南海北部夏季基础生物生产力分布特征及影响因素

2008年夏季对南海北部不同海区的基础生物生产力(初级生产力及细菌生产力)进行了调查。结果表明,表层初级生产力(C)和真光层水柱初级生产力平均值(C)分别为(0.83±1.15)mg·m-·3h-1和(225.39±136.64)mg·m-·2d-1;表层细菌生产力(C)和真光层水柱细菌生产力平均值(C)分别为(0.14±0.19)mg·m-·3h-1和(128.14±74.86)mg·m-·2d-1。基础生产力的平面分布整体呈由近岸向深海降低的趋势,同时在西沙群岛邻近水域存在一个基础生物生产力的高值区。与环境因子的相关分析表明,温度、营养盐不是影响南海细菌生产力的主要因素,细菌生产力与浮游植物生物量及初级生产过程密切相关IBP:IPP比平均值为(67.55±37.13)%。与细菌生产力的分布规律不同,IBP:IPP比值在深海海域明显高于近岸水域,在吕宋海峡附近水域发现了IBP:IPP100%的高比值区,说明异养细菌在南海寡营养海域碳循环体系中的重要生态作用。     

大亚湾海域浮游动物生态特征

2004年3月(春季)、5月(夏季)、9月(秋季)和12月(冬季)4个航次对大亚湾海域浮游动物进行了调查。共计鉴定浮游动物128个种类,浮游幼体14个类群。浮游动物出现的种类数依次是:夏季(90种),秋季(81种),冬季(71种),春季(47种)。浮游动物的丰度以夏季最高,平均1013.38 ind.m-3;其次是秋季,平均913.30 ind.m-3;春季最低,平均162.37 ind.m-3。浮游动物生物量的季节变化:秋季(773.89 mg.m-3),夏季(472.82 mg.m-3),冬季(286.44 mg.m-3),春季(164.11 mg.m-3),生物量高低与种类组成关系密切,秋季优势类群为水母类和毛颚类等大型浮游动物,所以生物量较高。4个季节的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H′值、物种均匀度指数J值和物种丰富度指数D值的变化趋势十分相似:春季的3项指数值均最低,冬季最高,夏、秋季节相差不大。此外,分析结果表明:毛颚类作为优势种且4个季节均有出现,是对大亚湾海域水体较20a前水温上升的响应;浮游动物近岸生物量高于湾中部;从丰度的平面分布看,大亚湾海域浮游动物栖息环境已经不同程度受到大型建设工程和人类活动的影响。     

不同放养和管理模式下三角帆蚌养殖水体中的浮游生物和初级生产力

通过围隔实验研究了3种放养(单养三角帆蚌,蚌与鲢、鳙混养,蚌与银鲫混养)和2种管理(施肥、投饵兼施肥)模式下养殖水体的浮游生物和初级生产力.结果表明:围隔内浮游植物主要为＜20 μm粒级的种类,其中蓝藻、绿藻和裸藻占优势,硅藻、隐藻、黄藻和甲藻的数量和质量较低;实验期间,围隔内浮游植物数量和质量平均值分别为0.35×109～1.26×109 ind·L-1和32～86 mg·L-1,其中三角帆蚌与鲢、鳙混养的围隔内浮游植物数量和质量较高,蓝藻和硅藻数量和质量明显高于其它围隔;围隔内浮游动物数量以原生动物最多,其质量则以轮虫占优势,枝角类和桡足类等大型浮游动物的数量较少;单养蚌的围隔内浮游动物质量最高;与混养围隔相比,单养蚌的围隔内轮虫质量在浮游动物中的比例较低,桡足类的比例相对较高;蚌与鲢、鳙混养围隔内浮游动物数量最多,原生动物数量在浮游动物中的比例分别高于单养蚌和蚌、银鲫混养的围隔,而轮虫的比例低于后者;实验期间,围隔内初级生产力平均值为4.11～5.45 g O2·m-2·d-1,水呼吸为2.39～4.12 g O2·m-2·d-1,初级生产力与水呼吸的比值为1.25～1.99;单养蚌的围隔内初级生产力最高,蚌、银鲫混养的围隔内初级生产力最低.结果表明:三角帆蚌养殖水体内浮游植物和浮游动物均表现出小型化的趋势;较高的浮游植物数量和质量,特别是较高的硅藻数量和质量,可能是三角帆蚌与鲢、鳙混养围隔内二龄蚌生长较好的原因之一;浮游植物种类组成较初级生产力对蚌生长的影响更大.     

