獐牙菜亚族植物的系统发育分析

獐牙菜亚族(subtribe Swertiinae)是龙胆科(Gentianaceae)中分类处理较困难的一个亚族。为探讨该亚族各属之间和属内的系统关系,选取了该亚族86种及变种,采用ML和BI方法对样本的叶绿体基因mat K和rbc L片段进行分析,构建了该亚族的系统发育树,用马尔科夫蒙特卡洛算法(MCMC)的分子序列贝叶斯分析推算了该亚族的关键演化时间点。结果显示:①龙胆亚族和獐牙菜亚族各自为单系,且互为姐妹类群;②獐牙菜属、假龙胆属、肋柱花属和喉毛花属均不是单系群,各属的种在系统发育树上互有交叉,特别是獐牙菜属的多个种分别聚到不同的支上,与其它属是并系关系;③獐牙菜亚族49个种在约4 Ma开始形成;④分子数据支持何廷农分类系统对于獐牙菜亚属和多枝亚属的属间划分,部分支持多枝亚属下多枝组和宽丝组的划分;⑤异型花属、獐牙菜属、假龙胆属、喉毛花和肋柱花属的属间分类以及獐牙菜属肉根亚属密花组的系统位置仍需进一步讨论。     

变豆菜属分类、起源与进化研究进展

变豆菜属(Sanicula)是典型的东亚-北美间断分布属,属于北极-第三纪古老区系成分。目前全世界有40种,中国(17种,11个特有种)和美国(22种,13个特有种)是2个分布中心。近年来有关变豆菜属分子系统发育研究表明该属并非单系,不同学者采用了不同的属下分类标准,但属下分类系统和种间界限仍存在争议,特别是药用植物的种类较易混淆。变豆菜属的系统进化研究主要集中在北美Sanicora DC.组及夏威夷Sandwicensis Shan and Constance组的类群,缺少对中国特有种的研究,因此该属的系统位置、起源地、迁移、扩散模式和种间进化关系均不清楚。本文对变豆菜属的分类系统、分类方法、起源和进化的研究进展进行了综述,并提出存在的问题和解决方法。     

基于28S rDNA序列构建侧耳属系统发育树

通过对侧耳属18个分类单元的28S rDNA序列进行分析,构建了侧耳属较为完整的系统发育树。分子系统学资料显示:Coremiopleurotus组和侧耳属内单、二系菌丝系统分别为多系起源的;Pleurotus组单系菌丝种类、被划分在Tuberregium组的具核侧耳和Lentodiellum组的P. levis能够分别与侧耳属内其他成员进行区分;红侧耳、P. calyptratus、P. opuntiae三者关系密切,而金顶侧耳应作为白黄侧耳的种下分类单元。     

基于28SrDNA序列构建侧耳属系统发育树

通过对侧耳属18个分类单元的28S rDNA序列进行分析,构建了侧耳属较为完整的系统发育树。分子系统学资料显示:Coremiopleurotus组和侧耳属内单、二系菌丝系统分别为多系起源的;Pleurotus组单系菌丝种类、被划分在Tuberregium组的具核侧耳和Lentodiellum组的P. levis能够分别与侧耳属内其他成员进行区分;红侧耳、P. calyptratus、P. opuntiae三者关系密切,而金顶侧耳应作为白黄侧耳的种下分类单元。     

基于12S,16S和28S rRNA基因序列的中国小毛瓢虫属系统发育分析

【目的】小毛瓢虫属Scymnus Kugelann昆虫主要捕食蚜虫、蚧虫等害虫,是一类经济上重要的天敌昆虫。目前针对小毛瓢虫属的系统发育研究尚属空白,亚属之间的系统演化关系尚不明确,为了建立合理的分类系统,亟需对小毛瓢虫属的亲缘关系进行研究和探讨。【方法】以华南农业大学馆藏的小毛瓢虫属5亚属共44种为研究对象,采用PCR技术对12S, 16S和28S rRNA基因的部分序列进行扩增;运用MEGA 7.0分析了小毛瓢虫属内12S, 16S和28S rRNA基因的碱基组成,基于K2P模型计算了小毛瓢虫属44种的种间遗传距离;采用最大似然法(maximum-likelihood, ML)和贝叶斯推断法(Bayesian-inference, BI)构建该属的系统发育树。【结果】扩增获得小毛瓢虫属44种的12S rRNA基因序列平均长度为356 bp, 16S rRNA基因序列平均长度为351 bp, 28S rRNA基因序列平均长度为315 bp;序列分析表明,12S rRNA基因的A, T, G和C平均含量分别为38.8%, 43.5%, 11.9%和5.8%, 16S rRNA基因的A, T, G和C平均含量分别为37.6%, 40.3%, 14.4%和7.7%, 28S rRNA基因的A, T, G和C平均含量分别为26.7%, 18.3%, 31.4%和23.5%;基于联合序列分析的种间遗传距离为0.004～0.276,平均遗传距离为0.115。系统发育分析结果表明,小毛瓢虫属为单系起源,而小毛瓢虫亚属Scymnus(Scymnus) Kugelann、毛瓢虫亚属Scymnus(Neopullus) Sasaji、小瓢虫亚属Scymnus(Pullus) Mulsant和拟小瓢虫亚属Scymnus(Parapullus) Yang均为并系起源。【结论】基于12S, 16S和28S rRNA基因序列的小毛瓢虫属系统发育分析显示传统的形态学分类体系与基于分子数据分析的结果部分不一致,这表明应该对该属内各亚属的鉴别特征进行全面检视,筛选并确立各亚属的形态指标,同时也表明该属内的亚属分类单元需重新厘定。     

