传染性法氏囊病病毒 VP2/4/3-ChIL-2融合基因DNA疫苗免疫原性研究

应用重叠延伸剪切技术(splicing by overlapping extension,SOE),经3次PCR将传染性法氏囊病病毒(infectiousbursal disease virus,IBDV)多聚蛋白(VP2/4/3)基因和鸡白细胞介素2(Chicken IL-2,ChIL-2)基因进行融合,定向插入真核表达载体pCI的CMV启动子下游,获得重组质粒pCI-VP2/4/3-IL-2和pCI-IL-2-VP2/4/3。将其制备成DNA疫苗,肌肉注射14日龄非免疫鸡,2周后加强免疫,定期测定鸡抗IBDV血清ELISA抗体效价及病毒中和抗体效价。加强免疫后3周用IBDV标准强毒株攻击,连续观察3天后全部扑杀,计算保护率及囊体比,并进行组织病理学检查。结果表明:1)融合基因重组质粒pCI-VP2/4/3-IL-2、pCI-IL-2-VP2/4/3免疫后能明显增强IBDVDNA疫苗对强毒的攻击保护(保护率分别为83.3%、91.6%),显著高于pCI-VP2/4/3单独免疫对照组(58.3%);2)诱导产生的抗IBDV血清ELISA抗体效价明显增高(P<0.05),同时能提高DNA疫苗诱导产生的中和抗体效价(P<0.05);3)能显著促进鸡外周血液T淋巴细胞增殖反应。上述结果提示:IBDV VP2/4/3与ChIL-2基因融合后发挥了相互协同作用,ChIL-2产生了分子免疫佐剂效应;融合基因DNA疫苗能增强IBDV DNA疫苗的免疫原性,促进了机体特异性免疫应答。     

交联壳聚糖微球固定化β-葡萄糖苷酶工艺研究

目的:以戊二醛交联壳聚糖微球为载体,通过共价连接反应固定化β-葡萄糖苷酶.方法:以固定化酶比活和酶活回收率为目标,采用单因素方法优化固定化工艺、微球制备条件.结果:微球最佳制备条件:2.5%壳聚糖,2%乙酸,7.5%氢氧化钠,氢氧化钠:乙醇(v/v)=1:1.最佳固定化工艺为:0.1g壳聚糖微球在20mL 3%戊二醛溶液中50℃交联2h.加酶量为7 388mU/g干球,25℃吸附24h.固定化酶比活为6 188mU/g干球,酶活回收率为95.4%.结论:交联壳聚糖微球共价连接法可有效固定化β-葡萄糖苷酶.     

壳聚糖携载质粒纳米微球体外转染兔关节软骨细胞的实验研究

目的:研究携载质粒的不同分子量的壳聚糖纳米微球的包裹率和保护DNA的能力,镜下观察其大小和形态,观察其对原代兔关节软骨细胞的转染效率。方法:利用酶消化法消化3周龄新西兰大白兔的关节软骨,贴壁培养原代兔关节软骨细胞。购买相对分子量在5K和800K之间的八种壳聚糖,利用表达增强型绿色荧光蛋白的质粒(pEGFP)作报告基因,通过复合凝聚法制备壳聚糖-质粒纳米微球。琼脂糖凝胶电泳、紫外分光光度计分析不同N/P比值对不同分子量壳聚糖和质粒的结合能力及包封率的影响;纳米粒度仪、透射电子显微镜和环境扫描电子显微镜考察纳米微球的粒径分布和形态;荧光显微镜观察壳聚糖纳米微球介导pEGFP在体外培养的兔关节软骨细胞中的表达情况;流失细胞仪计算具体转染效率。结果:①N/P值为4及4以上时,各分子量的壳聚糖可完全包裹质粒成球;N/P值为2时,分子量为5K、50K、85K仅部分包裹质粒,其余可完全包裹;N/P值为1时,各壳聚糖均与质粒部分包裹;N/P值为0.25时,各壳聚糖均与质粒完全分离。②纳米粒度仪分析得出:N/P值为4时,各分子量的壳聚糖纳米微球的平均粒径均在1微米以下,③透射电子显微镜和扫描电子显微镜均可观察到球形或不规则形的大小不同的微球。荧光显微镜可大致观察到绿色荧光蛋白在软骨细胞内表达的表达情况。④流式细胞仪得出具体转染效率,分子量为170K、250K和800K的壳聚糖纳米微球的转染效率均高于5K、50K和85K的壳聚糖纳米微球,其中800K的壳聚糖纳米微球与脂质体相当(差异有统计学意义,P<0.05)。结论:与脂质体相比,N/P比值为4时,相对分子量为800k的壳聚糖纳米微球可高效转染原代培养的兔软骨细胞,可以作为今后进一步体外、体内实验的首选转染载体。     

