栗山天牛幼虫天敌白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂的转主寄主研究

在利用白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂Sclerodermus pupariae防治世代周期长、 发育整齐的害虫栗山天牛Massicus raddei中, 我们发现该天敌只在寄主1-3龄幼虫时具有良好的寄生效果, 而对3龄以上的中老龄幼虫基本不寄生。为了了解释放白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂后其种群能否在栎树林间延续下去, 达到持续控制靶标害虫的效果, 我们调查了其在栎树林间的转主寄主。结果表明： 白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂除了寄生栗山天牛外, 还能寄生双簇天牛Moechotypa diphysis、 四点象天牛Mesosa myops和栎块斑吉丁Lamprodila virgata幼虫。白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂寄生不同转主寄主幼虫的成功率差异显著, 对栎块斑吉丁和双簇天牛幼虫的寄生率最高, 分别为76.67%和73.33%。寄生上述4种寄主时, 其雌蜂在不同寄主上的产卵前期、 产卵量及第2代雌蜂出蜂量、 出蜂率、 体长和寿命等差异不显著, 只有幼虫期和蛹期历期及第2代雌蜂有翅率和雌雄性比略有差异。室内模拟林间寄生试验表明, 白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂对双簇天牛和四点象天牛幼虫的寄生率较高。对双簇天牛和四点象天牛野外生活史研究发现, 这2种天牛幼虫在白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂不适宜寄生的栗山天牛中老龄幼虫期、 蛹期和成虫期均大量存在, 表明双簇天牛和四点象天牛是白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂在栎树林中的主要转主寄主。本研究说明, 在利用白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂生物防治栗山天牛中, 白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂在林间寄生栗山天牛的1-3龄幼虫后, 可转移寄生双簇天牛等转主寄主, 以延续其种群, 待下一代栗山天牛幼龄幼虫出现时再转移寄生栗山天牛, 达到持续控制栗山天牛的防治效果。     

赣南花绒寄甲松树林间自然寄生率调查研究

花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides(Fairmaire)是松褐天牛Monochamus alternatus的有效寄生性天敌,为了解花绒寄甲在江西赣南苏区对松褐天牛种群数量的控制作用,开展了花绒寄甲在赣南松树林内自然分布、寄生率及松褐天牛种群情况的调查。结果表明,花绒寄甲在赣南松树林内分布广泛,对松褐天牛的自然寄生率为2.56%-22.41%,平均寄生率为11.74%,其中马尾松纯林的寄生率最高(14.81%),其次马尾松混交林(10.95%),湿地松纯林寄生率最低(2.56%),前两项差异不显著,后者与前两者均差异显著(P0.05);花绒寄甲的种群数量动态与其寄主松褐天牛的种群数量动态是一致的,呈正相关关系(R2=0.8399),花绒寄甲在野外主要以1-2头幼虫寄生1头松褐天牛幼虫的寄生方式营寄生生活(占79.10%)。因此在赣南松林中,花绒寄甲种群数量较低,必须大量补充人工繁育的寄甲,才能达到控制松褐天牛防治松材线虫病的目的。     

林间花斑花绒寄甲幼虫种群动态及空间分布格局

花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides Fairmaire以幼虫寄生松褐天牛Monochamus alternatus等天牛类害虫,掌握其幼虫时空动态和空间分布格局,有助于制定花绒寄甲的生物防治利用策略。通过对江西马尾松林花绒寄甲幼虫种群数量的调查,应用聚集度指标和回归分析等,对林间花绒寄甲幼虫种群动态、水平分布和垂直分布进行了研究。结果表明,林间花绒寄甲幼虫种群动态呈现极明显的波动性,全年数量动态有2个高峰期,其中主高峰期是4月份,占全年幼虫总数量的30%左右,是幼虫的主要寄生期,次高峰期是8月份。花绒寄甲幼虫水平空间分布为聚集分布,分布的基本成分是个体群,聚集的原因可能是花绒寄甲自身习性或与寄主天牛、环境因素共同作用所致。不同时间段,花绒寄甲幼虫的垂直分布情况不同,3-7月,花绒寄甲幼虫主要分布在枯死木的中上部,其中上段幼虫数占总数的50%以上,而在8-12月,花绒寄甲幼虫主要分布在枯死木的中段,占总数的50%左右。另外,调查显示,花绒寄甲幼虫寄生数量在释放过该天敌的松林要远高于未释放过的松林,特别是在马尾松纯林,其幼虫种群数量更高,这说明通过人工释放（江西在3月释放成虫）,能增加林间天敌花绒寄甲种群数量、降低松褐天牛种群数量,有助于松材线虫病的控制。花绒寄甲幼虫种群时空、水平、垂直三维空间分布结果可为该天敌的保护、人工释放和有效利用提供科学依据。     