基于rbcL序列试论鸢尾属部分物种间的系统发育关系

选用叶绿体rbcL基因对鸢尾属植物的分类和系统发育进行了分析。以雄黄兰为外类群,对21份鸢尾属材料和GenBank下载的共49条序列采用最大简约法构建系统进化树,探讨了鸢尾属的分类系统。针对有争议的物种,聚类结果表明：马蔺与白花马蔺关系较远;扁竹兰和蝴蝶花亲缘关系较扇形鸢尾近;细锐果鸢尾和锐果鸢尾亲缘关系近,大锐果鸢尾较之远;四川鸢尾和薄叶鸢尾聚类近;西伯利亚鸢尾系内物种间聚类复杂,亲缘关系不清楚。     

世界蓑藓属（Macromitrium,Bryophyta）植物分类修订与系统发育研究：历史、现状和问题

蓑藓属(Macromitrium Brid.)是藓类植物中分类最困难的类群之一。先后该属记录946个种,现接受351个种。目前中美洲、亚洲、澳大利亚、新西兰等地区的蓑藓属植物基本完成了分类修订,而南美洲、非洲中部、马达加斯加等地区的蓑藓属植物尚未进行系统的分类修订。蓑藓属的属下分类系统问题众多,先后在该属下建立了10个亚属、20个组和2个亚组,目前接受的有4个亚属和8个组,但是这些类群之间的分类地位和关系仍然不清。鉴于蓑藓属种数多,种间分类问题多,分布广泛,需要开展国际间的合作才能够解决世界蓑藓属的分类修订和系统学研究。     

鸢尾属部分种种子微形态特征与系统演化关系

用HITACHI S-520型扫描电子显微镜对鸢尾属植物10个种及1变种、1外类群的种子微形态进行观察、比较分析,探讨了鸢尾属植物部分种种子微形态特征分类学意义及系统演化关系。结果表明：鸢尾属植物种子表面微形态特征具有种的稳定性,与分布区无关;同一种的种子凹、凸面微形态差异很大,同一类群比较时应选择相同部位观察。所研究的鸢尾种都为网状（网纹或负网纹）文饰,种间差异明显,微形态特征可用于鸢尾属间、属下系的等级划分,但不适于种下等级鉴别。研究给出了鸢尾属植物种子表面纹饰的系统进化关系,证明了种子表面微形态对鸢尾属植物分类及系统演化关系具有重要意义。     

盔唇瓢虫族（鞘翅目：瓢虫科）系统分类研究进展

盔唇瓢虫族昆虫是瓢虫科中一类重要的捕食性天敌,主要捕食介壳虫,是该类害虫的重要生物防治天敌。盔唇瓢虫族昆虫研究历史悠久,目前世界盔唇瓢虫族包括22属超过280种,其中有9属42种分布在中国。该族许多属建立时间早,鉴别特征的原始描述不够详细,导致属间界定模糊,属的地位时常受到质疑且变动频繁。一些种类丰富,形态多变、且分布广泛的属如盔唇瓢虫属、光缘瓢虫属仍缺少世界性的订正研究。随着瓢虫科分子系统发育研究的开展,瓢虫科经典分类系统受到了较大的挑战,而盔唇瓢虫亚科已被证实为非单系起源的类群。目前,将盔唇瓢虫族归入瓢虫亚科得到绝大多数瓢虫科分子系统发育研究的支持,但与其它类群的亲缘关系仍存争议。尽管已有研究对盔唇瓢虫族现存所有属的系统发育关系进行了分析,但部分类群缺少分子数据,导致这些类群在该族系统发育关系中的位置并不明确。本文回顾了国内外盔唇瓢虫族的分类历史,记述了目前该族在瓢虫科的分类地位以及族下系统发育关系进展,最后对盔唇瓢虫族分类研究存在的问题及未来研究进行了展望。     

