白腐菌及黑曲霉所产的纤维素复合酶对稻草秸秆的生物降解

研究了白腐菌及纤维素复合酶对稻草秸秆的协同生物降解。结果表明,利用黄孢原毛平革菌固态发酵稻草秸秆的过程中,LiP和MnP的最大活力可以达到28.3U/g和12.6U/g,同时,秸秆中的木质素能被有效降解,但纤维素、半纤维素降解率较低。添加黑曲霉所产的纤维素复合酶能有效地促进秸秆腐熟程度。在接入白腐菌培养10天后,每克稻草添加3 IU纤维素酶液并酶解48h可以使稻草秸秆中纤维素降解53.8%,半纤维素降解57.8%,木质素降解44.5%,干物质损失46.3%。此时细胞壁出现大范围破损,整个组织变得松散,秸秆完全腐熟。     

血红密孔菌高产漆酶菌株的筛选及其对烟梗的生物降解

白腐菌是目前已知的唯一能将木质素彻底降解的微生物,而漆酶在木质素分解过程中起着重要的作用,被广泛应用于农作物秸秆或甘蔗渣等多种类型生物质的生物预处理和生物降解。本研究利用白腐菌产漆酶发酵培养基对30株血红密孔菌Pycnoporus sanguineus菌株进行筛选,得到了多株漆酶高产菌株,并研究了血红密孔菌发酵粗酶液和菌丝对烟梗的生物降解条件。研究结果表明:血红密孔菌及其产生的漆酶表现出了对烟梗木质素较强的生物降解能力。在漆酶浓度为40U/mL、温度30℃、pH4.5的条件下处理24h,烟梗中木质素的降解率可达到50.4%,纤维素和半纤维素的降解率分别为17.5%和17.3%;漆酶浓度为5U/mL、温度30℃、pH4.5的条件下处理48h,木质素降解率可达到65.1%。血红密孔菌菌丝也表现出对烟梗较好的生物降解效果,接种培养7d后烟梗中木质素降解率可达30%以上,21d后木质素的降解率可达79.1%,而纤维素和半纤维素的降解率仅为20%和12%左右。本研究不但为生物质材料的生物预处理和生物降解提供了优质的白腐菌及漆酶资源,还为通过烟梗的生物预处理提高烟草梗丝和卷烟品质提供了重要参数,具有一定的应用前景。     

毛栓孔菌XYG422菌株产漆酶发酵条件优化及对玉米秸秆生物降解的研究

利用基础产酶培养基从保藏的9株白腐真菌中筛选得到一株高产漆酶菌株毛栓孔菌XYG422,并通过单因素试验对该菌株发酵培养基及培养条件进行优化筛选,获得较高产漆酶能力,同时研究了该菌株对玉米秸秆的生物降解。研究结果表明:在液体发酵条件下,XYG422产漆酶最适宜碳氮源成分为玉米粉和酒石酸铵,菌株XYG422发酵条件优化后产漆酶酶活显著提升,该菌株最佳发酵培养条件为:玉米粉40g/L、酒石酸铵3g/L、温度30℃、pH 8.0、接种量5个直径1cm的菌饼、转速180r/min,诱导剂吐温-80和2,5-二甲基苯胺在低浓度时对菌株产漆酶有明显的促进作用,菌株产漆酶活性最高可达到41.6U/m L。该菌株表现出了对玉米秸秆较好的生物降解效率,培养60d后,玉米秸秆中木质素、纤维素和半纤维素的降解率依次为83.54%、50.65%和19.53%。     

三种白腐菌及其组合菌种木质素降解酶比较研究

朱红栓菌Trametes cinnabarina、糙皮侧耳Pleurotus ostreatus、黄孢原毛平革菌Phanerochaete chrysosporium是产生木质素降解酶能力强的菌株。对三种白腐菌及其组合菌种产生木质素降解酶能力和行为进行了比较分析和研究。结果表明,最佳培养方式为液体振荡培养;最佳培养基为酵母膏液体培养基。在产漆酶(laccases,lacs)方面,Pleurotus ostreatus和Phanerochaete chrysosporium的组合菌种的酶活最强,在第6天出现峰值,酶活达到450U/L;在产锰过氧化物酶(manganese peroxidases,mnps)方面,Trametes cinnabarina和Pleurotus ostreatus的组合菌种的酶活最强,在第10天出现峰值,酶活达到1050U/L;在产木质素过氧化物酶(lignin peroxidases,lips)方面,Trametes cinnabarina和Phanerochaete chrysosporium的组合菌种的酶活最强,在第8天出现产酶峰值,酶活达到2990U/L。筛选结果表明,组合菌种比单菌种产生的三种主要木质素降解酶的活性强,这为白腐菌高效产酶提供了一条新的途径,并为白腐菌研究领域的后续工作奠定基础。     