免疫刺激复合物(ISCOM)介导的传染性法氏囊病病毒多聚蛋白基因免疫的研究

将传染性法氏囊病病毒（IBDV）ZJ2000株的多聚蛋白（VP2／VP4／VP3）基因插入pCI质粒的CMV启动子下游,构建了真核表达质粒pCI-VP2/VP4/VP3,在Lipofectin介导下转染Vero细胞进行了多聚蛋白的瞬时表达。以免疫刺激复合物（ISCOM）为佐剂制备DNA疫苗,进行不同免疫剂量间、不同免疫途径间、一次免疫和二次免疫间的效果对比试验。结果表明：以肌内和皮内联合免疫法效果最好,而口服和点眼等途径未能诱导足够的免疫反应;大于200μg的剂量DNA疫苗才能产生良好的免疫力;二次免疫的效果明显优于一次免疫。与常规的弱毒疫苗B87和D78相比,DNA疫苗产生中和抗体的潜伏期长、效价相对较低,对强毒攻击的保护率相当。本试验还证实,免疫刺激复合物具有明显提高DNA疫苗免疫效果的作用。DNA疫苗能诱导产生保护性反应,为今后IBD疫苗的研究开创了一条新的途径。     

壳聚糖携载质粒纳米微球体外转染兔关节软骨细胞的实验研究

目的：研究携载质粒的不同分子量的壳聚糖纳米微球的包裹率和保护DNA的能力,镜下观察其大小和形态,观察其对原代兔关节软骨细胞的转染效率。方法：利用酶消化法消化3周龄新西兰大白兔的关节软骨,贴壁培养原代兔关节软骨细胞。购买相对分子量在5K和800K之间的八种壳聚糖,利用表达增强型绿色荧光蛋白的质粒（pEGFP）作报告基因,通过复合凝聚法制备壳聚糖-质粒纳米微球。琼脂糖凝胶电泳、紫外分光光度计分析不同N/P比值对不同分子量壳聚糖和质粒的结合能力及包封率的影响;纳米粒度仪、透射电子显微镜和环境扫描电子显微镜考察纳米微球的粒径分布和形态;荧光显微镜观察壳聚糖纳米微球介导pEGFP在体外培养的兔关节软骨细胞中的表达情况;流失细胞仪计算具体转染效率。结果：①N/P值为4及4以上时,各分子量的壳聚糖可完全包裹质粒成球;N/P值为2时,分子量为5K、50K、85K仅部分包裹质粒,其余可完全包裹;N/P值为1时,各壳聚糖均与质粒部分包裹;N/P值为0.25时,各壳聚糖均与质粒完全分离。②纳米粒度仪分析得出：N/P值为4时,各分子量的壳聚糖纳米微球的平均粒径均在1微米以下,③透射电子显微镜和扫描电子显微镜均可观察到球形或不规则形的大小不同的微球。荧光显微镜可大致观察到绿色荧光蛋白在软骨细胞内表达的表达情况。④流式细胞仪得出具体转染效率,分子量为170K、250K和800K的壳聚糖纳米微球的转染效率均高于5K、50K和85K的壳聚糖纳米微球,其中800K的壳聚糖纳米微球与脂质体相当（差异有统计学意义,P〈0.05）。结论：与脂质体相比,N/P比值为4时,相对分子量为800k的壳聚糖纳米微球可高效转染原代培养的兔软骨细胞,可以作为今后进一步体外、体内实验的首选转染载体。     