外寄生性花绒寄甲的寄生选择及其发育表现

"选择-表现"假说认为,成虫应该选择有利于子代发育的高品质寄主,但在寄主选择中,除了寄主品质外,其他因素也可能影响寄主选择决策。寄主选择研究通常以成虫为对象,而对那些初龄幼虫选择寄主的寄生性昆虫很少关注。以1龄幼虫积极搜寻寄主的寄生性花绒寄甲为模式生物,采用双选试验设计,观察了花绒寄甲初孵幼虫在不同体重青杨天牛幼虫之间、在已被寄生与健康的黄粉虫蛹之间的寄生选择性;然后采用回归设计,观察了花绒寄甲寄生若干不同体重的青杨天牛幼虫后的发育表现。研究结果表明,花绒寄甲1龄幼虫对体型较大的青杨天牛幼虫的选择偏好显著大于对体型较小的寄主幼虫的选择,选择大体型幼虫的比值比是选择小体型幼虫的4.55倍;对已被寄生的寄主黄粉虫蛹的选择偏好显著大于对健康寄主蛹的选择,选择已被寄生寄主的比值比是选择健康寄主的12.57倍。寄生青杨天牛幼虫的花绒寄甲幼虫发育历期平均为11.49 d、蛹历期为26.67 d、幼虫发育至成虫的羽化率50%,这些发育表现与寄生时青杨天牛幼虫的体重没有显著关系。但刚羽化寄甲成虫体重与寄生时寄主的体重存在显著的正直线关系:寄生时的寄主体重每增大0.01 g,羽化出的寄甲成虫体重增大近0.08%;方差分析寄甲成虫体重在不同寄主体重水平之间的差异表明,从体型较大寄主中羽化的寄甲成虫体重显著大于从体型较小寄主中羽化的成虫。研究结果说明,花绒寄甲初孵幼虫在寄主选择决策时,在寄主体型大小与被寄生状态之间可能采取折衷对策,而且对体型大小不同的寄主选择与子代发育适合度表现存在一致性,从而支持"选择-表现"假说。     

栗山天牛及其天敌花绒寄甲空间分布的地统计学分析

本文用地统计学的方法研究了栗山天牛及其天敌花绒寄甲的空间分布规律,结果表明:栗山天牛与花绒寄甲均呈聚集性分布,而且栗山天牛分布较多的样地,花绒寄甲也较多,花绒寄甲与栗山天牛有较强的跟随效应。栗山天牛与花绒寄甲的空间分布模型为球状+指数套合模型。栗山天牛和花绒寄甲空间分布在四个方向的变程均在100 m左右,而且在四个方向均比较集中。栗山天牛在东西方向聚集度最高,超过了0.8,而花绒寄甲在南北方向聚集度最高,2008年达到0.8452,2009年达到0.7230。研究还表明,2008年人工释放花绒寄甲后,其成虫在林间逐渐扩散,聚集度下降。     

