中华绒螯蟹幼蟹标准代谢的研究

对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的耗氧率、CO2 排出率及NH3-N排泄率进行了测定 ,并研究了幼蟹的能耗率及能源物质的供能比。结果表明 ,体重 ( 2 70± 1 4 0 )g的幼蟹 ,在水温 ( 2 0± 0 5 )℃时 ,耗氧率、CO2 排出率和NH3-N排泄率分别为 ( 0 4 14± 0 0 91)mg·g-1·h-1、( 0 4 76± 0 12 5 )mg·g-1·h-1和 ( 4 179± 1 171) μg·g-1·h-1;标准代谢的蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂肪提供的能量比为 7 3∶3 8 8∶5 3 9。其耗氧率 (R0 )受水中溶氧水平的影响 ,并与体重(W )呈负相关 (R0 =0 84 0 3W-0 72 6 5)。     

中华绒螯蟹亲蟹的饥饿代谢研究

1998年 10～ 12月 ,对体重为 5 4 .5 9(± 2 .37) g的亲蟹在 2 0 (± 0 .5 )℃温度条件下进行饥饿实验 ,研究了饥饿对中华绒螯蟹亲蟹代谢的影响 .结果表明 ,经过 30d的饥饿处理 ,亲蟹的耗氧率降低为摄食状态的 5 0 .0 % ;CO2 排出率减小为摄食状态的 6 3.4 % ;NH3 N排泄率减小为 5 9.1% .耗氧率和CO2 排出率、NH3 N排泄率的变化差别较大 ,耗氧率的减小可分为 4个阶段 ,而CO2 排出率和NH3 N排泄率的减小仅可分 3个阶段 .与此同时 ,亲蟹的标准代谢水平同样受到饥饿的影响 ,饥饿 30d后 ,由 4 .4 5J·g-1·h-1减小为 2 .36J·g-1·h-1;在饥饿亲蟹的代谢中 ,脂肪消耗最多 ,其次是碳水化合物 .     

栉孔扇贝耗氧率和排氨率的研究

1999年 4～ 6月 ,采用室内实验生态学方法对栉孔扇贝的耗氧率和排氨率进行了研究 .结果表明 ,在适宜的温度范围内 ,栉孔扇贝的耗氧率和排氨率均与温度成正比 ,而与体重呈负相关关系 .在实验室温度 (8～ 2 8℃ )条件下 ,栉孔扇贝的耗氧率为 0 .48～ 9.0 9mg·g-1·h-1,排氨率为 0 .0 5～ 1 0 1mg·g-1·h-1.其中耗氧率在 2 3℃时达到最高值 ,2 8℃时开始下降 ,而排氨率则呈持续升高趋势 .栉孔扇贝的日常代谢明显高于标准代谢 ,耗氧率和排氨率平均值分别提高约 35 .8%和 75 .9% .     

椭圆萝卜螺Radix swinhoei (H. Adams) 对三种沉水植物的牧食选择

报道了2005年7～9月在太湖试验基地进行的椭圆萝卜螺对沉水植物牧食的实验结果.结果表明,椭圆萝卜螺对3种沉水植物的平均牧食率为7.87mg·g-1·d-1,其中对苦草的牧食率最高(13.63 mg·g-1·d-1),马来眼子菜次之(9.66mg·g-1·d-1),轮叶黑藻最低(0.31mg·g-1·d-1),且牧食率与螺规格呈显著负相关.椭圆萝卜螺对沉水植物的牧食具有选择性,喜食苦草而较少选食其他两种沉水植物.椭圆萝卜螺的食物选择性能力与其规格有关,随着生长对沉水植物的选择性加强.探讨了椭圆萝卜螺对沉水植物的选食机理.     