白腐菌紫外诱变选育高产漆酶突变株及其产酶条件研究

以白腐菌为出发菌株,利用紫外线(UV)进行诱变,筛选高产漆酶突变菌株。通过测定致死率绘制出发菌株的致死曲线,采用PDA-RBBR平板变色法进行初筛,ABTS检测酶活对突变株进行摇瓶复筛。结果表明:利用15 w紫外灯在照射距离为30 cm,照射时间为120 s,致死率为72.1%的条件下进行诱变处理,获得一株高产菌株,其酶活提高79.54%,经过5代传代培养,未见酶活下降,具有较好的遗传稳定性,进一步研究了初始pH值,接种量和培养基装液量等对诱变菌株产酶的影响,结果表明在最佳的培养条件pH值6.0,15%的装液量于28℃下,酶活达214.9 U/L。     

油菜秸秆混合发酵降解菌的筛选

油菜秸秆含有大量木质纤维素,该类物质结构稳定,不易降解,限制了其工业化应用.通过对10株包括细菌、酵母菌和白腐真菌的菌株产酶能力和特性进行比较,并进行共同培养试验,筛选出5株可共同生长的木质纤维素降解菌BS09、BL、PC、TS和KS.通过对这5个菌株单独发酵降解油菜秸秆的能力考察,结果表明:PC对木质纤维素的降解能力...     

黄孢原毛平革菌抗营养阻遏产漆酶诱变育种及其产酶特性

【目的】筛选能抗营养阻遏产漆酶的黄孢原毛平革菌,论证其产漆酶的确定性及抗营养阻遏产木质素酶的可行性,为白腐菌产酶代谢调控、木质素降解机理的研究奠定基础。【方法】利用重复紫外诱变法,以愈创木酚富氮鉴别培养基筛选目标菌株;比较不同营养条件下菌体生长与产酶动力学差异研究产酶营养调控机理;通过热处理、排除锰离子和加入过氧化氢酶等不同措施论证黄孢原平毛平革菌能否产生漆酶。【结果】3种不同方法均证实选育到的pcR5305和pcR5324菌株在限氮与富氮条件下均能产生漆酶,pcR5305和pcR5324在限氮条件下产漆酶分别达到203.5、187.6 U/L;在富氮条件下为220.6、183.9 U/L,而原菌株pc530在两种条件下都基本不产生漆酶。二菌株产漆酶调控方式不同,pcR5305漆酶产生与菌体生长同步,而pcR5324漆酶产生却受营养氮阻遏。二菌株同时具有抗营养阻遏高产木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)和锰过氧化物酶(MnP)(分别为LiP 1343.2、MnP 252.2 U/L;LiP 1169.5、MnP 172.4 U/L)的能力。【结论】筛选到的黄孢原毛平革菌变异菌株能产漆酶,同时表现了抗营养阻遏产漆酶、木质素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶的能力,具有重要的生产应用与理论研究价值,为白腐菌产酶代谢调控机理研究提供了原始菌株并奠定了良好的基础。     

木质素降解菌株的分离及其降解玉米秸秆过程中产酶特点

【目的】筛选高效降解木质素的菌株,并研究其以玉米秸秆为底物时木素降解酶活性。【方法】本研究以愈创木酚培养基和苯胺蓝培养基从吉林省不同经纬度的自然朽木及腐朽玉米秸秆土壤样品中分离、筛选得到高效降解木质素的菌株,并对其形态学鉴定,通过ITS序列分析构建系统发育树,分析菌株的分类地位。通过秸秆固体发酵过程产生的胞外木质素酶的活性分析,选出高效秸秆降解菌。【结果】筛选出1株高效降解秸秆的真菌,对其进行形态学特征和ITS序列分析,命名为白囊耙齿菌W2(Irpex lacteus W2)。该菌株在4–8 d内产生的锰过氧化物酶(Manganese peroxidase)呈上升趋势,并且在8 d达到峰值86.31 U/mL,与黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)的最高酶活力45.86 U/mL相比,高出了88.20%(P0.01);该菌株的漆酶(Laccase)活力8 d时达到20.60 U/mL,比对照高40.76%(P0.05)。【结论】本研究分离到一株具有较强降解秸秆能力的真菌,初步鉴定为Irpex lacteus W2,具有较强的降解秸秆能力,其降解秸秆过程中产生较高的锰过氧化物酶与漆酶活力。     