不同寄主来源种群花绒寄甲成虫对桃红颈天牛幼虫虫粪的行为趋性和种群控制效果

【目的】桃红颈天牛Aromia bungii是危害桃、杏、李、樱桃的主要蛀干害虫,花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides是一种能有效防治多种天牛类林木钻蛀害虫的重要天敌昆虫。本研究通过比较不同寄主来源种群花绒寄甲对桃红颈天牛幼虫虫粪的行为反应和对幼虫控制能力的差异,旨在筛选能够有效防治桃红颈天牛的花绒寄甲种群。【方法】采用Y型嗅觉仪测定了6个不同寄主来源种群花绒寄甲成虫对桃红颈天牛幼虫虫粪的行为趋性;采用纱网罩受害原木模拟自然条件,释放不同种群花绒寄甲成虫测定了其对桃红颈天牛的致死效果。【结果】行为趋性结果表明,源自松褐天牛和云斑天牛的花绒寄甲种群对桃红颈天牛幼虫虫粪表现出明显的正趋向反应,而源自光肩星天牛、星天牛、锈色粒肩天牛和栗山天牛这4个种群的花绒寄甲对桃红颈天牛幼虫虫粪均未表现出明显的趋向反应。持续2年的寄生控制实验表明,源自光肩星天牛的花绒寄甲种群致死效果较好,天牛死亡率为52.86%±5.97%,源自松褐天牛、云斑天牛、栗山天牛和锈色粒肩天牛的花绒寄甲种群控制效果依次降低,天牛死亡率分别为35.14%±5.55%,32.88%±5.50%,26.09%±5.29%和10.94%±3.90%,源自星天牛的花绒寄甲种群未显示出对桃红颈天牛的控制作用。【结论】利用花绒寄甲防治桃红颈天牛时,应选择源自松褐天牛、云斑天牛或光肩星天牛的花绒寄甲种群。     

广东地区花绒寄甲替代寄主的研究

将花绒寄甲Dastarcus heloporoides Fairmaire幼虫接于替代寄主黄粉甲Tenebrio molitor、吉丁虫Buprestidaesp和大麦虫Zophobas morio,结果表明,黄粉甲幼虫、蛹和成虫均能繁育出花绒寄甲成虫,平均羽化率能达到20%以上,是较好的替代寄主.用黄粉甲繁育的花绒寄...     

影响松褐天牛羽化率的关键因子研究

为了研究明确林间释放花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides Fairmaire后影响松褐天牛Monochamus alternatus Hope羽化率的关键因子,本文在试验地不同位置设置诱木引诱松褐天牛成虫产卵,并在诱木上释放花绒寄甲成虫,之后调查诱木的生长环境及诱木上花绒寄甲的寄生率、其他天敌寄生率,并对各因子与松褐天牛羽化率进行逐步回归分析,筛选出关键因子。结果表明,影响松褐天牛羽化率(Y)的关键因子是花绒寄甲寄生率(X_(16))和其它天敌寄生率(X_(15)),两者与松褐天牛羽化率均呈显著负相关关系。依此建立多元回归模型:Y=1.0194-0.6608 X_(15)-0.8665 X_(16)。经检验,平均差异程度为0.2573。以上研究,证实了释放花绒寄甲对松褐天牛的种群起到了重要控制作用。     

接种量对花绒寄甲繁殖的影响

释放花绒寄甲防治天牛已成为重要手段,而繁殖花绒寄甲时,接种花绒寄甲幼虫到大麦虫蛹体时,控制合适的接种量是提高花绒寄甲繁殖数量和质量的关键技术。本研究通过在替代寄主上人工接种不同数量的花绒寄甲幼虫,观察其发育情况及其子代数量、质量等指标,明确最佳接种量。结果表明：随着接种量的增加,花绒寄甲幼虫历期和蛹历期明显缩短,其中接种4头/个和6头/个,幼虫历期为13 d,蛹历期为33 d,而接种14头/个和16头/个时,幼虫历期短于12 d,蛹历期明显缩短为28~29 d。花绒寄甲结茧数随接种量增加而增加,接种数为16头/个时,结茧数最多,接近7个。花绒寄甲结茧率随着接种量增多而降低,4头/个时,结茧率最高为72.3%。接种量对花绒寄甲子代个体数量和大小均有显著影响,其中接种8头/个时,羽化数平均为4.3头,显著高于接种4头/个（羽化数平均为2.8头）,明显低于接种16头/个(羽化数平均为6.9头)。接种量为4头/个和6头/个时,子代成虫个体最大,单头重平均每头可达0.035 g,接种量为8头/个时,成虫单头重平均每头0.032 g左右,接种量达到16头/个时,单头重最轻,为0.023 g。对花绒寄甲羽化率无显著影响,7个处理下子代羽化率均较高,平均在94.4%~100%。接种量越少,更利于花绒寄甲的生长发育,当接种量为4头/个时,花绒寄甲成虫发育最好,其子代个体最大,但子代数较少。因此,利用大麦虫蛹繁育花绒寄甲种虫时,最佳接种量为4头/个,而需要规模化繁育花绒寄甲作为天敌使用时,综合考虑子代数量和质量以及经济成本,最佳接种量为8头/个。     