东海赤潮高发区春季叶绿素a和初级生产力的分布特征

2002年4-5月对东海海域进行了综合调查,分析了海区叶绿素a和初级生产力的分布特性．结果表明,大面站表层平均叶绿素a浓度为1．086mg·m-3．分级叶绿素a结果显示．春季东海浮游植物以微型和微微型(<20μm)占优势,其对海区叶绿素a的贡献为64％,超微型浮游植物(<5μm)占浮游植物生物量的27％．营养盐分布和浮游动物的摄食压力影响了叶绿素a及其粒级结构的分布．平均初级生产力为10．091mg·m-3·h-1。赤潮跟踪的R-03、RL-01、RG-01站的平均初级生产力为399．984mg·m-3·h-1．光和营养盐成为叶绿素和初级生产力平面分布的主要限制因子．表层叶绿素a和初级生产力均在调查海区的123·E纵断面冲淡区产生高值区．DC-11站浮游植物生物量异常高,表层叶绿素a达到9．082mg·m-3,初级生产力为128．79mg·m-3·h-1．但并未出现水色异常．     

青岛奥运帆船赛区理化、生物要素现状及富营养化诱发赤潮的围隔实验

于 2 0 0 1年 8月和 9月对青岛 2 0 0 8年奥运会帆船比赛海域进行了理化、生物等要素的综合调查 ,并利用围隔生态实验手段 ,在太平湾进行了营养盐与赤潮的关系研究。结果显示 ,本海域水质良好 ,基本符合一类海水水质标准 ,仅有个别站位出现某种污染物超标现象 ,如 8月份麦岛附近海域氨氮和无机磷超标 ,石油烃 8月份在浮山湾东侧北海船厂附近超出一类海水水质标准。该水域的叶绿素 a含量较低 ,平均 0 .4 2 m g· m- 3,总的分布状况是太平湾西侧的海域较高。初级生产力 8月高于 9月 ,分别为 179.0 mg C m- 2· d- 1和 114 .0 mg C m- 2· d- 1。浮游植物以硅藻中的中肋骨条藻、奇异菱形藻、旋链角刺藻和塔形冠盖藻为主 ,其细胞数量 8月明显高于 9月 ,分别为 4 5 7.2 6× 10 4 m- 3和 16 .38× 10 4 m- 3,数量密集中心在调查区西部。浮游动物生物量 8月比 9月高近 10倍 ,分别为 2 39.1m g· m- 3和 2 4 .7mg· m- 3,强壮箭虫在生物量中起主要作用 ,生物量和个体数量的分布与浮游植物基本相反。加营养盐的围隔实验表明 ,加硅会导致海链藻、短弯角藻、丹麦细柱藻和中肋骨条藻中的任何一种赤潮 ,硅成为该海域的主要限制因子。     

厦门近岸海域大型底栖动物次级生产力

于2013年5月和11月在厦门近岸海域设置67个站位进行大型底栖动物定量调查,运用Brey(1990)经验公式对该海域的次级生产力进行估算。结果表明:该海域大型底栖动物年均总次级生产力P和P/B值分别为4.6±10.1 g AFDW·m-2·a-1和1.0±0.4a-1,软体动物和多毛类为该海域P值的主要贡献类群,秋季的P值略高于春季,同安湾的P值明显高于大嶝海域、九龙江口、厦门外海域和围头湾。相关性分析显示,该海域次级生产力与沉积物有机质含量以及水体底温呈显著相关,底质类型以及采砂、航道清淤、环境污染等人类活动干扰也是影响次级生产力分布的主要因素。     