基于ITS序列探讨忍冬属的系统发育关系

以七子花(Heptacodium miconioides)为外类群,运用MEGA软件对20种忍冬属植物进行系统发育分析,采用邻接法(NJ)和最大简约法(MP)构建系统发育树,从分子系统学角度探讨忍冬属下的亲缘关系.结果表明:(1)在NJ和MP系统树中,没有形成系统树的基部分支,忍冬亚属(Subg.Chamaecerasus)和轮花亚属(Subg.Lonicera)没有形成姐妹群关系.(2)在各系统树中,囊管组内的各种没有聚为一支,故认为对囊管组的划分应进一步探讨.(3)忍冬属ITS区(ITS1+ITS2)的信息位点达到11.0%,信息位点比较丰富,证明ITS序列可以为解决忍冬属植物的系统发育问题提供较强的证据.     

甘肃省小陇山地区鸢尾属植物资源调查及2个新记录种

本文报道了甘肃小陇山地区鸢尾科（Iridaceae）鸢尾属（Iris L.）植物2个新分布记录种：长柄鸢尾（Iris henryi Baker）和薄叶鸢尾（Iris leptophylla Lingelsh.）。通过整理重新编制了小陇山地区鸢尾属植物的分种检索表。两种植物的发现进一步丰富了鸢尾属在全国的分布格局和本属在秦岭地区的种类,并为小陇山地区的物种多样性研究提供了新的分布信息。凭证标本存放于陇南师范高等专科学校植物标本室。     

膜叶铁角蕨属的形态系统学研究

膜叶铁角蕨属隶属于铁角蕨科,全世界约有30种,我国分布有18种,是该属植物的分布中心之一。到目前为止,膜叶铁角蕨属的物种数目和物种分类还存在很大争议,一些物种的界限和定义还模糊不清,为了得到一个自然的膜叶铁角蕨属分类系统,还需要对膜叶铁角蕨属的物种分类做进一步研究。该文在前人研究的基础上,对膜叶铁角蕨属10种植物的形态特征,包括孢子形态特征、叶柄和根状茎上的鳞片形态特征、叶片形态、羽片形状以及叶脉特征等进行详细观察分析,探讨了各个形态特征间的关系以及膜叶铁角蕨属植物的物种分类。结果表明:膜叶铁角蕨属植物的叶片及羽片等形态特征存在很大区别,叶柄和根状茎上的鳞片以及孢子形态的种间差异虽然不大,但其在大小、形状、颜色等方面的细微差别仍可作为部分种类的鉴定依据。该研究结果为膜叶铁角蕨属植物的物种分类及进一步研究提供了重要依据。     

Phytochemical Analysis and Total Antioxidant Capacity of Rhizome,Above‐Ground Vegetative Parts and Flower of Three Iris Species

This study was aimed at investigating the phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity of rhizomes, above‐ground vegetative parts and flowers of three Iris species: Iris humilis Georgi , Iris pumila L. and Iris variegata L. UHPLC‐Orbitrap MS analysis was used for determination of phytochemical profile. Total pigments, phenolics, flavonoids, soluble sugars and starch content as well as ABTS antioxidant capacity were also determined. In total, 52 phenolics compounds were identified with 9 compounds (derivatives of iriflophenone, apigenin C‐glycosides, luteolin O‐glycoside, isoflavones derivatives of iristectorigenin, dichotomitin, nigracin and irilone) never reported before in Iris spp. Differences in phenolic composition profile, pigments, soluble sugar, starch, total phenolics and flavonoids content and total antioxidant capacity were found among Iris species and different part of plants. Significant correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity was determined. The obtained results are comparable with those obtained for medical plants. These findings could be useful for fingerprinting characterization of Iris species and estimation of possible use in pharmaceutical industries.     