斑点叉尾鲖源海豚链球菌Srr蛋白海藻酸钠-壳聚糖口服疫苗的制备及其免疫效果研究

制备海藻酸钠-壳聚糖-海豚链球菌Srr蛋白微球疫苗, 并检测其对斑点叉尾鲙的免疫效果。采用乳化法利用海藻酸钠-壳聚糖包被Srr蛋白, 测定其包封率、载药率及包被蛋白的抗原性; 通过拌饲投喂免疫斑点叉尾鲙, 分为Srr组、Srr微球组、空微球组以及对照组, 间接ELISA法检测免疫后斑点叉尾鲙的血清抗体水平, 试剂盒检测多项血清非特异性指标; 于免疫后第4周利用海豚链球菌攻毒, 计算各组相对保护率, 并通过实时荧光定量PCR检测相关基因的表达量。结果显示, 通过乳化法制得形态为圆形或椭圆形、大小较为均一的微球疫苗, 粒径为(4.26±1.13) μm, 包封率为92.38%, 载药率为19.41%, Western-blot分析表明Srr蛋白微球具有较好的抗原性; Srr微球组的抗体效价峰值出现在第4周, 明显高于其他组, 血清总蛋白、T-SOD以及溶菌酶活力均显著或极显著高于其他实验组, 并获得60%的相对保护率。荧光定量分析结果显示, Srr微球组攻毒后24h和48h各免疫基因表达量均有所上调。Srr蛋白微球疫苗能够提高斑点叉尾鲙抵抗海豚链球菌的能力, 对海豚链球菌起到了一定的预防作用。     

丝素蛋白/壳聚糖复合材料在组织工程中应用的研究进展

丝素蛋白(silk fibroin,SF)和壳聚糖(chitosan,CS)具有良好的生物相容性和可降解性,然而单一组分的SF和CS支架材料的诸多缺点限制了其在组织工程研究中的应用。SF/CS复合材料克服单一组分SF和CS支架的缺点,具有力学性能优良、可塑性好、孔隙率及孔径可调和组分优势互补等特点。多种方法制备的SF/CS复合材料(微米/纳米颗粒、膜、纳米纤维、水凝胶和三维多孔支架)已用于骨、软骨、皮肤、神经、脂肪、心脏和角膜等组织工程或组织损伤修复的研究中。目前,国内外对于SF/CS复合材料在组织工程中应用的研究尚处于起步阶段。主要对SF/CS复合材料的特点、制备方法以及在多种组织工程中应用的研究现状进行了简要介绍。     

共表达PRRSV GP5蛋白和CSFV E2蛋白的“自杀性”DNA疫苗在小鼠体内诱导的免疫应答

为了获得新型双价"自杀性"DNA疫苗,将猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(Porcine reproductive and respiratorysyndrome virus,PRRSV)GP5基因克隆于此前构建的表达猪瘟病毒(Classical swine fever virus,CSFV)E2基因的甲病毒复制子载体疫苗pSFV1CS-E2中.为了增强免疫效果,在密码子优化的GP5基因中插入了泛DR表位(PADRE),在CSFV E2基因后融合伪狂犬病病毒(PrV)UL49基因,获得了6种重组质粒.间接免疫荧光试验显示,PRRSV GP5和CSFV E2基因在瞬时转染的293T细胞中得到同时表达,将6种重组质粒和空载体pSFV1CS分别免疫BALB/c小鼠,用间接ELISA方法检测血清抗体水平,通过基于CSFE/WST-8的淋巴细胞增殖试验和细胞因子ELISA评价疫苗诱导的细胞免疫.结果显示,除pSFV1CS组外,从各疫苗组小鼠血清中均可检测到低水平的针对GP5和E2蛋白的抗体;各疫苗组小鼠脾细胞经CSFV和PRRSV刺激后均能诱导特异性的淋巴细胞增殖:部分疫苗组小鼠脾细胞经CSFV和PRRSV刺激后可分泌较高水平的IFN-γ和IL-4;引入UL49的疫苗组细胞免疫应答显著高于其它疫苗组.结果表明,这些共表达GP5和E2蛋白的自杀性DNA疫苗可以诱导体液免疫和细胞免疫,PrV UL49可以增强其细胞免疫应答.     