刺参养殖池塘初级生产力及其粒级结构周年变化

研究了刺参(Apostichopus japonicus Selenka)养殖池塘浮游植物初级生产力及粒级结构的周年变化规律,旨在明确刺参养殖池塘的基础生态学特征,为刺参养殖生产和管理提供科学支持。结果表明:刺参养殖池塘初级生产力年平均值为(5.16±3.04)gO2m-2d-1,全年呈现明显的季节变化,初级生产量分别在初春、夏季和初冬形成高峰。初级生产力群落净产量占毛产量的50.2%。P/R值与日P/B系数的年平均值分别为2.20±1.25和0.39±0.35。按初级生产力水平和P/R值划分的水体营养类型,调查刺参养殖池塘属富营养型水体;初级生产量随深度的增加而递减,最高生产层约在透明度的0.5倍处,且0.5倍透明度(约50 cm)以上水层初级生产量占水柱总产量的56.3%;不同粒级浮游植物生产量占总生产量的百分比具有明显的季节变化。除夏季外,以小型浮游植物(micro-,20—200μm)对初级生产力的贡献最大(43.5%),夏季为微型浮游植物(nano-,2—20μm)对初级生产力贡献最大(35.3%)。以年平均值计算,不同粒级浮游植物初级生产量占总生产量百分比的大小顺序为:小型(40.1%)微型(28.2%)中大型(16.1%)超微型(15.7%)。回归分析表明:试验池塘初级生产力水平与水温、营养盐中的氨氮和亚硝酸氮均呈显著的相关关系(P0.05)。结果提示,刺参养殖池塘初级生产力的季节变化显著,垂直分布并不均匀,小型浮游植物是其生态系统中的主要生产者。     

浙江渔山列岛岩礁潮间带大型底栖动物次级生产力

为揭示渔山列岛潮间带大型底栖动物现状,2009年3月至2010年1月在渔山列岛潮间带布设5条断面进行了4个季节的调查取样.利用Brey的经验公式计算了调查海区大型底栖动物栖息密度、生物量、次级生产力和P/B值.结果表明:该潮间带大型底栖动物平均栖息密度为1419.5ind.m-2,以去灰干质量(AFDM)计,平均生物量为565.53g.m-2,平均次级生产力为285.58g.m-2.a-1,P/B值为0.51.潮间带次级生产力受大型软体动物和甲壳类影响明显,5个关键生物种(条纹隔贻贝、偏顶蛤、覆瓦小蛇螺、日本笠藤壶和鳞笠藤壶)对次级生产力的贡献为84.0%.研究海域P/B值低于其他海域,说明该海域大型底栖动物世代更替速度较慢,群落结构较稳定.     

楚科奇海及其海台区粒度分级叶绿素a与初级生产力

2003年夏季中国第二次北极科学考察期间,在楚科奇海及其海台区进行了叶绿素a浓度与初级生产力的现场观测。结果表明,观测海区叶绿素a浓度范围为0.009～30.390μg/dm3。表层浓度为0.050～4.644μg/dm3,平均值为(0.875±0.981)μg/dm3;陆架区次表层和底层的浓度高于表层,海台区深层水的浓度较低,200m层的浓度为(0.015±0.007)μg/dm3。水柱平均叶绿素a浓度区域性特征明显,陆架区高于海台区。R断面进行3趟重复观测,平均叶绿素a浓度分别为(2.564±1.496)μg/dm3,(1.329±0.882)μg/dm3和(0.965±0.623)μg/dm3,浓度呈下降趋势。观测站潜在初级生产力为0.263～4.186mgC/(m.3h),陆架区平均潜在初级生产力((2.305±1.493)mgC/(m.3h))比海台区((0.527±0.374)mgC/(m.3h))高近4倍。平均同化数为(1.22±1.14)mgC/(mgChla.h)。观测区细胞粒径>20μm的小型浮游生物对总叶绿素a浓度和初级生产力的贡献率分别为63.13%和65.16%,细胞粒径2.0～20μm的微型浮游生物和细胞粒径<2.0μm的微微型浮游生物对总叶绿素a和初级生产力的贡献率相差甚小,其对总叶绿素a浓度的贡献率分别为19.18%和17.69%,对总初级生产力的贡献率分别为20.11%和14.73%。     