萱草的组织培养与快速繁殖

1　植物名称　萱草 (Hemerocallishybrida)。2　材料类别　茎尖。3　培养条件　 ( 1 )愈伤组织诱导培养基 :MS +6 BA 2 .0mg·L- 1 (单位下同 ) +NAA 0 .2 ;( 2 )丛生芽诱导培养基 :MS + 6 BA 4.0 +NAA 0 .4;( 3)生根培养基 :1 /2MS +IBA 1 .5。以上培养基均附加 3%蔗糖、琼脂 0 .6% ,pH 5 .8。培养温度为( 2 2± 1 )℃ ,光照 1 0h·d- 1 ,光照度为 2 5 .1～ 2 5 .3μmol·s- 1 ·m- 2 。4　生长与分化情况4.1　无菌材料的获得　将清洗干净的萱草茎尖用自来水冲洗过夜 ,在无菌条件下 ,用 75 %酒精消毒1 5s,再转入 0 .1 %升汞溶液浸…     

广霍香的组织培养

1　植物名称　广霍香 (Pogostemoncablin)2　材料类别　嫩叶、嫩枝。3　培养条件　芽诱导与增殖培养基 :( 1 )MS +4PU 30 (四川成都施特优化工厂生产 ) 0 .2 5mg·L- 1 + 3%蔗糖 + 0 .8%琼脂 ;( 2 )MS + 6 BA 0 .5mg·L- 1 + 3%蔗糖 + 0 .8%琼脂。生根培养基 :( 3)MS +NAA 0 .2mg·L- 1 + 1 .5 %蔗糖 + 0 .8%琼脂。上述培养基pH均为5 .8,培养温度为 ( 2 5± 2 )℃ ,光照度为 1 2 0 0lx左右 ,每天光照 1 2h。4　生长与分化情况4.1　不定芽和叶腋丛生芽诱导与增殖　将广霍香嫩枝、嫩叶用自来水冲冼干净后 ,以 0 .1 %升汞表面消毒 1 0m…     

北海道黄杨的组织培养

1　植物名称　北海道黄杨 (Euonymusjaponicuscv .“CuZhi”)。2　材料类别　茎尖和带腋芽的茎段。3　培养条件　 ( 1 )启动培养基 :MS + 6 BA 2 .0mg·L- 1 (单位下同 ) +NAA 1 .0。 ( 2 )分化和继代培养基 :MS + 6 BA 4.0 +NAA 1 .0。上述培养基均添加 3%蔗糖、0 .6%琼脂。 ( 3)生根培养基 :1 / 2MS +IBA 0 .3～ 0 .5 ,添加 2 %蔗糖、0 .6%琼脂。培养基pH值为 6.0 ,培养温度 ( 2 7± 2 )℃ ,光照度 20 0 0lx ,光照时间 1 2h·d- 1 。4　生长与分化情况4.1　外植体来源　在冬季或春季萌芽前取北海道黄杨幼树基部的一年生硬枝 ,用…     

过路黄的组织培养与快速繁殖

1　植物名称　过路黄 (Lysimachiachristinae)。2　材料类别　茎段。3　培养条件　芽生长培养基 :( 1 )MS + 6 BA 0 .5mg·L- 1 (单位下同 ) +IBA 0 .2。增殖培养基 :( 2 )MS+ 6 BA 1 .0 +IBA 0 .2 ;( 3)MS + 6 BA 1 .5 +IBA 0 .5 ;( 4 )MS + 6 BA 1 .5 +NAA 0 .5。生根培养基 :( 5 )MS ;( 6)MS +IBA 0 .1。所用培养基均加 0 .8%～ 0 .9%琼脂、3%白砂糖 ,pH 5 .6～5 .8,培养温度为 ( 2 5± 2 )℃ ,相对湿度 65 %～ 75 % ,光照 1 2～ 1 4h·d- 1 ,光照度 1 5 0 0～ 2 0 0 0lx。4　生长与分化情况4.1　无菌材料的获得　选取秦…     

火炬姜的组织培养和快速繁殖

1　植物名称　火炬姜 (Nicolaiaelatior)。2　材料类别　顶芽、侧芽。3　培养条件　 ( 1 )诱导芽分化培养基 :MS + 6 BA 4mg·L- 1 (单位下同 ) ;( 2 )增殖培养基 :MS + 6 BA 2～ 3+NAA 0 .1 ;( 3)生根培养基 :MS。以上培养基均含 3%蔗糖、0 .5 8%卡拉胶 ,pH 5 .8。培养温度( 2 5± 2 )℃ ,光照度 2 0 0 0lx ,光照时间 1 0h·d- 1 。4　生长与分化情况4.1　诱导芽分化　将火炬姜嫩茎用小毛刷蘸洗衣粉液刷洗 ,在流水下冲洗干净 ,剥去外层叶鞘 ,切成3～ 4cm长的茎段。在超净工作台上 ,用 70 %酒精浸 30s,然后用 0 .1 %升汞溶液消毒 1 5…     