瑞香属和荛花属的数量分类研究

瑞香属和荛花属为瑞香科瑞香亚科的落叶或常绿灌木,中国西南部是瑞香属和荛花属的重要分化中心。全世界共有瑞香属95种、荛花属70种,中国分布有瑞香属52种、荛花属49种。瑞香属和荛花属的分类学研究一直存在不同程度的分歧。花盘形状和果实类型在传统分类中一直是区分瑞香属和荛花属的典型特征,而花盘形态和果实类型在2个属中存在交叉和过渡,部分植物分类学家根据这些特征将两个属进行过不同程度的归并。该研究采用数量分类法对瑞香属77种(变种)和荛花属62种(变种)植物,选取32个形态学性状进行聚类分析和主成分分析。结果表明:聚类分析和主成分分析均显示两属均未形成单系类群。在主成分分析中,前3个主成分分析的贡献值为35.56%,传统分类中用来区分两属的花盘形状、叶序及果实类型等特征对前3个主成分贡献相对较小,因此,传统分类学中对这两个属进行区分的性状并没有典型的分类学意义。同时,聚类图和主成分分析得到的散点图均不能将这两个属区分开来。数量分类研究结果显示两属植物存在明显的交叉,支持瑞香属和荛花属不是两个独立自然类群的观点。     

大叶九里香,芸香科新等级组合及生物学特征补述

为理清芸香科(Rutaceae)九里香属(Murraya)中大叶九里香[M. kwangsiensis (C. C. Huang)C. C. Huang var. macrophylla C. C. Huang]与其原变种广西九里香[M. kwangsiensis(C. C. Huang)C. C. Huang var. kwangsiensis]间的系统关系及其分类学地位,采用综合文献查阅、标本鉴定、野外实地调查、栽培观察及显微解剖等多种方法对九里香属植物数个种类进行分类学相关研究。结果发现:大叶九里香在叶片、花、果实等形态特征方面与广西九里香间的差异极大,故将其处理为一个独立的种,并提出新等级组合Murraya macrophylla (C. C. Huang)F. J. Mou; 首次对大叶九里香的形态特征及分布进行详尽描述; 该物种的羽状复叶及小叶均为九里香属中最大者,更接近仅分布于越南的光叶九里香[M. glabra (Guillaumin)Swingle],但其较大的小叶、叶面叶脉下凹且叶片皱缩等特征使其明显不同于九里香属其他种类。大叶九里香是一个独立种而非广西九里香的变种,此关于大叶九里香分类地位的新观点有助于整个九里香属的系统发育关系重建及种间系统关系的深入探索。     

基于淫羊藿属(Epimedium L.)核型似近系数的聚类分析及其系统演化意义

为揭示淫羊藿属(Epimedium L.)植物染色体组遗传与进化,阐明该属植物系统亲缘关系和现代地理分布格局形成。该文对淫羊藿属植物51个分类群(43种、1亚种、6变种和1个栽培品种)和2种温哥华属(Vancouveria Morren et Decne.)植物的根尖进行了有丝分裂中期染色体核型分析,并运用核型似近系数聚类分析方法对这53个分类群植物的核型进行了聚类研究。结果表明:所有种类的染色体数均为12,二倍体(2n=2x=12),第1对同源染色体均为随体染色体,核型均为Stebbins的2A或1A型。可见,淫羊藿属植物染色体组在遗传进化中确实较为保守,种间核型非常相似。核型似近系数聚类分析为淫羊藿属植物系统进化研究提供了一些明显的线索。分析结果完全支持该属属下两个亚属(Subgen.Rhizophyllum和Subgen.Epimedium)的划分。亚属Epimedium的核型似近系数聚类结果显示,该类群物种间的系统亲缘关系与地理分布密切相关。核型似近系数分析结果还发现,来自东亚地区的淫羊藿属植物染色体组具有明显的变异,显示了更高的遗传多样性。基于上述研究结果,推断了淫羊藿属植物现代地理分布格局的形成过程。该研究结果可为淫羊藿属植物的资源利用、系统分类和遗传演化等领域的研究提供参考。     

鸢尾属（Iris）植物叶片表皮微形态特征的研究

对12种鸢尾叶片的表皮特征进行了观察和研究,结果表明野鸢尾、单花鸢尾、北陵鸢尾3种鸢尾各自的上下表皮细胞的形状及气孔密度等有明显区别,而其余9种鸢尾叶片各自上下表皮形态均无明显差异。12种鸢尾的气孔类型均属于横列型,且气孔均是随机分布,气孔保卫细胞的长轴与叶脉平行,叶脉处无气孔分布。不同种鸢尾之间叶片表皮特征具有显著差异,可为鸢尾属植物的分类提供依据。     

At Least 23 Genera Instead of One: The Case of Iris L. s.l. (Iridaceae)

