绚丽多彩亟待保护——野生牡丹觅踪

牡丹为原产于中国的世界名花,自古以来,牡丹就以其丰富多彩的花色,变幻无穷的花型,雍容华贵的仪态,不畏强权的气节而著称于世,被誉为“花王”,深受人民群众喜爱。由野生到栽培,由药用栽培到观赏栽培,几经兴衰,目前全国各地栽培牡丹品种已近上千个。 然而,对于栽培牡丹的祖先——野生牡丹原种,至今却鲜为人知。其实,牡丹属于芍药科芍药属（Ｐａｅｏｎｉａ）牡丹组,该组植物原产于中国,野生种质资源极为丰富。在国家自然科学基金资助下,我们与陈德忠等同志近年来对野生牡丹原产地进行了详细的考察研究,现将有关情况做一介绍…     

芍药属牡丹组的分类历史和分类处理

芍药属Paeonia木本类群，即牡丹组sect．Moutan DC.，为中国特有；广泛栽培的牡丹也起源于 中国。遗憾的是我国学者对牡丹类群的分类一直未予重视，野生类群的标本也很少。90年代以来对该 类群的分类突然热起来，中外学者连续发表了多个新种、新亚种和新等级，但仍然没有一个全面的修订。 在美国地理学会基金资助下，我们几乎踏遇了该类群分布区的各个角落，拜访了所有模式产地(仅一个 例外)，对64个居群进行了考察和取样。在性状分析的基础上检查了各个分类群的问题，考证了全部模 式，最后对该类群作出分类修订。本文是对分类历史的回顾，并表述了我们的分类处理：牡丹组共有8个种，其中3个种各包含两个亚种，另有两个杂种。     

野生牡丹的生存状况和保护

芍药属(Paeonia L.)的木本植物属于牡丹组(Paeonia sect.Moutan DC.),共有9个野生物种和1个包含上千品种的栽培种。所有野生牡丹都为中国特有,是非同寻常的资源植物。1992年出版的《中国植物红皮书》收录了388个保护类群,野生牡丹就占了4个。本文回顾了野生牡丹保护的历史、调查和研究的经过、研究结果以及存在的问题,着重介绍了野生牡丹的生物学背景、分布和生境,并就其濒危等级和保护措施提出了建议。根据我们的调查和零星的资料,凤丹(P.ostii)和中原牡丹(P.cathayana)都只剩单株,亟待挽救;紫斑牡丹(P.rockii)、卵叶牡丹(P.qiui)、四川牡丹(P.decomposita)和圆裂牡丹(P.rotundiloba)处于濒危状态;大花黄牡丹(P.ludlowii)和矮牡丹(P.jishanensis)应属于易危等级,只有滇牡丹(P.delavayi)尚不在濒危之列。总结以往保护的进程,我们强调,如果没有科学的物种划分,保护单元不明确,生态和生物学信息不够充实,就难以制定科学的保护策略和可行的保护措施。因此,呼吁有关部门高度重视这一问题,开展深入的野生牡丹现状的调查,制定切实可行的保护策略,并实行有力的保护措施。     

革质花盘亚组野生牡丹资源的调查及保护利用建议

革质花盘亚组野生种参与了栽培牡丹的起源,在生物多样性保护和牡丹品种改良中具有重要价值。为了科学合理地保护和开发利用我国特有的野生牡丹资源,本研究通过野外实地调查,结合文献记录,在全国尺度上对革质花盘亚组野生牡丹资源的生物学特性、地理分布特点进行了系统分析。结果表明:革质花盘亚组共有5个野生种和1个杂交种,分布在秦巴山区、陕甘黄土高原和川西北黄土高原地区,其中陕西省野生牡丹资源最为丰富,并在陕西省商南县和旬阳县发现了卵叶牡丹新的原生地分布点;同时对革质花盘亚组的种群特征进行了分析,并针对革质花盘亚组种质资源的药用、观赏和油用潜在利用价值和濒危现状提出了开发利用建议和保护对策。     

三倍体牡丹的细胞遗传学观察

牡丹(Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.)原产我国,栽培历史悠久,为传统的著名花卉和中药材。初步估计,目前我国已培育出了约300多个品种。 有关牡丹的细胞遗传学研究,主要有Dark。Sax,Stebbins等人的工作。但至今,在已研究过的芍药属的各个种中,除Haga在P.japonica的野生种群中发现了一株三倍     