杭州西湖北里湖沉积物氮磷内源静态释放的季节变化及通量估算

通过采集北里湖不同季节的柱状芯样,在实验室静态模拟沉积物氨氮(NH+4-N)和可溶解性磷酸盐(PO3-4-P)的释放,同时研究了沉积物间隙水中NH+4-N及PO3-4-P的垂直分布特征.结果表明,沉积物间隙水NH+4-N随深度的增加有上升的趋势,PO3-4-P随深度的增加呈先升后降的趋势.氮、磷营养盐在沉积物—水界面均存在浓度梯度,表明存在自间隙水向上覆水扩散的趋势.沉积物NH+4-N在春季、夏季、秋季、冬季的释放速率分别为0.074 mg·m-2· d-1、0.340mg· m-2· d-1、0.087 mg· m-2· d-1、0.0004 mg·m-2·d-1,pO3-4-P的释放速率则分别为0.340 mg·m-2·d-1、0.518 mg·m-2·d-1、0.094 mg·m-2·d-1、-0.037 mg· m-2·d-1.不同采样点表现出明显的季节和空间差异性,释放速率表现为夏季＞春季、秋季＞冬季.根据静态模拟出的不同季节下内源氮、磷释放速率计算,全湖内源氮、磷营养盐的贡献分别为0.0037、0.0057t/a.该研究可为北里湖富营养化及内源污染的治理提供基础数据.     

基于VGPM模型和MODIS数据估算梅梁湾浮游植物初级生产力

基于MODIS影像数据反演的2009年2月份至12月份太湖梅梁湾水域表面叶绿素a、悬浮物浓度以及水温数据,结合初级生产力垂向归纳模型(Vertically Generalized Production Model:VGPM)估算获得梅梁湾2009年逐月平均日初级生产力时空分布。结果表明,梅梁湾2009年年平均日初级生产力及逐月平均日初级生产力空间分布差异显著,呈现从湾内向湾口逐渐递减的趋势。时间序列分析显示,梅梁湾初级生产力季节差异显著,夏季>秋季>春季>冬季,全年初级生产力主要集中在夏季,占47.4%。通过分析VGPM模型中几个输入参数对初级生产力的影响,发现悬浮物浓度与标准化初级生产力存在显著负冥函数关系,反映沉积物再悬浮引起的悬浮物浓度增加能降低水体初级生产力。温度对初级生产力也有一定的调控与制约,与初级生产力呈现正相关趋势,在低于21℃的温度范围内与最大光合作用速率呈现正相关。     

大亚湾鱼类群落嵌套分布格局

为保护大亚湾渔业资源,2015年4月(春季)、8月(夏季)、10月(秋季)和12月(冬季)对大亚湾进行了4航次底拖网渔业资源调查,结合距最近大陆距离、距最近大岛距离、水深、水温、盐度、叶绿素a、总氮、总磷、鱼类的最大体长和捕捞努力量(CPUE)这些参数,研究了大亚湾鱼类的群聚特征。结果表明,大亚湾鱼类呈嵌套分布格局,鱼类最大体长对嵌套格局的形成具有显著影响;大亚湾鱼类群落嵌套格局的形成支持选择性迁入假说;大亚湾鱼类全年与四季的嵌套最友好位点均在湾口杨梅坑和大辣甲北部海域,此两海域为大亚湾鱼类的主要群聚区,大辣甲北部海域是鱼类的产卵场繁殖区,杨梅坑海域是鱼类的主要育肥区,均应优先进行保护和管理,是开展大亚湾鱼类增殖放流的最适宜海域。     

Composition and distribution of ciliates inner and outer of Daya Bay, China

Daya Bay was undergoing eutrophication process by increased nutrient loading, and the changes in nutrients have strongly influenced the phytoplankton community structure. Ciliates are common component of planktonic community, what role do ciliates play in Daya Bay was still unknown. In this study, ciliates were enumerated and identified from the inner and outer Daya Bay during three seasons. Thirty-one species belong to 16 genera of ciliates were recorded, and Cyclotrichida, Strombidiida, Tintinnida were most common. In spring, ciliates abundance of D2 was lower than D1 and D3, abundance in the surface of D1 and D3 were higher than in the bottom, while D2 showed the opposite character. The lowest ciliate abundance was found in the E1 in summer. In fall, Ciliates abundance of D3 was lower than in fall, and abundance in the surface was lower than in the bottom, which was different compared to in spring. Different hydrographic character was shown between the surface (high temperature, low salinity and nutrients) and bottom layer (low temperature, high salinity and nutrients) at E1 in summer. Ciliate abundance had no significant variation between the surface and bottom at E1 in summer, but ciliates community structure changed a lot.     