木质纤维素酶高产菌株的筛选及其对玉米秸秆降解效果的影响

为了提高玉米秸秆中木质素的降解率,从腐烂的树枝和土壤中筛选木质纤维素酶高产菌株,以秸秆为唯一C源富集培养后,采用PDA-愈创木酚法进行初筛,筛选出产木质素酶真菌5株,然后以玉米秸秆为主要C源进行固态发酵和复筛。结果表明:第5号菌株在发酵玉米秸秆5 d后,使木质素的降解率达到最高(34.95%),粗纤维的降解率达到20.00%,显著高于其他4种菌株(P<0.05),其羧甲基纤维素酶比酶活达到116.35 U/g;10 d后,其木质素酶比酶活达到最高(45.64 U/g)。     

两株戴氏霉对水稻秸秆的降解及产酶研究

本文旨在构建能够高效降解水稻秸秆的戴氏霉组合菌。通过兼容性试验,选取木质素降解菌灰戴氏霉H57.1菌株与纤维素降解菌合川戴氏霉H08.1菌株组合发酵降解水稻秸秆,以失重法和范氏洗涤剂法检测其对秸秆的降解效果,用胞外酶活测定法探索其产酶规律。结果表明,菌株H57.1和H08.1具有良好的兼容性;组合菌H57.1+H08.1对水稻秸秆的降解能力明显高于单一菌株,秸秆失重率高达55.7%,木质素、半纤维素和纤维素降解率分别为48.9%、72.6%和57.0%;对发酵过程产酶情况的分析进一步表明,组合菌H57.1+H08.1降解水稻秸秆的能力与其产酶能力密切相关。     

Azo Dye Biodecolorization Enhanced by Echinodontium taxodii Cultured with Lignin

Lignocellulose facilitates the fungal oxidization of recalcitrant organic pollutants through the extracellular ligninolytic enzymes induced by lignin in wood or other plant tissues. However, available information on this phenomenon is insufficient. Free radical chain reactions during lignin metabolism are important in xenobiotic removal. Thus, the effect of lignin on azo dye decolorization in vivo by Echinodontium taxodii was evaluated. In the presence of lignin, optimum decolorization percentages for Remazol Brilliant Violet 5R, Direct Red 5B, Direct Black 38, and Direct Black 22 were 91.75% (control, 65.96%), 76.89% (control, 43.78%), 43.44% (control, 17.02%), and 44.75% (control, 12.16%), respectively, in the submerged cultures. Laccase was the most important enzyme during biodecolorization. Aside from the stimulating of laccase activity, lignin might be degraded by E. taxodii, and then these degraded low-molecular-weight metabolites could act as redox mediators promoting decolorization of azo dyes. The relationship between laccase and lignin degradation was investigated through decolorization tests in vitro with purified enzyme and dozens of aromatics, which can be derivatives of lignin and can function as laccase mediators or inducers. Dyes were decolorized at triple or even higher rates in certain laccase–aromatic systems at chemical concentrations as low as 10 µM.     

Progress in biopulping of non-woody materials: Chemical, enzymatic and ultrastructural aspects of wheat straw delignification with ligninolytic fungi from the genus Pleurotus

Abstract: During screening of basidiomycetes for wheat straw delignification, considerable lignin degradation with a limited attack to cellulose was attained with Pleurotus eryngii . Straw solid-state fermentation (SSF) was optimized, and the enzymatic mechanisms for lignin degradation were investigated. No lignin peroxidase was detected under liquid or SSF conditions, but high laccase and aryl-alcohol oxidase levels were found. The latter enzyme has been fully characterized in PI. eryngii and it seems to be involved in a cyclic redox system for H₂0₂ generation from aromatic compounds. Results obtained using homoveratric acid suggest that Pleurotus laccase could be involved in degradation of phenolic and non-phenolic lignin moieties. Histological and ultrastructural studies provided some general morphological characteristics of the fungal attack on wheat straw. Whereas a simultaneous degradation pattern was observed in straw treated with Phanerochaete chrysosporium , PI. eryngii caused partial degradation of middle lamella and separation of individual sclerenchymatic fibers. When these straw samples were subjected to refining tests, energy saving after biological treatment was the highest in the case of straw treated with PI. eryngii , which also produced the lowest substrate loss. From these results, a correlation between preferential removal of lignin, separation of sclerenchymatic fibers and pulping properties was provided during fungal treatment of wheat straw.     