一地一牡丹

正"国色朝酣酒,天香夜染衣。丹景春醉容,明月问归期。"牡丹为我国特有植物,自唐朝以来就深受我国人民的喜爱,她在我国古代人民心中的地位有如长江、黄河,可仅用一个"花"字来代表。"牡丹"既特指栽培供观赏的各种品种,又泛指芍药科(Paeoniaceae)芍药属(Paeonia?L.)牡丹组(sect.?Moutan?Stern)的所有物种。有确切文字记载的牡丹栽培始于武则天,不同野生牡丹物     

紫斑牡丹的繁殖栽培技术

紫斑牡丹是珍稀野生花卉,花白色,基部有红紫色大斑,根皮入药,且有很高的观赏价值和药用价值。该种在甘肃分布区已濒临灭绝,为了丰富园林绿化、美化品种,发展中药材经济,笔者对紫斑牡丹进行了引种栽培试验,为大面积栽培积累了经验。     

不同居群栽培牡丹rDNAITS区序列分析及鉴别

对我国四个地区牡丹主要栽培品种rDNA ITS区序列进行测定,研究各居群rDNA ITS序列特征及差异,建立不同地区主要牡丹栽培品种的区域性分子标记,参照GeneBank信息(登录号:U27692)利用Clustal X、MEGA 3.1分子进化遗传分析软件对测序结果排序.牡丹ITS全序列长度为652 bp,相对于GenBank中牡丹rDNA ITS全序列在448位少一个C碱基,其中ITS1为267 bp,5.8 S为163 bp,ITS2为222 bp,GC含量为55.7%～56.9%,共有30个变异位点,主要发生在ITS1、ITS2区,5.8S区也存在多个位点的变异.牡丹rDNA ITS区序列特征(SNPs)可用于不同地区主要牡丹栽培品种的鉴别.     

4种野生牡丹种子休眠和萌发特性及与其致濒的关系

与栽培牡丹相比,野生矮牡丹、四川牡丹和紫斑牡丹的种子一般罗小,但野生黄牡丹种子则明显大于栽培牡丹。这４种濒危的野生牡丹种子的休眠与萌发特性一栽培牡丹的有明显差异;萌发生根期需半年以上,但通过胚培养可使之减至２周;萌发温度以１０－１５℃为宜,超过２０℃则明显不利于生根及上胚轴生长;打契上胚轴休眠需要严格的低温;野生牡丹种子的萌发率及打破上胚轴休眠后的出苗率也大大低于栽培牡丹,而且在不同分布地之间存在     

Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews 的界定，兼论栽培牡丹的分类鉴定问题

栽培牡丹一直称为Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews。 在把作丹皮用的栽培牡丹（凤丹）描述为新种P. ostii后,观赏的栽培牡丹仍然被统称为P. suffruticosa。 但在P. suffruticosa复合体内, P. rockii, P. jishanensis, P. qiui 和P. suffruticosa ssp. yinpingmudan 等野生类型相继被描述并得到承认。于是,有人提出了栽培牡丹多元发生的观点,同时也出现了P. suffruticosa “是牡丹组数     

中国东北地区地卷属地衣的研究

本文作者根据前人的文献资料,对中国科学院林业土壤研究所1950年以来在东北地区所采集的1200余号地卷属地衣植物标本进行整理、研究,共报道23个种,其中8个种为东北地区新分布。本文包括属的特征、分种检索表、种的文献考证、生境、产地以及国内外的地理分布。     

Sesquiterpenoids of fourteen Plagiochila species

The distribution of ent-2,3-secoaromadendrane-, ent-aromadendrane-, ent-bicyclogermacrane- and ent-maaliane-type sesquiterpenoids in fourteen Plagiochila species is described. These sesquiterpenes are the significant chemosystematic markers of Plagiochila. The intense pungent substance of some Plagiochila species is due to an ent-2,3-secoaromadendrane-type sesquiterpene hemiacetal, plagiochiline A.     