壳聚糖球固定化酵母细胞的研究

以戊二醛为交联剂,将壳聚糖球交联引入醛基,然后将交联的壳聚糖球浸泡在酵母细胞悬浮液中,制备了固定化酵母细胞壳聚糖球。以苯乙酮酸为底物,催化合成了D-扁桃酸。最优固定化条件是戊二醛的质量分数w(GA)=1%,酵母细胞与交联壳聚糖球的质量比m(Y):m(CB)0=0.5,交联时间为6h,固定化时间为18h,底物浓度为10mmol/L,在此条件下反应最大转化率和产物光学纯度分别高达67.86%和98.05?。固定化酵母壳聚糖球具有良好的重复使用性和贮存稳定性。     

鸡白细胞介素2增强传染性法氏囊病病毒多聚蛋白DNA疫苗免疫原性的研究

鸡白细胞介素 2(IL-2)基因是新近被确定的非哺乳类IL-2基因。将鸡白细胞介素2(IL-2)基因和传染性法氏囊病病毒 (IBDV)多聚蛋白基因 (VP2/VP4/VP3)分别插入真核表达载体pCI的CMV启动子下游 ,制备DNA疫苗 ,免疫 14日龄SPF鸡 ,14d后二免 ,二免后 3d攻击标准强毒株。结果表明共注射鸡IL 2质粒能明显增强DNA疫苗对强毒攻击 ,保护率达 80 % ;能增强DNA疫苗诱导的中和抗体效价 (P<0.05 ) ;能显著促进鸡胸腺、脾脏和外周血液T淋巴细胞及法氏囊B淋巴细胞增殖反应(P<0.05)。这些结果提示鸡IL 2能明显增强IBDV多聚蛋白DNA疫苗的免疫原性 ,是一种优良的禽类DNA疫苗佐剂。     

甲型H1N1流感病毒在季流病毒、禽流感病毒共感染时变异可能性的验证

目的 甲型H1N1流感病毒A/California/7/2009分别与A/Brisbane/10/07和A/ShenZhen/406H/06共感染小型香猪,预测甲流病毒在与季流H3N2病毒/甲流病毒与禽流感病毒共感染时是否会发生变异.方法 分别将A/California/7/2009(CA7)与A/Brisbane/10/07(H3N2),A/California/7/2009与A/Shenzhen/406H/06(H5N1)对5～6月龄小型猪共感染,小型猪经复方氯胺酮0.1 mL/kg麻醉后进行滴鼻感染,感染后第5天安乐死动物,取动物肺组织作病毒测序分析.结果 A/California/7/2009(CA7)与A/Brisbane/10/07(H3N2)共感染后,A/California/7/2009病毒PB1基因993位G→A突变,PA基因1659位G→A突变,没有氨基酸的变异.A/California/7/2009与A/Shenzhen/406H/06(H5N1)共感染后A/California/7/2009病毒PB2基因1711位T→C突变.碱基的突变未引起氨基酸的变异.结论 A/California/7/2009(CA7)与A/Brisbane/10/07(H3N2),A/California/7/2009与A/Shenzhen/406H/06(H5N1)共感染后在猪的体内没有发生病毒重组、变异.     

Pathogenesis of primary defects in mitochondrial ATP synthesis

Maternally inherited mutations in the mtDNA-encoded ATPase 6 subunit of complex V (ATP synthase) of the respiratory chain/oxidative phosphorylation system are responsible for a subgroup of severe and often-fatal disorders characterized predominantly by lesions in the brain, particularly in the striatum. These include NARP (neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa), MILS (maternally inherited Leigh syndrome), and FBSN (familial bilateral striatal necrosis). Of the five known pathogenic mutations causing these disorders, four are located at two codons (156 and 217), each of which can suffer mutations converting a conserved leucine to either an arginine or a proline. Based on the accumulating data on both the structure of ATP synthase and the mechanism by which rotary catalysis couples proton flow to ATP synthesis, we propose a model that may help explain why mutations at codons 156 and 217 are pathogenic.     