Background

Iris L. s.l. is one of the most diverse and well-known genera in the Asparagales, with approximately 250–300 circumscribed species and significant economic impact. The taxonomy of the genus has suffered dramatic changes in the last century, particularly in the last decades after the application of molecular techniques. As a result several contrasting systematic arrangements are currently available to taxonomists. Many genera that were split from Iris s.str. in the past, on the basis of morphology (e.g., Hermodactylus, Iridodictyum, Juno, Pardanthopsis, and Xiphion, among others), are now a priori re-included in a very widely circumscribed Iris s.l. (incl. Belamcanda). This resulted in a more heterogeneous genus that is more difficult to define on morphological grounds. Testing congruence between taxonomic treatments and the results of recent molecular studies of Iris has never been performed, mostly due to the lack of proper taxonomic context.

Results

We generated several conventional phylogenies for Iris & outgroups using extensive sampling of taxa (187) and characters (10 plastid loci). We demonstrate that the natural history of Iris, written either as conventional molecular phylogenies or, if viewing in the context of the comparative approach, as a nested most parsimonious hierarchy of patterns, appear to be fully congruent with the narrow taxonomical treatment of the genus, restricted to the rhizomatous “bearded” taxa. The resulting topologies place Belamcanda, Pardanthopsis, and Gattenhofia as sisters to Iris s.str. and genus Siphonostylis as sister to Iris s.l.

Conclusion

The present study clearly justifies the splitting of Iris s.l. into at least 23 genera, 18 of which have already been accepted in the past by numerous authorities. These genera are characterized by unique combinations of partly overlapping morphological characters and biogeography. Moreover, nearly the same entities, which we here recognize at a generic rank, were for centuries frequently referred to by horticulturists as “working-name” groups.     

The Comparative Analysis of Carboxylic Acid Composition of Four Iris Species from Ukraine

The present article reports results of analysis of carboxylic acids in leaves of Iris species from Ukraine using a gas chromatography (GC) method with mass spectrometric (MS) detection (GC/MS). Carboxylic acids play significant roles in contemporary society as evidenced by multiple applications in fields of medicine, agriculture, pharmacy, food, and other industries. Study of natural plant products as a source of organic acids is of particular interest. Carboxylic acid composition of leaves of Iris hungarica Waldst. & Kit., Iris germanica L., Iris pallida Lam., and Iris variegate L. was studied for the first time applying GC/MS method. The mass spectrums of compounds were matched with NIST and WILEY Libraries. The GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of 26 common acids in the plant raw materials studied. The short-chain carboxylic acids, such as citric (1337.5–12364.4 mg/kg), malic (50.8–4558.0 mg/kg) and oxalic (1199.0–3435.2 mg/kg) acids were contained in significantly high quantity in all samples. Ferulic, p-coumaric and vanillic acids were the most abundant among phenolic acids. α-Linolenic acid was dominant in the leaves of I. germanica (869.5 mg/kg), I. pallida (753.3 mg/kg), and I. variegate (250.3 mg/kg) among polyunsaturated fatty acids, however, linoleic acid prevailed in the plant raw material of I. hungarica (1150.7 mg/kg). Since the leaves of Iris species studied contain carboxylic acids with diverse pharmacological activity, extracts of these raw materials are perspective for development food supplements and medicines.     

Mitochondrial DNA diversity and taxa delineation in the land snails of the Iberus gualtieranus (Pulmonata,Helicidae) complex

Iberus gualtieranus is a species complex of land snails that is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. The species taxonomy of the group is based merely on the basis of shell morphology, but validity of the existing taxonomy is uncertain. Using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) data (cytochrome oxidase I and 16S rRNA sequences) we were able to validate the observed phylogenetic taxa within the I. gualtieranus s.l. complex by means of the analysis of specimens of the different morphospecies, together with the study of topotypes. Strong incongruences were obtained between morphology and molecular data. The Iberus alonensis morphospecies comprised several genetically divergent but morphologically cryptic lineages. Considering (1) the allopatric distribution of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs), (2) the morphological differentiation, (3) the possible occurrence of hybridization among the different lineages, and (4) the strong differentiation of the mtDNA phylogroups, we suggest the main lineages obtained, for the time being, may be treated as evolutionary species. The robust phylogenetic reconstruction obtained allows us to consider I. alonensis s.s., Iberus campesinus, Iberus carthaginiensis, and Iberus gualtieranus s.s. as valid species. Two additional unnominated taxa of the alonensis shell type have also been identified. Further subdivisions are also considered, including Iberus gualtieranus mariae and Iberus gualtieranus ornatissimus. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 154 , 722–737.