基于啮食泡沫塑料黄粉虫肠道菌群中聚苯乙烯生物降解的探究

【背景】石油基塑料垃圾污染具有高度的化学惰性而不易分解,严重威胁着生态和海洋环境,筛选其高效降解菌并利用生物法治理塑料污染具有重要意义。【目的】聚苯乙烯是其中一种不能降解且用途广泛的塑料。近期有研究报道黄粉虫幼虫可啮食聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料。本文以啮食聚苯乙烯白色泡沫塑料的黄粉虫幼虫为研究材料,以期从肠道菌群中分离聚苯乙烯降解菌。【方法】分别以聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料与麦麸(对照组)为唯一食物来源饲喂黄粉虫幼虫,经过60 d的驯化,采用多种培养基对幼虫肠道提取液及虫体粪便排泄物进行分离、培养;通过形态学特征观察、扫描电镜与16S rRNA基因、ITS序列分析扩增、测定,根据序列信息构建系统进化树确定菌株的分类地位;将真菌菌种分别接种于加有PS膜片与颗粒的液体培养基中振荡培养,对膜片的力学性能变化进行测定,并对聚苯乙烯颗粒失重率进行计算。【结果】从幼虫粪便中分离的2株好氧菌分别被鉴定为Bacillus anthracis Ames PSI-1和Enterobacter cloacae PSI-2,从肠道中分离的真菌被鉴定为Aspergillus niger KHJ-1;电镜检测PS膜片表面出现大量孔洞,并且膜片疏水性减弱而亲水性增强,膜片的断裂伸长率与拉伸强度等力学性能也显著下降;真菌KHJ-1对PS颗粒的60 d降解测定中,发现PS颗粒由5 g原始重量减少了214.8 mg,失重率为4.29%。【结论】黄粉虫肠道中存在可以降解聚苯乙烯塑料的菌株,具有开发为新型降解聚苯乙烯高分子塑料的潜力。     

取食聚苯乙烯塑料对黄粉虫幼虫肠道微生物群落的影响北大核心

随着塑料在人类社会中的普及,越来越多的废弃塑料及其前体物质被遗留在环境中,且其在自然环境中的降解速度十分缓慢,为此寻找有效的降解途径成为亟待解决的科学问题。【目的】探究利用黄粉虫(Tenebrio molitor)幼虫取食聚苯乙烯对其肠道微生物种群及其代谢路径的响应,以期通过食物诱导寻找一条生物降解和利用聚苯乙烯的有效途径。【方法】以聚苯乙烯为唯一食物来源喂饲黄粉虫幼虫,通过测量幼虫存活率和个体的体重来测定其生长发育情况;通过对其肠道内容物进行16S rRNA基因测序,分析其肠道菌群结构的变化;采用京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)分析法来预测相关功能基因。【结果】取食聚苯乙烯黄粉虫幼虫存活率和体重均下降,聚苯乙烯塑料明显减少;取食聚苯乙烯的黄粉虫幼虫肠道菌群丰度与多样性明显减少,在门水平,取食聚苯乙烯的黄粉虫幼虫肠道的优势菌为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、软壁菌门(Tenericutes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes);在属水平,取食聚苯乙烯的黄粉虫幼虫肠道优势菌为螺旋体菌属(Spiroplasma)、肠杆菌(Enterobacillus)和大肠埃氏-志贺氏菌(Escherichia-Shigella);通过KEGG功能预测,找到与芳香类和烷烃降解功能相关的基因共18种,取食聚苯乙烯组黄粉虫幼虫肠道菌群降解聚苯乙烯相关通路丰度升高,相关基因表达增强。【结论】聚苯乙烯可以为黄粉虫幼虫生长发育提供一定的物质和能量,且能够使其完成一个世代过程;幼虫长时间取食单一食物后,其肠道菌群结构会发生目标性变化,利用KEGG预测能够找到与聚苯乙烯代谢相关的基因,为后续研究工作提供了有价值的依据。     