Differentiating N-linked glycan structural isomers in metastatic and nonmetastatic tumor cells using sequential mass spectrometry

In an effort to understand the role of molecular glycosylationin cancer a murine model has been used to characterize and fingerprintmalignancies in established cell lines that manifest all thehallmarks of metastatic disease: spontaneous development, localinvasion, intravasation, immune system survival, extravasation,and secondary tumor formation involving liver, kidney, spleen,lung, and brain. Using astrocyte cell controls, we comparedN-linked glycosylation from a nonmetastatic brain tumor cellline and two different metastatic brain tumor cells. Selectedions in each profile were disassembled by ion trap mass spectrometry(MSⁿ) which exhibited multiple structural differences betweeneach tissue. These unique structures were identified withinisomeric compositions as pendant nonreducing termini of di-and trisaccharide fragments, probably transparent to a tandemMS approach but distinctively not to sequential ion trap MSⁿdetection.     

Carbohydrate-recognition domains of galectin-9 are involved in intermolecular interaction with galectin-9 itself and other members of the galectin family

Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a tandem-repeat-type member of the galectin family associated with diverse biological processes, such as apoptosis, cell aggregation, and eosinophil chemoattraction. Although the detailed sugar-binding specificity of Gal-9 has been elucidated, molecular mechanisms that underlie these functions remain to be investigated. During the course of our binding study by affinity chromatography and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis, we found that human Gal-9 interacts with immobilized Gal-9 in the protein-protein interaction mode. Interestingly, this intermolecular interaction strongly depended on the activity of the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), because the addition of potent saccharide inhibitors abolished the binding. The presence of multimers was also confirmed by Ferguson plot analysis of result of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). Moreover, this intermolecular interaction was observed between Gal-9 and other galectin members, such as Gal-3 and Gal-8, but not Gal-1. Because such properties have not been reported yet, they may explain an unidentified mechanism underlying the diverse functions of Gal-9.     

Detailed glycan analysis of serum glycoproteins of patients with congenital disorders of glycosylation indicates the specific defective glycan processing step and provides an insight into pathogenesis

The fundamental importance of correct protein glycosylation is abundantly clear in a group of diseases known as congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs). In these diseases, many biological functions are compromised, giving rise to a wide range of severe clinical conditions. By performing detailed analyses of the total serum glycoproteins as well as isolated transferrin and IgG, we have directly correlated aberrant glycosylation with a faulty glycosylation processing step. In one patient the complete absence of complex type sugars was consistent with ablation of GlcNAcTase II activity. In another CDG type II patient, the identification of specific hybrid sugars suggested that the defective processing step was cell type-specific and involved the mannosidase III pathway. In each case, complementary serum proteome analyses revealed significant changes in some 31 glycoproteins, including components of the complement system. This biochemical approach to charting diseases that involve alterations in glycan processing provides a rapid indicator of the nature, severity, and cell type specificity of the suboptimal glycan processing steps; allows links to genetic mutations; indicates the expression levels of proteins; and gives insight into the pathways affected in the disease process.     

Interaction profile of galectin-5 with free saccharides and mammalian glycoproteins: probing its fine specificity and the effect of naturally clustered ligand presentation