白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂学习行为的研究

肿腿蜂是防治林木蛀干害虫的重要天敌。为了解肿腿蜂搜索寄主的行为机制,研究了白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂Sclerodermus pupariae Yang et Yao搜索和寄生我国重大林木蛀干害虫——栗山天牛Massicus raddei(Blessig)幼虫过程中的学习行为。结果表明,白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂的记忆效应随着搜索次数的增加而增加。用寄主虫粪和木屑混合物预处理后,白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂搜索到寄主的时间缩短。不同学习经历的白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂对与寄主栗山天牛相关的气味源物质嗅觉测定结果表明,白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂经历栗山天牛幼虫虫粪和蛀屑环境后明显倾向于选择栗山天牛虫粪和木屑混合物,而经历栗山天牛幼虫或辽东栎树皮环境的肿腿蜂对相应的气味选择偏好性不显著。研究结果表明,多寄主型寄生蜂白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂具有较强的联系性学习能力有利于用来防治多种非原始寄主害虫,能够明显提高其对新寄主的寄生作用。     

栗山天牛成虫羽化与温湿度的关系

栗山天牛Massicus raddei (Blessig)是危害我国东北辽东栎Quercus liaotungensis和蒙古栎Q.mongolicus天然林的重大害虫,生活周期长,3a发生1代,而且生活史整齐,在东北林区的辽宁、吉林和内蒙发育历期基本一致,因而绝大部分的成虫羽化时期出现在同一年份.为了有效防治栗山天牛,利用栗山天牛成虫具有趋光性这一特点,研究发明了诱集捕杀成虫的专用黑光灯,诱杀了大量的栗山天牛成虫,吉林省2008年共诱杀栗山天牛成虫达24.16t.根据每天晚上所诱到的栗山天牛的成虫数量(平均lkg栗山天牛成虫数量为430头,按此折合成重量kg统计),分析栗山天牛在成虫发生期其羽化数量与温湿度因子的关系.结果表明,栗山天牛成虫的羽化高峰期集中在7月下旬至8月上旬;成虫的羽化与林间气温呈显著的正相关关系,与相对湿度则呈显著负相关关系.研究对栗山天牛成虫的发生量与温湿度的关系进行了拟合.研究结果为我国东北林区栗山天牛成虫羽化年份预测预报成虫出现和发生期以及在成虫发生期开展防治提供了依据.     

栗山天牛幼虫龄数和龄期的测定

栗山天牛Massicus raddei (Blessig)是危害我国东北柞树天然林的重要蛀干害虫, 长期营隐蔽性生活, 3年发生1代, 防治困难。幼虫的龄数和龄期测定是害虫预测预报以及制订其科学治理策略的重要依据。本研究于2008-2011年通过林间定期解剖受害树进行取样, 在辽宁省宽甸县采集不同发育阶段的栗山天牛幼虫, 分别测量幼虫上颚长、 主单眼间距、 前胸背板宽、 中胸气门长和体长等5项形态指标, 利用频次分析的统计方法, 测定了栗山天牛幼虫的龄数。结果表明: 栗山天牛幼虫有6龄, 雌雄性幼虫龄数相同。上颚长、 主单眼间距和前胸背板宽3项指标均可用于分龄, 中胸气门长和体长变异较大, 不宜用作幼虫龄数划分。利用种群众数龄期法计算1-6龄幼虫的平均龄期分别为9.25, 266.85, 48.09, 51.29, 260.33和385.71 d, 幼虫期共1 021.52 d。在我国东北地区, 自然条件下栗山天牛世代发生非常整齐而且高度同步, 完成1代发育需跨越4个年份, 幼虫经历3次越冬, 第1年以2-3龄幼虫越冬, 第2年主要以4-5龄幼虫越冬, 第3年全部以末龄幼虫越冬。研究结果进一步明确了栗山天牛幼虫期的生物学特性, 为生产上合理防治该害虫提供了参考依据。     

(R)‐(+)‐limonene,kairomone for Dastarcus helophoroides,a natural enemy of longhorned beetles