红黄蝎尾蕉的组织培养和快速繁殖

1　植物名称　红黄蝎尾蕉 (Heliconialatispathacv .Red Yellow)。2　材料类别　茎尖。3　培养条件　 (1)启动培养基 :MS +6 BA 10mg·L- 1(单位下同 ) +15 %椰子水 (新鲜上市椰子中的汁水 ) ;(2 )丛生芽继代增殖培养基 :MS +6 BA 3;(3)生根培养基 :MS(无激素 )。以上培养基均含蔗糖 30g·L- 1、琼脂 0 .7% ,pH 5 .5～ 5 .8。培养温度 (2 8±2 )℃ ,光照度 15 0 0～ 2 0 0 0lx ,光照 12h·d- 1。4　生长与分化情况4 .1　无菌材料的获取　 7～ 8月从田间挖取生长旺盛的蝎尾蕉根茎 ,除去叶和根 ,用自来水洗干净后 ,用 0 .1%的高锰酸…     

Alcohol and respiratory and body temperature changes during tepid water immersion

Resting subjects were immersed for 30 min in water at 22 and 30 degrees C after drinking alcohol. Total ventilation, end-tidal PCO2, rectal temperature, aural temperature, mean skin temperature, heart rate, and oxygen consumption were recorded during the experiments. Blood samples taken before the immersion period were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. The mean blood alcohol levels were 82.50 +/- 9.93 mg.(100 ml)-1 and 100.6 +/- 12.64 mg (100 ml)-1 for the immersions at 22 and 30 degrees C, respectively. There was no significant change in body temperature measured aurally or rectally, mean surface skin temperature, or heart rate at either water temperature tested. Total expired ventilation was significantly attenuated for the last 15 min of the immersion at 22 degrees C, after alcohol consumption as compared to the ventilation change in water at 22 degrees C without ethanol. This response was not consistently significantly altered during immersion in water at 30 degrees C. It is evident that during a 30-min immersion in tepid water with a high blood alcohol level, body heat loss is not affected but some changes in ventilation do occur.     

温度对台湾红罗非鱼能量收支的影响

于１９９６年７－８月在盐度为１４的条件下,测定了台湾红罗非鱼（体重２５．３３４－２６．２２５ｇ）在水温为２２、２８和３４℃时的能量收支,结果表明,温度对台湾红罗非鱼的特定生长率,转化效率和最大摄食率均有显著影响,２８℃时上述各值均达到最大,分别为１．７９,６０．０１％和２．５９％Ｂ．Ｗ．ｄ＾－１;对吸收率无显著影响,对于物质的吸收率的平均值为６４．５８％、温度对食物能分配于能量支出各部分的比例有显     

食物水平和初始体重对杂交罗非鱼生长和个体生长分化的影响

将72尾杂交罗非鱼分别养在12个水槽内,每个水槽内养6尾大小不同的鱼(A、B、C、D、E、F),其中鱼A的初始体重为62．69±1．46g,B为56．48±1．30g,C为50．75±1．19g,D为35．56±1．18g,E为31．05±0．88g,F为27。35±0．95g(平均值±标准误)．在4周实验中,实验鱼分别被停食或每天按体重1．5％、3．0％和饱食水平投喂．鱼的特定生长率(SGR)和食物效率(FE)先随食物水平增加而增加,当食物水平超过鱼体重的3．0％后,继续增加投喂量,SGR不再升高而FE明显下降．按体重1．5％投喂的鱼SGR和终体重个体间变异较大．对鱼A而言,食物水平超过体重1．5％后对其SGR无显著影响,但对鱼F而言,食物水平对SGR影响较大．结果表明,杂交罗非鱼的生长和个体生长分化与食物条件和初始体重有关,当食物水平超过体重的3．0％后,鱼的SGR较高,个体生长分化相对较轻．     

Resting metabolism and heat increment of feeding in mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) and Chinese snakehead (Channa argus)