黄粉虫及其肠道微生物对聚氯乙烯的生物降解作用

【背景】塑料废物的累积是越来越严重的环境污染问题,其中聚氯乙烯(polyvinyl chloride,PVC)作为最常用的塑料之一,其生产与消耗量极大。【目的】基于黄粉虫(Tenebriomolitor)幼虫自然取食塑料的现象,探究黄粉虫及其肠道微生物对聚氯乙烯类塑料的生物降解作用。【方法】通过观测黄粉虫取食聚氯乙烯过程的重量变化、傅里叶变换红外光谱(fouriertransforminfrared spectroscopy,FTIR)、黄粉虫肠道微生物的筛选和高通量测序等方法研究黄粉虫幼虫及其肠道微生物对聚氯乙烯的降解作用。【结果】研究结果表明:仅以PVC作为碳源类营养来源,每200条黄粉虫为一组,共3组,喂养32d后,每组平均取食了0.499±0.023gPVC,黄粉虫平均体重增长0.015±0.002 g。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱检测发现虫粪组分中PVC官能团中的C-C骨架峰明显减弱,表明PVC长链有断裂现象。高通量测序黄粉虫幼虫肠道微生物菌群的结果显示肠道菌群以哈夫尼菌属(Hafnia)、摩根氏菌属(Morganella)、大肠埃希氏杆菌属(Escherichia coli)和未培养肠杆菌属(unclassifiedEnterobacteriaceae)为优势菌群。肠道菌群中哈夫尼菌属(Hafnia)和摩根氏菌属(Morganella)的丰度分别比常规饲养对照增加了35.20%和16.42%。【结论】证明了黄粉虫及其肠道微生物对PVC塑料具有一定的降解作用,且其肠道菌群中哈夫尼菌属(Hafnia)和摩根氏菌属(Morganella)菌株对PVC的利用效率最高,研究结果为"白色污染"的生物降解提供了科学证据。     

大麦虫幼虫取食塑料的研究

【目的】近年来,有关昆虫取食降解塑料废弃物的研究备受关注。本文研究大麦虫Zophobas atratus幼虫取食塑料后的生长发育、肠道内微生物菌群的变化,以及经过肠道后塑料的重量损失和分子量的变化,为进一步研究大麦虫幼虫降解塑料废弃物提供科学依据。【方法】以聚苯乙烯泡沫和聚乙烯发泡棉饲喂大麦虫幼虫,测定其存活率、虫重、化蛹率;使用凝胶渗透色谱法分析经过大麦虫幼虫肠道后塑料的分子量变化;通过Beta多样性、菌群组成、PICRUSt功能预测分析取食塑料后的大麦虫幼虫肠道微生物多样性及其与石油基塑料之间的关系。【结果】取食聚苯乙烯和聚乙烯泡沫塑料25d后,大麦虫幼虫存活率分别为（58.67±4.04）%和（62.5±5.27）%,取食麦麸组的大麦幼虫存活率为（84.5±0.87）%;取食塑料后大麦虫幼虫体重没有显著增加、不能化蛹;经大麦虫幼虫取食后,聚苯乙烯分子量降低,聚乙烯分子量升高;幼虫肠道内与塑料降解相关细菌相对丰度升高;取食聚苯乙烯后,幼虫肠道中芳香烃和烷烃降解基因携带菌得到富集。而取食聚乙烯后,幼虫肠道中芳香烃和烷烃降解基因携带菌并没有被富集。【结论】大麦虫幼虫对聚苯乙烯和聚乙烯有一定的降解能力,但对聚乙烯的降解能力较差,这2种塑料均不能为大麦虫幼虫的生长发育提供足够的营养和能量。     

饲料类型对茶尺蠖幼虫肠道细菌多样性及幼虫存活率的影响

【目的】茶尺蠖是茶园中的重要害虫。研究茶尺蠖寄主食物-肠道菌群-茶尺蠖生长发育三者之间的关系对于茶尺蠖的防治具有重要的理论指导价值。【方法】分析不添加茶叶因子的纯人工饲料和茶树鲜叶对茶尺蠖幼虫的存活影响;用高通量测序技术分析不同饲料饲喂的茶尺蠖幼虫的肠道菌群异同。【结果】取食人工饲料的幼虫死亡率远远高于取食茶树鲜叶的幼虫;取食人工饲料的幼虫肠道细菌多样性和丰富度高于取食茶树鲜叶的幼虫;茶尺蠖幼虫肠道中存在很多促进宿主生长的细菌。【结论】饲料类型影响茶尺蠖幼虫的存活;饲料类型影响茶尺蠖幼虫肠道菌群结构。     

不同因素对六盘山地区甘肃鼢鼠肠道细菌多样性的影响

【目的】研究甘肃鼢鼠肠道细菌的群落结构和多样性,探讨不同环境因素对六盘山地区甘肃鼢鼠肠道细菌多样性的影响。【方法】通过Illumina高通量测序技术,对甘肃鼢鼠的36个盲肠样品进行16S rRNA V3–V4区的高通量测序,分析了肠道细菌多样性、丰度和群落结构,探讨地域、性别和季节等因素对甘肃鼢鼠肠道细菌多样性的影响。【结果】甘肃鼢鼠肠道细菌群落主要包括3个门,其中Firmicutes门占主导地位,其次是Bacteroidetes和Proteobacteri。在属水平,优势菌属分别为Oscillospira、Ruminococcus、Coprococcus和Desulfovibrio等。不同县(区)样品中,彭阳县、隆德县和泾源县三个县的甘肃鼢鼠肠道细菌菌群结构相似度较高,海原县甘肃鼢鼠肠道细菌群落结构在组内相似度高,与其他县(区)相似度低;雌性甘肃鼢鼠肠道细菌群落结构相似性高,而雄性细菌群落结构在样品间差异较大;甘肃鼢鼠肠道细菌菌群多样性秋季显著高于春季,细菌群落结构相似度秋季高于春季。【结论】不同地域、性别和季节因素对甘肃鼢鼠肠道细菌群落结构产生显著的影响,甘肃鼢鼠肠道细菌群落结构和多样性的变化对基于食源的季节性变化具有积极的响应。     