1 Chemical cues involved in host location by Dastarcus helophoroides (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Bothrideridae), a parasitoid of Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky, Monochamus alternatus Hope, Massicus raddei (Blessig), Apriona germari (Hope), Apriona swainsoni (Hope) and Batocera horsfielde (Hope) in the family Cerambycidae, were investigated in a Y‐tube olfactometer. Responses of D. helophoroides adults toward odour sources from their host (M. raddei) and host tree (Quercus mongolicus Fisch. ex. Turcz.) were tested in either no‐choice or two‐way choice tests. Wood with larval tunnels and larvae frass were attractive to D. helophoroides. Both sexes showed attraction to wood with larval tunnels. 2 Volatile chemicals emitted from wood with larval tunnels and larval frass were collected on Porapak Q and analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Several compounds identified from these sources, including α‐pinene, β‐pinene, Δ‐3‐carene, limonene and β‐myrcene, were tested against D. helophoroides in the same Y‐tube olfactometer. 3 The result showed that D. helophoroides adults were attracted to (R)‐(+)‐limonene, with or without the background odour from uninfested fresh wood. This may suggest that (R)‐(+)‐limonene is an important kairomone for this parasitic beetle. 4 Dose‐dependent response of D. helophoroides adults to (R)‐(+)‐limonene indicated that D. helophoroides adults showed significant attraction to (R)‐(+)‐limonene when release rates exceeded 2.08 μg/h in Y‐tube olfactometer tests. Moreover, significantly more A. glabripennis larvae were parasitized by D. helophoroides in the presence of R‐(+)‐limonene, relative to the control in cage experiments.     

白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂对栗山天牛低龄幼虫的寄生作用

栗山天牛Massicus raddei（Blessig）是我国东北危害栎树的重要害虫。在对其进行生物防治研究中,通过功能反应实验方法探讨了利用寄生蜂白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂Sclerodermus pupariae Yang et Yao对栗山天牛低龄幼虫的寄生作用。结果表明：白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂在取食寄主补充营养的过程中,对栗山天牛1～2龄小幼虫的致死作用随着寄主密度的增加而显著提高,功能反应符合Holling Ⅱ型方程,平均每日最大致死量为0.53头。寄生作用功能反应符合Holling Ⅰ型方程,寻找时间21 d内的寄主密度阈限为4头。当该肿腿蜂密度固定为1头时,对栗山天牛致死作用和寄生作用的寻找效率均随寄主密度的上升而降低。当寄主密度固定不变时,随着寄生蜂密度的增加寄主的死亡数量线性升高,被寄生的寄主数量也上升,但该肿腿蜂对栗山天牛低龄幼虫致死作用和寄生作用的寻找效应均显著下降,表明白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂是防治栗山天牛低龄幼虫的良好天敌。研究结果对于合理评价白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂在生产上的控害能力和制定寄生蜂的林间释放应用技术规程提供了依据。     

白蜡虫及其3种优势寄生蜂的时空生态位

在白蜡虫Ericerus pela (Chavannes)分布特征和寄生蜂调查的基础上,分析了白蜡虫及其3种优势寄生蜂:白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂Microterys ericeri Ishii、中华花翅跳小蜂M.sinicus Jiang和白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂Metaphycus ericeri Xu et Jiang的时间和空间的一维生态位宽度、生态位重叠和比例相似性。结果表明,白蜡虫及其3种优势寄生蜂的时间生态位宽度:白蜡虫>白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂>白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂>中华花翅跳小蜂,空间生态位宽度:白蜡虫>白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂>白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂>中华花翅跳小蜂。3种优势寄生蜂与白蜡虫的生态位重叠度:白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂>中华花翅跳小蜂>白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂,比例相似性:白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂>白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂>中华花翅跳小蜂。说明白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂与白蜡虫在资源序列上分布的相似性最大,在时间上的同步性和空间上的同域性较强,资源利用程度最高。白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂与白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂在时间生态位、空间生态位和时间-空间生态位上均有较大的重叠和比例相似性,在资源利用上存在明显的种间竞争。白蜡虫种群数量大,生长周期长、为多种寄生蜂的繁育提供了丰富、稳定的食物资源。     

Performance of Microplitis tuberculifer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitizing Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in different larval instars

