污水和污水土地处理系统中各种水质对华西蟾蜍蝌蚪红细胞微核率的影响

本文使用蝌蚪红细胞微核率作为指示器研究明通河污水和用污水土地处理系统处理后水质的致突变性。蝌蚪在各种水样品中暴露7天。采心脏血制片。在对照组中,微核率分别为4.40‰和4.68‰。1/4明通河污水组诱发蝌蚪的微核率是17.01‰。同对照组相比有明显的差异。     

用微核试验研究小枣的抗突变作用

目的:应用微核试验(Micronucleus test,MCNT)技术研究小枣汁对环磷酰胺(CP)的抗突变作用的影响.方法:使用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术进行微核率检测.结果:结果表明,不同浓度的小枣汁对环磷酰胺诱发的蚕豆根尖细胞微核有明显的抑制作用,1号-阳性和阴性对照试验组的微核率分别为52‰、30‰、26‰、16‰、10‰、9‰、70‰、7‰,小枣汁使CP诱发的微核率从52.0±5.3‰降低至9.7±2.5(P<0.001).结论:说明小枣汁对CP诱发的遗传损伤具有明显的修复、保护以及抗突变作用.     

蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术监测十涧湖水质

利用蚕豆根尖微核技术对淮南市十涧湖的水质状况进行检测,选取了4个分别在十涧湖的东、南、西、北方位具有代表性的采样点,测定各采样点水样的蚕豆根尖细胞微核千分率（MCN‰）及污染指数（PI）,并进行了统计分析。结果表明,十涧湖不同区域的水质存在着不同程度的污染,其中湖西区的污染程度最严重,污染指数达到了3.52;而污染程度最轻的是湖南区,其污染指数为1．55。并对造成十涧湖水质污染程度不均衡的原因及水污染的防治对策进行了讨论。     

浊漳河水体污染物对蚕豆根尖细胞的遗传毒性研究

运用蚕豆根尖细胞微核试验技术对浊漳河南段6个代表性样点水体中有机污染物的遗传毒性进行了研究,为浊漳河流域水体污染状况的有效监测提供理论依据.结果显示:(1)浊漳河南段各监测断面的水体有机污染物对蚕豆根尖细胞均产生了不同程度的损伤,表现出细胞微核、断片、染色体桥等多种异常形态,严重时导致细胞坏死和细胞凋亡.(2)6个样点水样处理的蚕豆根尖细胞微核率在21.47‰～64.77‰,极显著高于对照组(P<0.01).(3)各样点水样对蚕豆根尖细胞的遗传损伤程度依次为:王桥>店上>漳泽水库>北寨>黄碾>五阳;在有丝分裂后期,蚕豆根尖中异常细胞最高达70%,且异常细胞比率有随着污染程度增大而升高的趋势.研究表明,蚕豆根尖细胞微核是水质毒理检测的有效指标,其细胞有丝分裂后期异常细胞比率也可作为水质毒理检测的观察指标.     

N_1N'—二甲基甲酰胺对小鼠骨髓多染性红细胞微核出现率的效应

本研究采用微核测定方法来评价N,N′—二甲基甲酰胺(N,N′—Dimethyl formamide简称DMF)对小鼠骨髓多染性红细胞微核出现率的致突变效应。处理结果表明:单次注射不同剂量的DMF,其中1.0mg/kg(体重)剂量组的多染性红细胞微核出现率有明显的上升趋势(4.077‰),当剂量增加到6.0mg/kg时,多染性红细胞微核出现最高峰,微核率为4.374‰,表明该剂量使微核显著增高;随着剂量的继续增加微核出现率反而随之下降。 多次连续注射(每隔24小时注射一次)DMF1.0mg/kg微核出现率为5.204‰,比单次注射相同剂量的微核率高,说明药物有积累的遗传毒理作用。     