七氟菊酯和溴氰菊酯对棉铃虫肠道菌群的影响

【目的】本研究旨在探究拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera幼虫肠道菌群结构及代谢的影响,丰富对杀虫剂作用机理的认识。【方法】分别对棉铃虫2和3龄幼虫饲喂普通人工饲料(对照组, SS)、含2%七氟菊酯(Ⅰ型拟除虫菊酯)粉剂饲料(七氟菊酯处理组,Te)和含2.5%溴氰菊酯(Ⅱ型拟除虫菊酯)乳油饲料(溴氰菊酯处理组, DM),然后提取3龄幼虫肠道菌群基因组DNA;利用Illumina MiSeq二代高通量测序技术对肠道细菌的16S rDNA的V3-V4变异区进行测序,分析其肠道细菌的多样性和丰富度;利用qPCR验证16S rDNA测序分析结果。取2和3龄幼虫肠道,匀浆后进行Biolog-Eco实验,分析肠道细菌对Eco板上31种碳源的代谢情况。【结果】16S rDNA测序结果表明,棉铃虫3龄幼虫肠道细菌主要是厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和蓝藻菌门(Cyanobacteria)。与对照组相比,溴氰菊酯处理组和七氟菊酯处理组的棉铃虫幼虫肠道细菌的α多样性指数没有显著性改变,但是菌群结构发生了变化：在门水平,拟杆菌门的相对丰度减少,厚壁菌门和蓝藻菌门的相对丰度增加,qPCR验证结果亦支持16S rDNA测序分析的这个结果;在属水平,拟杆菌属Bacteroides、普氏菌属Prevotella和假单胞菌属Pseudomonas等的相对丰度降低,狭义梭菌属Clostridium sensu stricto 1、埃希菌属-志贺氏菌属Escherichia-Shigella和盐单胞菌属Halomonas等的相对丰度增加,其中盐单胞菌属Halomonas的相对丰度显著增加。Biolog-Eco结果表明,与对照组相比,溴氰菊酯处理组中2龄幼虫对羧酸类碳源的代谢能力下降;溴氰菊酯处理组和七氟菊酯处理组中3龄幼虫对DL-α-磷酸甘油、肝糖和L-苯丙氨酸等碳源的利用能力下降。【结论】结果显示,拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对棉铃虫肠道菌群的结构和代谢能力有明显影响,拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂使棉铃虫肠道有益菌的相对丰度下降,而使致病菌的相对丰度增加。短时间拟除虫菊酯处理未造成抗药性菌群的丰度增加。qPCR检测结果与16S rDNA测序分析结果相似。Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对棉铃虫肠道菌群结构和代谢功能的影响不同。     

纯水培养对重金属污染地区红裸须摇蚊幼虫肠道细菌群落多样性及潜在功能的影响

【目的】通过对在重金属污染的天津市渤海湾淡水区域鉴定出的摇蚊耐污种红裸须摇蚊Propsilocerus akamusi进行肠道细菌群落多样性和潜在功能研究,了解生境的变化对摇蚊幼虫肠道细菌群落的影响。【方法】将在受重金属污染的天津市渤海湾淡水区域鉴定到的红裸须摇蚊4龄幼虫用实验室蒸馏水饲养7 d作为实验室培养组,并提取实验室培养组和野外采集组的红裸须摇蚊4龄幼虫肠道细菌基因组DNA,对16S rRNA基因V3-V4区进行高通量测序,将测序结果进行数据质控、序列对比和过滤,分析肠道细菌群落物种组成变化并预测肠道细菌潜在功能。【结果】基于红裸须摇蚊4龄幼虫肠道细菌16S rRNA测序结果共注释到11个门、13个纲、33个目、54个科、71个属、90个种以及105个可操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units, OTUs)。实验室培养组红裸须摇蚊4龄幼虫肠道内细菌群落多样性和丰度较野外采集组下降,两组优势菌门相似,均包含厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)及脱硫弧菌门(Desulfobact...     

