞蛋白质组方面的已开展研究的概况。1 .细胞膜蛋白质组学在ＳＤＳ ＰＡＧＥ分析中 ,由于膜蛋白提取量少和 /或分辨率差而难以显示 ,这首先涉及膜蛋白自…     

叶绿体的蛋白质组学研究进展

蛋白质组学是以基因组编码的所有蛋白为研究对象,高通量地从细胞及整体水平上研究蛋白质的组成及其功能的新兴学科。在后基因组时代的今天,蛋白质组学的研究正逐渐深入到生命科学的各个领域,21世纪蛋白质组学将成为生命科学中最热门的学科。蛋白质组分析已成为鉴定植物功能的有力工具之一,叶绿体作为比较重要的细胞器,在植物蛋白质组学中已有较多的研究,,随着双向电泳技术的改进和质谱法的出现,并与不断增多的拟南芥、水稻、玉米等植物的序列数据相结合,叶绿体蛋白质组可以被快速鉴定。本文主要介绍了植物蛋白质组学、叶绿体及其蛋白质组学研究技术和研究进展,并对蛋白质组学的研究趋势进行了展望。     

表阿霉素对肝癌亚细胞蛋白质组影响的研究

表阿霉素是临床应用的抗癌药物之一,它干扰DNA的复制和转录,并能诱导癌细胞凋亡。表阿霉素对癌细胞蛋白质表达谱的影响,涉及到表阿霉素药理作用的机制,对此进行研究,有助于抗癌药物作用机制的理解。运用亚细胞蛋白质组学的研究策略,对比分析表阿霉素干预前后,肝癌细胞线粒体、细胞核蛋白质组的表达差异。通过超离心分离纯化细胞器,双向电泳分离蛋白质,图像分析筛选差异表达蛋白,MALDI-TOF-MS分析鉴定蛋白质。从线粒体、细胞核两个亚细胞组分中一个鉴定了15种差异表达蛋白,其中5种在表阿霉素干预后的肝癌细胞中表达上调,10种干预后表达下调。这些差异表达蛋白质涉及到细胞的能量代谢、蛋白质合成、细胞骨架的改变、mRNA的加工成熟、细胞应急状态的形成及凋亡调控等许多方面。     

蛋白质组学技术在感染研究中的应用

蛋白质组学的目标在于阐明特定生物体、组织、细胞或亚细胞结构中全部蛋白质的表达模式和功能模式,其技术平台由高通量的蛋白质分离技术、鉴定技术和生物信息学组成。在许多研究领域,蛋白质组学技术为阐明疾病过程和生命现象的分子机制提供了全面、网络和动态的蛋白质组信息。感染是重要的基本致病因素之一,蛋白质组学的研究策略和技术方法有利于快速分离鉴定病原体蛋白质组、宿主免疫细胞蛋白质组、感染相关蛋白、疫苗候：选抗原蛋白、生物标志物和药物靶标,从而明显加快病原体、宿主反应、感染发病机制以及感染预防、诊断和治疗等相关研究的进程。     

肝癌亚细胞结构的蛋白质组分比较分析

运用亚细胞蛋白质组学的研究策略,分离纯化亚细胞结构,可以提高低丰度蛋白质在双向电泳中检出的数量。通过对比分析肝癌细胞与正常肝细胞线粒体、细胞核蛋白质组的差异表达情况,为肝癌发病机理的研究提供更多、更有价值的信息。以体外培养的人体肝癌细胞QGY-7703与正常肝细胞LO2为研究模型,通过超离心的方法分离细胞的线粒体和细胞核。双向电泳分离线粒体和细胞核的蛋白质,图像分析筛选差异表达蛋白斑点,MALDI-TOF-MS鉴定蛋白质。从线粒体、细胞核的蛋白质电泳图谱中筛选出54个候选差异表达的蛋白质斑点,质谱鉴定出22种差异表达蛋白质,其中17种在肝癌细胞中表达上调,5种在肝癌细胞中表达下调。筛选出的差异表达蛋白质涉及到细胞的能量代谢、蛋白质合成、细胞骨架与核骨架的改变、mRNA的加工成熟及凋亡调控等许多方面,表明癌变细胞的组织结构和代谢状态都发生了很大的变化。     