The solitary parasitoid Microplitis tuberculifer (Wesmael) is an important biological control agent of various lepidopteran pests in Asia. We examined the preference of M. tuberculifer for different instars of its common host, Mythimna separata (Walker), host instar effects on parasitoid development, and the consequences of parasitism in different stages for growth and consumption of host larvae. The wasp successfully parasitized the first four larval instars of M. separata, but not the fifth, which appeared to be behaviorally resistant. First and second instars were parasitized at higher rates compared to thirds and fourths in no-choice situations, ostensibly due to longer handling times for the latter, but second instars were most preferred in a choice test that presented all stages simultaneously. Although later instar hosts yielded heavier cocoons, the fastest parasitoid development was obtained in second instars. Lower sex ratios were obtained from first instars as females appeared to lay a smaller proportion of fertilized eggs in small hosts. Both weight gain and food consumption of parasitized larvae were reduced significantly within 24 h of parasitism, regardless of the stage parasitized, and final body weights were less than 10% those of unparasitized larvae. Thus, M. tuberculifer has good potential as a biological control agent of M. separata, successfully parasitizing the first four larval instars and dramatically reducing plant consumption by the host in all cases.     

Molecular genetic diversification of the lizard complex <Emphasis Type="Italic">Darevskia raddei</Emphasis> (Sauria: Lacertidae): Early stages of speciation

To characterize the molecular genetic diversity of the genus Darevskia, several populations were examined by the inter-SINE-PCR method, reporting the number and sizes of the spacers between individual copies of SINE-like interspersed repeats. Examination of 17 D. raddei geographical populations and several reference species revealed unequal genetic differences, measured as Nei and Li’s genetic distances (D_NL), for different groups of samples. The highest homogeneity was observed for the apparently panmictic D. raddei nairensis population from the basin of the Hrazdan River: genetic differences within each of the five samples and between them were similarly low (less than 0.1). The difference between ten samples of D. raddei raddei from Armenia and Karabakh (0.2–0.3) was somewhat higher than the interindividual difference within each sample (0.1–0.2), indicating that the samples belonged to different populations. The assumption was supported by the phylogenetic tree topology and multidimensional scaling. The differences between samples from the morphological subspecies D. raddei raddei and D. raddei nairensis ranged 0.3–0.4. The difference of two D. raddei raddei samples of Talysh (Azerbaijan) from other samples of the same subspecies corresponded to the subspecific level. The genetic distances between the good species D. raddei and D. rudis was 0.6–0.7. In terms of D_NL, a questionable population from northwestern Turkey (“D. tristis”) was closer to D. rudis (D_NL = 0.45), probably representing its subspecies. The phylogeography of D. raddei is discussed.     

Recent advances in biological control of important native and invasive forest pests in China

In recent decades, China has suffered severe attacks by both native and invasive forest pests. We have carried out a series of research projects on biological control of these pests. The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) has been sustainably controlled by an effective gregarious pupal endoparasitoid, Chouioia cunea Yang (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae), which is native to China, and spraying HcNPV virus against the pest’s larval stage. Pine wilt disease, caused by the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer) Nickle) (Aphelenchida: Aphelenchidae), is currently the number one pest in China. The strategy for controlling the disease is to manipulate the nematode’s vector, Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). We discovered that Dastarcus helophoroides (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Bothrideridae) is the most important natural enemy in China pine forests. Mass rearing and release techniques were studied and developed. By releasing the parasitoid, 92.6% of the M. alternatus were parasitized in the first year. Meanwhile, three elaterid beetle species were found to prey on the larva of M. alternatus. The red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens (LeConte) (Coleoptera:Scolytidae) was suppressed by a predator, Rhizophagus grandis Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Rhizophagidae) introduced from Belgium and a total 3334 ha. of pine forests were protected. The oak longhorned beetle, Massicus raddei (Blessig) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is the number one pest in the northeast forests of China, where it damages trunk of oaks, mainly Quercus liaotungensis and Q. mongolicus. An integrated management technique was developed for controlling the longhorned beetle: a special black light was invented for trapping the adults; the parasitoid Sclerodermus pupariae Yang et Yao (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) was released against young larvae; and the parasitoid Dastarcus helophoroides eggs and/or adults were released when the hosts were mature larvae and/or pupae. By applying the technique for five years in northeastern China oak forests, the oak longhorned beetle has been controlled to a large extent. The emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is native to eastern Asia, including China, and feeding by larvae damages ash trees. Natural enemies of the emerald ash borer were investigated and seven species were found in China, of which Spathius agrili Yang (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophiae), Sclerodermus pupariae Yang et Yao and Oobius agrili Zhang et Huang (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) are predominant and have high potential for biocontrol of the pest. The biology, behavior, ecology and mass rearing techniques of the parasitoids were studied.