拟盘多毛孢属真菌的新种*

报导拟盘多毛孢属真菌的8个新种。这8个新种是:近似状拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis affinis、山姜拟盘多毛孢P. alpiniae、见血封喉拟盘多毛孢P. antiaris、五桠果拟盘多毛孢P. dilleniae、广西拟盘多毛孢P. kuwangsiensis、莲拟盘多毛孢P. nelumbinis、木荷拟盘多毛孢P. schimae、和神秘果拟盘多毛孢P. synsepali。新种的模式标本保存在广西大学植保系标本室。     

我国鼎湖山的担子菌类——Ⅰ.多孔菌科的种

广东鼎湖山自然保护区内的大型真菌比较丰富和复杂。本文报道该地区有关多孔菌科的4个新种和14个新纪录,其中小多孔菌Polyporus minor Bi et G.Y.Zheng sp.nov.,近莲座多孔菌Polyporus subfloriformis Bi et Zheng sp. nov.,近软多孔菌Polyporus submollis Bi etZheng sp.nov.和近多年生多孔菌Polyporus subperennis Bi et Zheng sp.nov.,等为新种。     

中国单轴霉分类的研究Ⅱ.寄生在伞形科上的新种和已知种

本文报道在我国伞形科植物上寄生的4种单轴霉(Plasmopara)。其中寄生于鸭儿芹(Cryptotaenia japonic Hassk)上的鸭儿芹单轴霉(Plasmopara cryptotaeniae sp.nov.)和寄生于水芹[Oenanthe javanica(BI.)DC.]及卵叶水芹(O.rosthornii Diels)上的水芹单轴霉(Plasmopara oenantheae sp.nov.)是2个新种。寄生于变豆菜(Sanicula chinensis Bunge)上的变豆菜单轴霉(Plasmopara saniculae Traian et O.savulescu)是亚洲的新记录种。     

Karyotype Analysis of 5 Species of Polygonatum Mill.

The present paper reports the chromosome numbers and karyotypes of five species in Polygonatum from Anhui of China. The materials used in this work are listed in Table 1, Photomicrographs of somatic metaphase and karyograms of the five species of Polygonatum in Plate 1, 2, 3, the idiograms in Fig. 1-11 and a comparison of the karyotype of them is provided in Table 2. The results are shown as follows: 1. Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.)Druce Two materials were examined. One from Mt. Huangshan, Anhui, has 2n= 16 = 10m (3sc)+ 6sm (Plate 1 :A, B). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 1. The chromosomes range in length from 2.85 to 8.85 μm, with the total length 48.63μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.11, The karyotype belong to Stebbins’(1971) 2B. The two chromosomes of the first pair have arm ratios 1.01 and 1.29 respectively, and The first pair has one chromosome carrying a satellite attached to the short arm, showing heterozyosity .The chromosome num ber of 2n= 16 in P. odoratum and its karyotype are reported for the first time. The other from Langyashan, Chu - xian, Anhui, is found to have 2n = 18 = 10m (Isc)+2sm+6st(2sc) (Plate 1: C, D). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 2. The chromosomes range in length from 2.43 to 8.29μm, with the total length 46.67µm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.41. The karyotype is also of 2B. In a somatic chromosome complement the 2nd pair have one chromosome carrying a satellite attached to the long arm, showing heterozygosity. 2. Polygonatum filipes Merr. Two materials were examined. One from the Huangshan, Anhui is found to have two cytotypes: 2n= 16 and 2n=22. This paper reports one of them. The karyotype formula is 2n=22=8m+8sm(2sc)+6st(Plate 3: Q, R). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 3. The chromosomes range in length from 2.55- 5.85μm, with the total length 45.01 μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.29. The karyotype belongs to 3B. The other material from the Fangchang, Anhui, is shown to have four cytitypes: 2n= 14, 2n= 16, 2n=20 (Plate 3: W) and 2n=22. This paper reports two of them. Type I: the karytype formula is 2n=14=10m+4sm (Plate 3: S, T). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 5. The chromosomes range in length from 2.59 to 7.61μm, the total length 37.44μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest is 2.94. the karyotype belongs to 2B. Type II :The karyotype formula is 2n=16=8m+4sm+4st (Plate 3: U, V). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 4. The chromosomes range in length from 2.65 to 8.21 μm, the total length 46.01 μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.10. The karyotype belongs to 2B. The chromosome numbers of 2n=20, 2n= 14 and 2n=22, and karyotype of 2n= 14 and 2n=22 in P. filipes are reported for the first time. 3. Polygonatum cytonema Hua Two materials were examined. One from the Langyashan, Chuxian, anhui, is found to have 2n = 18 = 8m (2sc)+ 6sm+ 4st (Plate 2: K, L). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 7. The chromosomes range in length from 3.41 to 9.21 μm, the total length 56.34μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest is 2.70. The karyotype belongs to 2B. The other material from the Huangshan, Anhui, has two cytotypes: 2n=20 and 2n= 22. Type I: The karyotype formula is 2n= 20= 8m+ 6sm+ 6st (Plate 2: M, N). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 8. The chromosomes range in length from 1.75 to 5.03μm, with the total length 32. 91μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2. 87. The karyotype is also of 2B. Type II: The karyotype formula is 2n=22=6m+ 8sm+4st+ 4t (Plate 2: O, P ). The idiogram is Shown in Fig. 10. The chromosomes range in length from 1.75 to 4.95 μm, with total length 35.05μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.83. The karyotype brlongs to 3B. 4. Polygonatum desoulayi kom. The material from Xuancheng, Anhui, is found to have karyotype 2n = 22 = 10m (2sc) + 6sm (lsc) + 6st ( Plate 2. I, J). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 6. The chromosomes range in length from 1.86 to 5.61μm, with the total length 41.98μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.02. The karyotype is also of 3B. The first pair has one chromosome carrying a satellite attached to the long arm, showing heterozygosity. The chromosome number and karyotype of Chinese material are reported for the first time. 5. Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. The material from the Langyashan, Chuxian, Anhui is found to have two cytotypes. Type 1: the karyotype formula is 2n = 18 = 2m+ 2sm+ 10st+ 2t+ 2T (Plate 1: G, H). The idiogram is shown in Fig.9. The chromosomes range in length from 1.86 to 4.03μm, with total length 28.28μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.17. The karyotype classification belongs to 3B. Type II: The karyotype formula is 2n=24=6m+4sm+12st+2T (Plate 1: E, F). The idiogram is shown in Fig. II. The chromosomes range in length from 2.01 to 5.03μm, with total length 41.36μm and the ratio of longest to shortest 2.50. The karyotype is also of 3B. The chromosome numbers and karyotypes of Chinese material are reported for the first time.     