取食不同食物对小菜蛾幼虫肠道细菌多样性的影响

【目的】植食性昆虫肠道细菌的组成与其食物密切相关。本研究旨在探究小菜蛾Plutella xylostella幼虫肠道细菌多样性与其取食食物之间的关系以及它们之间相互适应的过程。【方法】本研究选取小菜蛾人工饲料品系(S)及其转寄主到结球甘蓝Brassica oleracea var. capitata、结球白菜Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis和花椰菜Brassica olerocea var. botrytis饲养后第1代(分别为G1C, G1CC和G1WC)和第3代(分别为G3C, G3CC和G3WC)的4龄幼虫,提取小菜蛾肠道细菌基因组DNA,利用Illumina MiSeq二代高通量测序技术,分析其肠道细菌多样性和丰度。【结果】α多样性指数分析发现,取食不同食物的小菜蛾4龄幼虫肠道细菌多样性高低顺序为G1WC>G1CC>S>G1C。在菌群组成上,以人工饲料为食的S样品肠道细菌主要由厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)组成,转寄主植物后的G1C, G1CC和G1WC肠道中厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)相对丰度显著下降,G1C和G1CC小菜蛾肠道中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)相对丰度显著上升成为优势菌群,G1WC肠道中拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)成为优势菌群。在寄主植物上连续饲养3代后,与第1代相比,小菜蛾肠道细菌α多样性指数没有显著性改变,但在结球甘蓝和结球白菜上小菜蛾肠道菌群结构却发生了变化,相比G1C,G3C肠道中芽孢杆菌目(Bacillales)的相对丰度显著下降;相比G1CC, G3CC肠道中放线菌门(Proteobacteria)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)和硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)的相对丰度均显著上升。【结论】取食人工饲料和不同寄主植物的小菜蛾幼虫肠道细菌多样性和群落构成存在显著差异,寄主植物对小菜蛾肠道微生物的结构组成具有重要的影响,且小菜蛾肠道微生物对寄主植物可能存在一个长期适应的过程。本研究为进一步探讨影响小菜蛾肠道细菌变化的因素,以及后续研究肠道细菌与寄主植物之间的互作奠定了良好的基础。     

大分舌蜂不同龄期幼虫及滞育预蛹肠道细菌 群落多样性及其差异

【目的】基于昆虫肠道微生物在宿主健康与调控宿主生长发育中发挥着重要作用,本研究旨在对大分舌蜂Colleles gigas不同龄期幼虫及滞育预蛹肠道细菌群落多样性及其差异进行初步探究。【方法】利用野外采集的大分舌蜂1-5龄幼虫及滞育预蛹,提取肠道内容物细菌DNA进行16S rRNA的V3-V4基因片段PCR扩增,利用IlluminaMiseq二代高通量测序技术进行测序。依据获得的序列数据,利用生物信息学方法分析大分舌蜂幼虫和滞育预蛹肠道细菌的组成、丰度和多样性。【结果】大分舌蜂幼虫肠道细菌菌群共检测到15门,23纲,43目,80科,128属的细菌,其中最主要的门是变形菌门(Proteobacteria)(占93.74%),最主要的目是立克次氏体目(Rickettsiales)(占68.68%),最主要的科是无形体科(Anaplasmataceae)(占68.64%),最主要的属是沃尔巴克氏体属Wolbachia(占68.64%)。Beta多样性分析结果显示,细菌群落变化与幼虫发育有关,显示出低龄组(1-3龄幼虫)、高龄组(4-5龄幼虫)和滞育预蛹组3个水平。Alpha多样性分析显示,滞育预蛹组细菌多样性与高龄组和低龄组的存在显著差异,而高龄组与低龄组间差异不显著。线性判别分析结果显示,滞育预蛹组与低龄组都存在显著优势菌纲,分别是α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)和γ 变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria),而高龄组不存在显著优势纲。在目水平,肠杆菌目(Enterobacteriales)和假单胞菌目(Pseudomonadales)为低龄组优势目,立克次氏体目(Rickettsiales)为滞育预蛹组的优势目。在科水平,肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)和莫拉氏菌科(Moraxellaceae)为低龄组的优势科,无形体科(Anaplasmataceae)为滞育预蛹组的优势科。在属水平,低龄组优势属为肠杆菌属 Enterobacter和不动杆菌属Acinetobacter,滞育预蛹组优势属为沃尔巴克氏体属 Wolbachia。功能基因注释结果也显示出这3个组的特点。【结论】大分舌蜂不同龄期幼虫及滞育预蛹肠道细菌群落存在显著差异,从低龄组向高龄组再到滞育预蛹组,细菌多样性逐步降低,这可能与其进食特点以及肠道微生物驱动对肠道环境适应有关。本研究为土壤筑巢独栖野生蜜蜂肠道微生物研究奠定基础,也为此类野生蜜蜂的保护提供新的角度与方向。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.