Concepts and strategies of soybean seed proteomics using the shotgun proteomics approach

ABSTRACT

Introduction: The last decade has yielded significant developments in the field of proteomics, especially in mass spectrometry (MS) and data analysis tools. In particular, a shift from gel-based to MS-based proteomics has been observed, thereby providing a platform with which to construct proteome atlases for all life forms. Nevertheless, the analysis of plant proteomes, especially those of samples that contain high-abundance proteins (HAPs), such as soybean seeds, remains challenging.

Areas covered: Here, we review recent progress in soybean seed proteomics and highlight advances in HAPs depletion methods and peptide pre-fractionation, identification, and quantification methods. We also suggest a pipeline for future proteomic analysis, in order to increase the dynamic coverage of the soybean seed proteome.

Expert opinion: Because HAPs limit the dynamic resolution of the soybean seed proteome, the depletion of HAPs is a prerequisite of high-throughput proteome analysis, and owing to the use of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-based proteomic approaches, few soybean seed proteins have been identified or characterized. Recent advances in proteomic technologies, which have significantly increased the proteome coverage of other plants, could be used to overcome the current complexity and limitation of soybean seed proteomics.     

Rice proteomics: A move toward expanded proteome coverage to comparative and functional proteomics uncovers the mysteries of rice and plant biology

Growing rice is an important socio-economic activity. Rice proteomics has achieved a tremendous progress in establishing techniques to proteomes of almost all tissues, organs, and organelles during the past one decade (year 2000-2010). We have compiled these progresses time to time over this period. The present compilation discusses proteomics research in rice published between 1st April 2008 and 30th July 2010. Progress continues mainly towards protein cataloging deep into the proteome with high-confident protein assignment and some functional significance than ever before by (i) identifying previously unreported/low-abundance proteins, (ii) quantifying relative/absolute values of proteins, (iii) assigning protein responses to biotic/abiotic stresses, (iv) protein localization into organelles, (v) validating previous proteomes and eliminating false-positive proteins, and (vi) discovering potential biomarkers for tissues, organs, organelles, and for screening transgenic plants and food-safety evaluation. The notable achievements in global mapping of phosphorylation sites and identifying several novel secreted proteins into the extracellular space are worth appreciating. Our ever-increasing knowledge on the rice proteomics is beginning to impact the biology of not only rice, but also crops and plants. These major achievements will be discussed in this review keeping in mind newcomers, young, and established scientists in proteomics and plants.     

From protein catalogues towards targeted proteomics approaches in cereal grains

Due to their importance for human nutrition, the protein content of cereal grains has been a subject of intense study for over a century and cereal grains were not surprisingly one of the earliest subjects for 2D-gel-based proteome analysis. Over the last two decades, countless cereal grain proteomes, mostly derived using 2D-gel based technologies, have been described and hundreds of proteins identified. However, very little is still known about post-translational modifications, subcellular proteomes, and protein-protein interactions in cereal grains. Development of techniques for improved extraction, separation and identification of proteins and peptides is facilitating functional proteomics and analysis of sub-proteomes from small amounts of starting material, such as seed tissues. The combination of proteomics with structural and functional analysis is increasingly applied to target subsets of proteins. These “next-generation” proteomics studies will vastly increase our depth of knowledge about the processes controlling cereal grain development, nutritional and processing characteristics.     