Cell-surface glycans are functional docking sites for tissue lectins such as the members of the galectin family. This interaction triggers a wide variety of responses; hence, there is a keen interest in defining its structural features. Toward this aim, we have used enzyme-linked lectinosorbent (ELLSA) and inhibition assays with the prototype rat galectin-5 and panels of free saccharides and glycoconjugates. Among 45 natural glycans tested for lectin binding, galectin-5 reacted best with glycoproteins (gps) presenting a high density of Galbeta1-3/4GlcNAc (I/II) and multiantennary N-glycans with II termini. Their reactivities, on a nanogram basis, were up to 4.3 x 10(2), 3.2 x 10(2), 2.5 x 10(2), and 1.7 x 10(4) times higher than monomeric Galbeta1-3/4GlcNAc (I/II), triantennary-II (Tri-II), and Gal, respectively. Galectin-5 also bound well to several blood group type B (Galalpha1-3Gal)- and A (GalNAcalpha1-3Gal)-containing gps. It reacted weakly or not at all with tumor-associated Tn (GalNAcalpha1-Ser/Thr) and sialylated gps. Among the mono-, di-, and oligosaccharides and mammalian glycoconjugates tested, blood group B-active II (Galalpha1-3Gal beta1-4GlcNAc), B-active IIbeta1-3L (Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc beta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc), and Tri-II were the best. It is concluded that (1) Galbeta1-3/4GlcNAc and other Galbeta1-related oligosaccharides with alpha1-3 extensions are essential for binding, their polyvalent form in cellular glycoconjugates being a key recognition force for galectin-5; (2) the combining site of galectin-5 appears to be of a shallow-groove type sufficiently large to accommodate a substituted beta-galactoside, especially with alpha-anomeric extension at the non-reducing end (e.g., human blood group B-active II and B-active IIbeta1-3L); (3) the preference within beta-anomeric positioning is Galbeta1-4 > or = Galbeta1-3 > Galbeta1-6; and (4) hydrophobic interactions in the vicinity of the core galactose unit can enhance binding. These results are important for the systematic comparison of ligand selection in this family of adhesion/growth-regulatory effectors with potential for medical applications.     

Search for glucose/galactose-binding proteins in newly discovered protein sequences using molecular modeling techniques and structural analysis

Sugar moieties serve as specificity markers in a wide variety of biochemical functions, and periplasmic glucose/galactose-binding proteins (GGBPs) serve as the primary receptors for transport and chemotaxis. Recently, complete genome sequencing projects have revealed many open reading frames for such receptors. On the basis of the homology search with the known x-ray structures (PDB ID: 3GBP/1GCA) of a periplasmic receptor protein from Salmonella typhimurium, we selected four putative proteins with amino acid identities between 30 and 48% for the prediction of three-dimensional (3D) structures of the proteins as well as their complexes with glucose and galactose. We could successfully identify the key residues involved in coordination with calcium ion spanning over two loop structures. We calculated the ligand-binding affinities and hydrogen bonding patterns of the modeled structures and compared with those of the x-ray structures. The calculation of free energies of binding of the modeled structures to glucose and galactose in the presence of water suggested that two of four putative proteins can form complexes with dissociation constants in the micromolar range (1-10 microM). Electrostatic potentials on the surfaces near the sugar and calcium-binding sites of the modeled structures were predominately negative as found in case of the x-ray structure. Taken together, our results suggest that the products of two newly discovered genes would serve as receptors for the transport of glucose and galactose.     

N-glycan branching requirement in neuronal and postnatal viability

The structural variations among extracellular N-glycans reflect the activity of glycosyltransferases and glycosidases that operate in the Golgi apparatus. More than other types of vertebrate glycans, N-glycans are highly branched oligosaccharides with multiple antennae linked to an underlying mannose core structure. The branching patterns of N-glycans consist of three types, termed high-mannose, hybrid, and complex. Though most extracellular mammalian N-glycans are of the complex type, some cells variably express hybrid and high-mannose forms. Nevertheless, a requirement for hybrid and complex N-glycan branching exists in embryonic development and postnatal function among mice and humans inheriting defective Mgat1 or Mgat2 alleles. The resulting defects in formation N-glycan branching patterns cause multiple abnormalities, including neurologic defects, and have inferred the presence of distinct functions for hybrid and complex N-glycan branches among different cell lineages. We have further explored N-glycan structure-function relationships in vivo by using Cre-loxP conditional mutagenesis to abolish hybrid and complex N-glycan branching specifically among neuronal cells. Our findings show that hybrid N-glycan branching is an essential posttranslational modification among neurons. Loss of Mgat1 resulted in a unique pattern of neuronal glycoprotein deficiency concurrent with caspase 3 activation and apoptosis. Such animals exhibited severe locomotor deficits, tremors, paralysis, and early postnatal death. Unexpectedly, neuronal Mgat2 deletion resulting in the loss of complex but not hybrid N-glycan branching was well tolerated without phenotypic markers of neuronal or locomotor dysfunction. Structural features associated with hybrid N-glycan branching comprise a requisite posttranslational modification to neuronal glycoproteins that permits normal cellular function and viability.