Composition and distribution of ciliates inner and outer of Daya Bay, China

Daya Bay was undergoing eutrophication process by increased nutrient loading, and the changes in nutrients have strongly influenced the phytoplankton community structure. Ciliates are common component of planktonic community, what role do ciliates play in Daya Bay was still unknown. In this study, ciliates were enumerated and identified from the inner and outer Daya Bay during three seasons. Thirty-one species belong to 16 genera of ciliates were recorded, and Cyclotrichida, Strombidiida, Tintinnida were most common. In spring, ciliates abundance of D2 was lower than D1 and D3, abundance in the surface of D1 and D3 were higher than in the bottom, while D2 showed the opposite character. The lowest ciliate abundance was found in the E1 in summer. In fall, Ciliates abundance of D3 was lower than in fall, and abundance in the surface was lower than in the bottom, which was different compared to in spring. Different hydrographic character was shown between the surface (high temperature, low salinity and nutrients) and bottom layer (low temperature, high salinity and nutrients) at E1 in summer. Ciliate abundance had no significant variation between the surface and bottom at E1 in summer, but ciliates community structure changed a lot.     

Diel dynamics of bacterioplankton activity in eutrophic shallow Lake Võrtsjärv,Estonia

The diel dynamics of bacterio- and phytoplankton as main compartments in the pelagic foodweb were followed in order to assess the coupling between algal photosynthesis and bacterial growth during a diel cycle in Lake Võrstjärv, Estonia. Three diurnal studies were carried out, on July 12th–13th, 1994; on June 25th–26th, 1995 and on July 17th–18th, 1995 with a sampling interval of 3–4 hours. Diel variations in bacterial number, biomass and productivity, in phytoplankton primary production and extracellular release of photosynthetic products, in ciliate number and biomass were followed. Phytoplankton was dominated by filamentous species: Limnothrix redekei, Oscillatoria sp., Aulacoseira (Melosira) ambigua and Planktolyngbya limnetica. The abundance of bacteria ranged from 4.1 to 14.6 · 1012 cells m-2 (median 9.88). The production of heterotrophic bacteria varied from 0.6 to 11 mgC m-2 h-1 (median 3.65), the variation during diel cycle was high. Depth integrated values of particulate (PPpart) and extracellular primary production (PPdiss) ranged from 6 to 55 and from 17 to 90 mgC m- 2 h-1, respectively. About 50 ciliate taxa were identified among them more abundant were bacterivores, bacterivores- herbivores and omnivores. Biomass of bacterivorous ciliates (TCbact) varied from 8 to 427 mgC m-2. Bacterioplankton production constituted not more than 20% of total primary production (particulate + released), dynamics of bacterial production was related to the primary production, the correlation was negative with PPpart and positive with PPdiss. Different types of potential controlling factors of bacterioplankton (N and P nutrient control, bottom-up control by food and top-down control) are discussed.     

Annual primary productivity of an antarctic continental lake: Phytoplankton and benthic algal mat production strategies

Primary production in Watts Lake, Vestfold Hills, Antarctica (68°36S, 78°13E), was measured from March 1981 to February 1982. Phytoplankton production peaked in autumn and spring, with a September maximum (340 mgC m^–2 d^–1), then declined in summer and was not detectable in winter. Benthic algal production peaked in summer at 74 mgC m^–2 d^–1), Production strategies differed, with the more efficient phytoplankton adapted to growth at low light, while benthic production increased with increasing light in summer. Estimation of annual production was 10.1 gC m^–2 and 5.5 gC m^–2 for the phytoplankton and benthos respectively.     