Resting metabolism was measured in immature mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi weighing 42.1-510.2 g and Chinese snakehead Channa argus weighing 41.5-510.3 g at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 degrees C. Heat increment of feeding was measured in mandarin fish weighing 202.0 (+/-14.0) g and snakehead weighing 200.8 (+/-19.3) g fed swamp loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus at 1% body weight per day at 28 degrees C. In both species, weight exponent in the power relationship between resting metabolism and body weight was not affected by temperature. The relationship between resting metabolism and temperature could be described by a power function. The temperature exponent was 1.39 in mandarin fish and 2.10 in snakehead (P<0.05), indicating that resting metabolism in snakehead increased with temperature at a faster rate than in mandarin fish. Multiple regression models were used to describe the effects of body weight (W, g) and temperature (T, degrees C) on the resting metabolism (R(s), mg O(2)/h): lnR(s)=-5.343+0.772 lnW+1.387 lnT for the mandarin fish and lnR(s)=-7.863+0.801 lnW+2.104 lnT for the Chinese snakehead. The proportion of food energy channelled to heat increment was 8.7% in mandarin fish and 6.8% in snakehead.     

Metabolic physiology of the numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus)

The numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus) is unique amongst marsupials as it is exclusively diurnal, feeds only on termites and is semi-fossorial. This study examines the thermal and metabolic physiology of the numbat to determine if its physiology reflects its phylogeny, diet and semi-fossorial habit. Numbats (mean adult body mass 552 g) were able to regulate body temperature at ambient temperatures of 15-30 degrees C, with a body temperature at thermoneutrality (30 degrees C) of 34.1 degrees C. The thermoneutral body temperature was not significantly different from that predicted for an equivalent-sized marsupial. Basal metabolic rate, measured at 30 degrees C, was 0.389 +/- 0.025 ml O(2) g(-1) h(-1), and was slightly but not significantly lower at 82.5% of that predicted for a typical marsupial of equivalent body mass. Metabolic rate increased with decreasing ambient temperatures below 30 degrees C. Patterns of metabolic cycling observed for completely inactive numbats at ambient temperatures below 30 degrees C are likely to be related to sleep phase. Wet thermal conductance of 1.94 J g(-1) h(-1) degrees C(-1) (at 30 degrees C) was 131% of that predicted for a marsupial. Evaporative water loss of the numbat remained constant below the thermoneutral zone (<30 degrees C) at approximately 0.6 ml g(-1) h(-1), only 47.4% of that predicted for a marsupial. It increased to 1.01 +/- 0.16 ml g(-1) h(-1) at an ambient temperature of 32.5 degrees C. The thermal and metabolic physiology of the numbat is generally similar to that expected for other marsupials, and is also comparable to that of termitivorous placental mammals. Thus the reduction in body temperature and basal metabolic rate of placental termitivores is a "marsupial-like" low energy turnover physiology, and the numbat being a marsupial already has an appropriate physiology to survive exclusively on a low energy diet of termites.     

Thermoregulation in the meerkat (Suricata suricatta Schreber, 1776)

Tre of the suricates exhibits a marked diurnal rhythm (mean Tre at night 36.3 +/- 0.6 degrees C and 38.3 +/- 0.5 degrees C during the day). Oxygen consumption is lowest at Ta 30-32.5 degrees C (mean 0.365 +/- 0.022 ml O2 g-1 hr-1); this is 42% below the value expected from body mass. At Ta below the TNZ, oxygen uptake rises rapidly, minimal thermal conductance (0.040 ml O2 g-1 h-1 degrees C-1) being 18% above the mass-specific level. Lowest heart rates occur at Ta 30 degrees C (mean 109.6 +/- 9.8 beats min-1) and oxygen pulse is minimal at Ta 30-35 degrees C with 40-45 microliter O2 beat-1. At Ta 15-32.5 degrees C total evaporative water loss is between 0.46-0.63 ml H2O kg-1 hr-1 and increases markedly during heat stress (to a mean of 5.35 ml H2O kg-1 hr-1 at Ta 40 degrees C). This rise of TEWL is mainly attributable to the onset of panting at Ta above 35 degrees C.     