Improvements in proteomic metrics of low abundance proteins through proteome equalization using ProteoMiner prior to MudPIT

Ideally, shotgun proteomics would facilitate the identification of an entire proteome with 100% protein sequence coverage. In reality, the large dynamic range and complexity of cellular proteomes results in oversampling of abundant proteins, while peptides from low abundance proteins are undersampled or remain undetected. We tested the proteome equalization technology, ProteoMiner, in conjunction with Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) to determine how the equalization of protein dynamic range could improve shotgun proteomics methods for the analysis of cellular proteomes. Our results suggest low abundance protein identifications were improved by two mechanisms: (1) depletion of high abundance proteins freed ion trap sampling space usually occupied by high abundance peptides and (2) enrichment of low abundance proteins increased the probability of sampling their corresponding more abundant peptides. Both mechanisms also contributed to dramatic increases in the quantity of peptides identified and the quality of MS/MS spectra acquired due to increases in precursor intensity of peptides from low abundance proteins. From our large data set of identified proteins, we categorized the dominant physicochemical factors that facilitate proteome equalization with a hexapeptide library. These results illustrate that equalization of the dynamic range of the cellular proteome is a promising methodology to improve low abundance protein identification confidence, reproducibility, and sequence coverage in shotgun proteomics experiments, opening a new avenue of research for improving proteome coverage.     

Methods and approaches for the comprehensive characterization and quantification of cellular proteomes using mass spectrometry.

Proteomics has been proposed as one of the key technologies in the postgenomic era. So far, however, the comprehensive analysis of cellular proteomes has been a challenge because of the dynamic nature and complexity of the multitude of proteins in cells and tissues. Various approaches have been established for the analyses of proteins in a cell at a given state, and mass spectrometry (MS) has proven to be an efficient and versatile tool. MS-based proteomics approaches have significantly improved beyond the initial identification of proteins to comprehensive characterization and quantification of proteomes and their posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Despite these advances, there is still ongoing development of new technologies to profile and analyze cellular proteomes more completely and efficiently. In this review, we focus on MS-based techniques, describe basic approaches for MS-based profiling of cellular proteomes and analysis methods to identify proteins in complex mixtures, and discuss the different approaches for quantitative proteome analysis. Finally, we briefly discuss novel developments for the analysis of PTMs. Altered levels of PTM, sometimes in the absence of protein expression changes, are often linked to cellular responses and disease states, and the comprehensive analysis of cellular proteome would not be complete without the identification and quantification of the extent of PTMs of proteins.     

Viral proteomics: The emerging cutting-edge of virus research

Viruses replicate and proliferate in host cells while continuously adjusting to and modulating the host environment. They encode a wide spectrum of multifunctional proteins, which interplay with and modify proteins in host cells. Viral genomes were chronologically the first to be sequenced. However, the corresponding viral proteomes, the alterations of host proteomes upon viral infection, and the dynamic nature of proteins, such as post-translational modifications, enzymatic cleavage, and activation or destruction by proteolysis, remain largely unknown. Emerging high-throughput techniques, in particular quantitative or semi-quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics analysis of viral and cellular proteomes, have been applied to define viruses and their interactions with their hosts. Here, we review the major areas of viral proteomics, including virion proteomics, structural proteomics, viral protein interactomics, and changes to the host cell proteome upon viral infection.     

2014蛋白质组学专刊序言

蛋白质组学研究是后基因组学时代最重要的功能基因组学研究之一,与医学生物学、化学、物理学、信息学以及现代技术等关系十分密切。为了检阅近年来国内外蛋白质组学某些重要研究进展,探索其可能的应用范围,讨论其存在的问题,展望其发展前景,特组织出版"蛋白质组学专刊"。本期专刊包括综述和研究论文两部分,内容主要涉及不同物种(包括人类、哺乳类动物、原核生物、放线菌等)蛋白质组学研究、蛋白质组学重要方法学与技术研究(包括串联质谱分析、尿蛋白膜保存法、定量蛋白质组学分折、meta分析等)和蛋白质组功能与应用研究(包括蜘蛛毒素蛋白质组、磷酸化蛋白质组、卵母细胞和早期胚胎蛋白质组、肝脏纤维化蛋白质组、分枝杆菌耐药的蛋白质组等)。