In situ measurements confirm the seasonal dominance of benthic algae over phytoplankton in nearshore primary production of a large lake

1. Despite the recognition of its importance, benthic primary production is seldom reported, especially for large lakes. We measured in situ benthic net primary production by monitoring flux in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration in benthic incubation chambers, based on continuous measurements of CO_2(aq) flux, alkalinity, and the temperature‐dependent dissociation constants of carbonic acid (K₁ and K₂). This methodology has the advantages of monitoring net primary production directly as change in carbon, maintaining continuous water recirculation, and having sufficient precision to detect change in DIC over short (i.e. 15 min) incubations, even in alkaline waters. 2. Benthic primary production on Cladophora‐dominated rocky substrata in western Lake Ontario was measured biweekly. Maximum biomass‐specific net photosynthetic rates were highest in the spring (2.39 mgC g Dry Mass^?1 h^?1), decreased to negative rates by early summer (?0.76 mgC g DM^?1 h^?1), and exhibited a regrowth in late summer (1.98 mgC g DM^?1 h^?1). 3. A Cladophora growth model (CGM), previously validated to predict Cladophora biomass accrual in Lake Ontario, successfully simulated the seasonality and magnitude of biomass‐specific primary production during the first cohort of Cladophora growth. Averaged over this growing season (May–Aug), mean areal net benthic production at the estimated depth of peak biomass (2 m) was 405 mg C m^?2 d^?1. 4. We measured planktonic primary production in proximity to the benthic study and constructed a depth‐resolved model of planktonic production. Using the CGM, benthic primary production was compared with planktonic primary production for the period May–Aug. Net benthic production from the shoreline to the 12 m contour (1–2 km offshore) equalled planktonic production. Closer to shore, benthic primary production exceeded planktonic primary production. Failure to account for benthic primary production, at least during abundant Cladophora growth, will lead to large underestimates in carbon and nutrient flows in the nearshore zone of this Great Lake.     

三峡水库香溪河库湾基于初级生产力的渔产潜力估算

于20132014 年在三峡水库香溪河库湾开展了浮游植物初级生产力的调查, 并分别采用营养动态模型、Cushing 模型、Tait 模型和Downing 模型计算了该库湾滤食性鱼类的渔产潜力, 以此来评估其水体承载量。结果表明, 香溪河库湾初级生产力具有显著的时空异质性;据此计算的渔产潜力显示了空间差异和季节动态;高岚河水域的渔产潜力较其他水域要大;夏季渔产潜力最大, 从大到小依次为春季、秋季、冬季。上述方法计算的滤食性鱼类渔产潜力分别为7.3103、1.046104、1.256104 和2.064106 kg/y。除了Downing模型外, 其他方法的估算结果较接近渔业资源量的真实状况。以3 个模型计算的渔产潜力为核算依据, 确认该库湾滤食性鱼类的水体承载量约为104 kg, 最大持续捕捞量可达5103 kg/y。研究结果可为三峡水库支流库湾渔业资源的可持续利用提供必要的技术支撑。       

钦州湾浮游植物周年生态特征

2008-2009年对钦州湾及附近海域进行4个季节航次的浮游植物调查,共鉴定出浮游植物131种,其中硅藻种数最多,达101种,占浮游植物总种数的77.1%;甲藻次之,23种;其他种类3门7种.浮游植物以广温性种和暖水性种为主.总种类数的季节变化与硅藻种类数均为春季最低,夏、秋、冬依次增加,冬季最高.各季节浮游植物丰度为232.28×10⁴～977.0×10⁴ cell·m^-3,平均为558.57×10⁴ cell·m^-3;各季节浮游植物丰度呈现夏、春、冬和秋依次减少的趋势;各区域浮游植物丰度四季均为由内湾至外湾先升高、到湾外逐渐降低的趋势,但在夏季其高丰度区由外湾南移至湾口附近.浮游植物群落的Shannon多样性指数和均匀度指数平均值分别为3.18和0.63,多样性水平较高.浮游植物丰度与温度、盐度、溶解性无机氮及活性磷酸盐的相关关系因季节而变化.     

越冬池冰下生物增氧的一个氧气平衡模式

本文根据实测数据回归得到的经验关系式,结合一定的假设及理论关系式,推导得到一个可供鱼呼吸耗用的氧气量(Rf)与浮游植物现存生物量(B)及有效水深(L)的关系式Rf=f(B,L),并利用此式作了进一步的探讨,求出了越冬池生物增氧的最适水深、最适浮游植物现存生物量及最大越冬鱼密度。提出了一个典型的越冬池生物增氧的模式。