Utilization of rice straw for laccase production by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Streptomyces psammoticus</Emphasis> in solid-state fermentation

Laccase production from a novel actinobacterial strain, Streptomyces psammoticus, MTCC 7334 was optimized in solid-state fermentation. The process parameters were initially optimized by the conventional “one factor at a time” approach, and the optimal levels of the factors that had considerable influence on enzyme production were identified by response surface methodology. Rice straw was identified as a suitable substrate for laccase production (17.3 U/g), followed by coffee pulp (15.8 U/g). Other optimized conditions were particle size, 500–1,000 μm (21.2 U/g); initial moisture content, 65% (26.8 U/g); pH of moistening solution, 8.0 (26.9 U/g); incubation temperature, 32°C (27.6 U/g) and inoculum size, 1.5 × 10⁷ CFU (33.8 U/g). Yeast extract served as the best nitrogen source (34.8 U/g). No enhancement in enzyme yield was observed with carbon supplementation. The level of yeast extract, inoculum size and copper sulphate were optimized statistically. Statistical optimization performed using a central composite design resulted in threefold increase in laccase activity (55.4 U/g) as compared to the unoptimized medium (17.3 U/g). The upgrading of fermented rice straw for fodder enhancement is also discussed briefly.     

Production of manganese peroxidase and organic acids and mineralization of 14C-labelled lignin (14C-DHP) during solid-state fermentation of wheat straw with the white rot fungus nematoloma frowardii

The basidiomycetous fungus Nematoloma frowardii produced manganese peroxidase (MnP) as the predominant ligninolytic enzyme during solid-state fermentation (SSF) of wheat straw. The purified enzyme had a molecular mass of 50 kDa and an isoelectric point of 3.2. In addition to MnP, low levels of laccase and lignin peroxidase were detected. Synthetic 14C-ring-labelled lignin (14C-DHP) was efficiently degraded during SSF. Approximately 75% of the initial radioactivity was released as 14CO2, while only 6% was associated with the residual straw material, including the well-developed fungal biomass. On the basis of this finding we concluded that at least partial extracellular mineralization of lignin may have occurred. This conclusion was supported by the fact that we detected high levels of organic acids in the fermented straw (the maximum concentrations in the water phases of the straw cultures were 45 mM malate, 3.5 mM fumarate, and 10 mM oxalate), which rendered MnP effective and therefore made partial direct mineralization of lignin possible. Experiments performed in a cell-free system, which simulated the conditions in the straw cultures, revealed that MnP in fact converted part of the 14C-DHP to 14CO2 (which accounted for up to 8% of the initial radioactivity added) and 14C-labelled water-soluble products (which accounted for 43% of the initial radioactivity) in the presence of natural levels of organic acids (30 mM malate, 5 mM fumarate).     

Induction, isolation, and characterization of two laccases from the white rot basidiomycete Coriolopsis rigida

Previous work has shown that the white rot fungus Coriolopsis rigida degraded wheat straw lignin and both the aliphatic and aromatic fractions of crude oil from contaminated soils. To better understand these processes, we studied the enzymatic composition of the ligninolytic system of this fungus. Since laccase was the sole ligninolytic enzyme found, we paid attention to the oxidative capabilities of this enzyme that would allow its participation in the mentioned degradative processes. We purified two laccase isoenzymes to electrophoretic homogeneity from copper-induced cultures. Both enzymes are monomeric proteins, with the same molecular mass (66 kDa), isoelectric point (3.9), N-linked carbohydrate content (9%), pH optima of 3.0 on 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (DMP) and 2.5 on 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), absorption spectrum, and N-terminal amino acid sequence. They oxidized 4-anisidine and numerous phenolic compounds, including methoxyphenols, hydroquinones, and lignin-derived aldehydes and acids. Phenol red, an unusual substrate of laccase due to its high redox potential, was also oxidized. The highest enzyme affinity and efficiency were obtained with ABTS and, among phenolic compounds, with 2,6-dimethoxyhydroquinone (DBQH(2)). The presence of ABTS in the laccase reaction expanded the substrate range of C. rigida laccases to nonphenolic compounds and that of MBQH(2) extended the reactions catalyzed by these enzymes to the production of H(2)O(2), the oxidation of Mn(2+), the reduction of Fe(3+), and the generation of hydroxyl radicals. These results confirm the participation of laccase in the production of oxygen free radicals, suggesting novel uses of this enzyme in degradative processes.     

不同木质纤维素基质上白腐菌降解特性的研究

通过测定木质素、纤维素、半纤维素和漆酶分泌的变化,研究白腐菌在稻草、木屑、粗纤维素、滤纸、黑液木素基质上的降解特性。结果表明,除黑液木素上白腐菌不能生长外,在前25d,各基质中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素含量呈持续下降趋势,之后,降解速率减少,其中木质素的降解速率大于纤维素和半纤维素的降解速率。漆酶分泌在生长初期呈快速上升趋势,第10d酶活达到最大,第10～20d快速下降,其后基本不变,基质中酶活大小顺序为稻草基质、木屑基质、粗纤维和滤纸基质,显示了木质素存在对漆酶分泌的诱导作用。