盐度与体重对台湾罗非鱼耗氧率的影响

在盐度为淡水、7、14、2 1、2 8和 35的条件下 ,测定了 3个体重组 (1.5 7～ 4.87g ,7.0 7～ 18.2 3g和31.5 0～ 5 2 .41g)的台湾红罗非鱼的耗氧率 ,方差分析表明 ,盐度对台湾红罗非鱼的耗氧率有极显著的影响(P <0 .0 1) .体重范围为 1.5 7～ 18.2 4g时 ,盐度 7实验组的耗氧率最高 ,分别为 0 .41mgO2 ·g-1·h-1(1.5 7～ 4.78g)和 0 .34mgO2 ·g-1·h-1(7.0 7～ 18.2 3g) ,体重范围为 31.5 0～ 5 2 .41g时 ,耗氧率最高值出现在盐度 35组 ,为 0 .30mgO2 ·g-1·h-1.耗氧率最低值也因体重范围的不同而出现在不同的盐度 ,体重范围为1.5 7～ 4.78g时 ,盐度 14组的耗氧率最低 ,为 0 .2 8mgO2 ·g-1·h-1,体重范围在 7.0 7～ 5 2 .41g时 ,耗氧率的最低值均出现在盐度 2 1组 ,其中体重范围 7.0 7～ 18.2 3g的最低值为 0 .2 2mgO2 ·g-1·h ,而体重范围31 5 0～ 5 2 .41g的最低耗氧率为 0 .13mgO2 ·g-1·h-1.协方差分析表明 ,盐度和体重对台湾红罗非鱼的耗氧率存在极显著的交互作用 (P <0 .0 1) .     

Effect of high temperature and water stress on in vitro germination and growth in isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin

In non-irrigated agricultural fields in tropical zones, high temperature and water stress prevail during the main cropping season. Natural epizootics of Beauveria bassiana on lepidopteran pests occur during winter. Application of B. bassiana during hot months when pest populations are at their climax may prove an effective management strategy. Therefore, 29 isolates of B. bassiana were tested for their ability to germinate and grow in temperature and water availability conditions prevailing during the pest season in these fields. The effect of temperature cycles with 8 h duration of high temperature fluctuating with 16 h duration of lower temperature (similar to field conditions); low water availability; and a combination of these two stress conditions was studied. Germination and growth assays were done at fluctuating temperature cycles of 32, 35, 38, and 42+/-1 degrees C (8 h)/25+/-1 degrees C (16 h) and in media with water stress created by 10, 20, 30, and 40% polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000). Assays set at a continuous temperature of 25+/-1 degrees C with no PEG in the medium served as controls. Stress was assessed as percentage germination or as growth relative to control. Isolates showing 90% growth relative to the control at temperature cycles including high temperatures of 35 and 38+/-1 degrees C were identified. One isolate (ARSEF 2860) had a thermal threshold above 43 degrees C. At 25 degrees C, all but one isolate of B. bassiana showed >90% growth relative to the control in 10% PEG (-0.45 MPa). Some isolates were found with >90% growth relative to control in medium having 30% PEG with water availability (1.33 MPa), nearly equivalent to that in soils which induce permanent wilting point of plants. When isolates that showed >90% growth relative to the control at both stress conditions, were stressed simultaneously, a decrease in growth was observed. Growth was reduced by approximately 20% at 35+/-1 degrees C (8 h)/25+/-1 degrees C (16 h) and 10% PEG and was affected to a greater degree in combinations of harsher stress conditions. The isolate ARSEF 2860 with a thermal threshold of >43 degrees C showed approximately 80% relative growth at a combined stress of 38+/-1 degrees C (8 h)/25+/-1 degrees C (16 h) and 10% PEG. These findings will aid the selection of isolates for use in field trials in hot or dry agricultural climates.     

Effect of salinity and temperature on germination, growth and ion relations of Panicum turgidum Forssk

Seed germination of Panicum turgidum was significantly affected by salinity levels, temperature and their interaction. Maximum germination was noted in the lowest saline media (25-50 mM) and distilled water at the temperature of 15-25 degrees C and 20-30 degrees C. Seeds germination was substantially delayed and reduced with an increase in NaCl to levels above 50mM. This trend was much pronounced under high levels of NaCl and incubation temperature. Low levels of NaCl (25-50 mM) stimulated shoot and root dry weights of P. turgidum seedlings. However, the highest NaCl levels (>100 mM) resulted in a significant decrease in shoot, root and total dry weights of seedlings. Intermediate degrees of temperature, 15-25 and 20-30 degrees C, resulted in a significant increase in biomass accumulation. The Na+ concentration in shoots and roots significantly increased as NaCl concentration increased. The K+ concentration in roots and K/Na ratio in shoots and roots was significantly reduced as salinity concentration increased. The K/Na ratio was greatly affected by higher NaCl concentration and incubation temperatures.