中国假尾孢属的研究II．

本文报道中国假尾孢属的24个种,其中有2个新种:杨桐假尾孢(Pseudocercospora adinandrae Guo&Liu),钟萼假尾孢(Pseudocercospora bretschneiderae Liu&Guo),10个新组合,1个新名称:木豆假尾孢(Pseudoeercospora cajani-flavi Guo&Liu)和11个中国新记录。文中对2个新种提供了拉丁文简介、描述及图。所研究的标本全部保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

四种云杉的核型分析

首次报道了中国珍稀濒危保护植物长叶云杉 ( P. smithiana ( Wall.) Boiss.)和康定云杉 ( P. likian-gensis( Franch.) Pritz.var.montigena( Mast.) Cheng ex Chen)及我国特产的青海云杉 ( P.crassif oliaKom.)和林芝云杉 ( P.likiangensis( Franch.) Pritz.var.linzhiensis Cheng et L.K.Fu)的核型。它们的核型公式都是 K( 2 n) =2 4 =2 2 m+2 sm (林芝云杉有 1条 B染色体 ) ,染色体相对长度组成分别为 2 n=1 4 M2 +8M1 +2 S,2 L+1 2 M2 +6M1 +4S,2 L +1 0 M2 +1 0 M1 +2 S,和 2 L+1 2 M2 +6M1 +4S.均为 2 A (除青海云杉 1 A外 )核型类型。     

中国假尾孢属的研究Ⅱ.

本文报道中国假尾孢属的24个种,其中有2个新种:杨桐假尾孢(Pseudocercospora adinandrae Guo&Liu),钟萼假尾孢(Pseudocercospora bretschneiderae Liu&Guo),10个新组合,1个新名称:木豆假尾孢(Pseudoeercospora cajani-flavi Guo&Liu)和11个中国新记录。文中对2个新种提供了拉丁文简介、描述及图。所研究的标本全部保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。