表面活性剂、酸雨和Cd^2＋复合污染对蚕豆胚根细胞核的毒性

用蚕豆根尖微核技术研究了Cd^2+单因子以及与表面活性剂、模拟酸雨复合污染时对植物细胞的毒性作用。结果表明,Cd^2+浓度在0～10．0mg·L^-1范围内,对蚕豆胚根细胞微核的形成有强烈的诱导作用,Cd^2+浓度6．0mg·L^-1时的细胞微核率为13．85‰,对照组的微核率为4．53‰,此时污染影响指数(PI)为3．06;当环境中存在表面活性剂LAS1．0mg·L^-1或pH值降到4．5和3．5时,同-Cd^2+浓度下,蚕豆根尖细胞微核率、PI降低,同时伴有核变形,细胞中颗粒物增多,胚根组织不容易分散等症状,根的生长受到抑制,说明表面活性剂、酸雨对Cd^2+的毒性有协同作用。pH3．5的酸雨环境中Cd^2+对蚕豆细胞的损伤程度比pH4．5酸雨环境高,在检测高浓度、强毒性污染物的致突变效应时,应作至少3个稀释倍数,找出蚕豆根尖细胞最高微核率及PI。     

利用蚕豆根尖微核技术监测韶关市区河段水质的研究

利用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术监测韶关市区河段水质污染状况,测定6个断面水样的蚕豆根尖细胞微核千分率(MCN‰)及污染指数(PI),并进行F检验。结果表明,各断面水样均能引起微核率升高,孟洲坝、曲江桥、武江桥、高桥、长坝和十里亭断面的微核率分别为10.73‰、7.94‰、5.98‰、5.85‰、5.78‰、4.45‰,PI分别为3.04、2.25、1.69、1.66、1.64、1.26。按照污染指数划分标准,十里亭断面基本没有污染,武江桥、高桥和长坝断面均为轻度污染,孟洲坝和曲江桥断面属于中度污染。表明除十里亭断面外,其余各断面均有不同程度的污染。     

男性不育患者精液生殖细胞微核率的观察

本文研究人类精液中幼稚生殖细胞的微核率和男性不育的关系。在31例病人中,11例为无精症或多精症患者,其精液缺乏幼稚生殖细胞而未能进行微核测定。在其余的20例中,微核率最高可达122‰,最低为16‰。其中9例的微核率与对照组相比有显著升高,高微核率往往还伴随有减数分裂不分离以及出现高比例的二倍体及四倍体精子。还讨论了生殖细胞微核率增高作为不育症的一个可能病因以及微核测定的临床使用价值。     

微核技术监测广州灵岗河水质污染的研究

水污染已成为全球普遍关注的一个重大问题。为探讨洗水印染企业废水和生活污水排放对环境的污染程度以及对周边生物的遗传损伤,研究利用蚕豆根尖细胞微核监测技术对位于广州番禺区灵岗河段淤泥浸出液和污水引发的环境情况进行了测定。数据显示用灵岗河段污水处理后的蚕豆根尖细胞微核发生率显著大于阴性对照组的微核率,水质污染指数为2．912,初步测定该河段属中度污染。     

表面活性剂、酸雨和Cd2+复合污染对蚕豆胚根细胞核的毒性

用蚕豆根尖微核技术研究了Cd²⁺单因子以及与表面活性剂、模拟酸雨复合污染时对植物细胞的毒性作用.结果表明,Cd²⁺浓度在0～10.0mg·L^-1范围内,对蚕豆胚根细胞微核的形成有强烈的诱导作用,Cd²⁺浓度6.0mg·L^-1时的细胞微核率为13.85‰,对照组的微核率为4.53‰,此时污染影响指数(PI)为3.06;当环境中存在表面活性剂LAS1.0mg·L^-1或pH值降到4.5和3.5时,同一Cd²⁺浓度下,蚕豆根尖细胞微核率、PI降低,同时伴有核变形,细胞中颗粒物增多,胚根组织不容易分散等症状,根的生长受到抑制,说明表面活性剂、酸雨对Cd²⁺的毒性有协同作用.pH3.5的酸雨环境中Cd²⁺对蚕豆细胞的损伤程度比pH4.5酸雨环境高.在检测高浓度、强毒性污染物的致突变效应时,应作至少3个稀释倍数,找出蚕豆根尖细胞最高微核率及PI.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.