色氨酸类似物标记法研究DsbA蛋白的结构环境

用生物标记的方法将色氨酸类似物标记在DsbA蛋白中的色氨酸位置,分析标记蛋白质的谱学性质、色氨酸结构环境和潜在应用前景.5-OH-Trp标记的DsbA蛋白具有315 nm激发的荧光发射光谱;¹⁹F-NMR 能分辨5-F-Trp标记的DsbA蛋白的两个F-Trp残基(Trp76和Trp126),Trp76化学位移变化反映二硫键交换引起的结构转化.进一步将利用标记蛋白的独特荧光和¹⁹F-NMR性质,研究DsbA蛋白的氧化还原及与底物蛋白的结合作用.     

大肠杆菌二硫键氧化还原酶

真核生物中正确二硫键的形成是在内质网中由二硫键异构酶PDI及相关蛋白催化的,而在原核生物大肠杆菌中二硫键的氧化、还原和异构化发生在细胞周质,由一系列的二硫键氧化还原酶完成.从1991年Badewell发现第一个氧化还原蛋白DsbA开始,目前已发现有七种二硫键氧化还原酶.DsbB,DsbD、DsbE/CcmG及CcmH位于细胞膜上,DsbA、DsbC,DsbG在细胞周质空间中.DsbA和DsbB的氧化和电子传递链相联系,而DsbC、DsbD,DsbE,DsbG和CcmH的还原需要来自细胞质的电子传递.     

大肠杆菌二硫键氧化还原酶

真核生物中正确二硫键的形成是在内质网中由二硫键异构酶PDI及相关蛋白催化的,而在原核生物大肠杆菌中二硫键的氧化、还原和异构化发生在细胞周质,由一系列的二硫键氧化还原酶完成。从1991年Badewell发现第一个氧化还原蛋白DsbA开始,目前已发现有七种二硫键氧化还原酶。DsbB、DsbD、DsbE/CcmG及CcmH位于细胞膜上,DsbA、DsbC、DsbG在细胞周质空间中。DsbA和DsbB的氧化和电子传递链相联系,而DsbC、DsbD、DsbE、DsbG和CcmH的还原需要来自细胞质的电子传递。     

大肠杆菌二硫键形成蛋白A（DsbA）研究进展

二硫键形成蛋白A(DisulfidebondformationproteinA,DsbA)是存在于大肠杆菌周质胞腔内的一种参与新生蛋白质折叠过程中催化二硫键形成的折叠酶。综述了DsbA三维结构、进化过程、协助蛋白质体内外复性方面的研究进展。DsbA比硫氧还原蛋白具有更强的氧化性,其强氧化性来自于Cys30残基异常低的pKa值和不稳定的氧化型结构,通过定点突变的研究表明了Cys30残基是DsbA活性中心最关键的氨基酸残基之一。DsbA不论在体内与目标蛋白融合表达还是在体外以折叠酶形式添加,都能有效地催化蛋白质的折叠复性,同时DsbA还具有部分分子伴侣的活性。     

大肠杆菌二硫键形成相关蛋白的结构、功能及其在基因工程表达外源蛋白上的应用

大肠杆菌分泌蛋白二硫键的形成是一系列蛋白协同作用的结果,主要是Dsb家族蛋白,迄今为止共发现了DsbA、DsbB、DsbC、DsbD、DsbE和DsbG。在体内,DsbA负责氧化两个巯基形成二硫键,DsbB则负责DsbA的再氧化。DsbC和DsbG负责校正DsbA导入的异常二硫键,DsbD则负责对DsbC和DsbG进行再还原,DsbE的功能与DsbD类似。除了直接和二硫键的形成相关外,DsbA、DsbC和DsbG都有分子伴侣功能。它们的分子伴侣功能独立于二硫键形成酶的活性并且对二硫键形成酶活性具有明显的促进作用。基于Dsb蛋白的功能特性,利用它们以大肠杆菌为宿主表达外源蛋白,特别是含有二硫键的蛋白,取得了很多成功的例子。本文简要介绍了这方面的进展,显示Dsb蛋白在促进外源蛋白在大肠杆菌中以可溶形式表达方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

大肠杆菌二硫键形成蛋白A（DsbA）研究进展

二硫键形成蛋白A（Disulfide bond formation protein A,DsbA）是存在于大肠杆菌周质胞腔内的一种参与新生蛋白质折叠过程中催化二硫键形成的折叠酶。综述了DsbA三维结构、进化过程、协助蛋白质体内外复性方面的研究进展。DsbA比硫氧还原蛋白具有更强的氧化性,其强氧化性来自于Cys³⁰残基异常低的pKa值和不稳定的氧化型结构,通过定点突变的研究表明了Cys³⁰残基是DsbA活性中心最关键的氨基酸残基之一。DsbA不论在体内与目标蛋白融合表达还是在体外以折叠酶形式添加,都能有效地催化蛋白质的折叠复性,同时DsbA还具有部分分子伴侣的活性。     

细胞色素bc_1复合物的喇曼光谱研究

对提纯的细胞色素ｂｃ１复合物的氧化态和底物琥珀酸还原态两个样品进行了共振喇曼和富立叶喇曼光谱测定和比较。琥珀酸还原态与氧化态的共振谱比较明显有变化,而富立叶红外谱没有什么差别。说明呼吸链的电子传递体在氧化态与还原态交替变化进行电子传递时,蛋白总体构象不发生大的改变,而活性中心血红素辅基局部构象变化很大。     

半胱氨酸氧化还原状态的协同性

以2002年4月份的Culled Protein Data Bank数据库中的639条蛋白质多肽链为研究对象,统计分析了其含有的584条二硫键的形成特征,发现半胱氨酸氧化还原状态表现出明显的协同性现象：含有二硫键的蛋白质中几乎所有的半胱氨酸都以氧化态形式存在。这一协同性可以通过蛋白质全局水平上的20种氨基酸组分的百分含量很好地加以说明,由此来预测半胱氨酸的氧化还原状态准确率最高可达84．5％。结果表明半胱氨酸是否形成二硫键主要取决于蛋白质全局的而非局部的结构信息。     

氧化还原对NDPK-A及突变体磷酸转移酶活性的影响

对核苷二磷酸激酶A(NDPK-A)及其4种半胱氨酸突变体进行诱导表达及纯化,测定它们在氧化还原条件及正常条件下的磷酸转移酶活性,研究氧化还原及二硫键异构对NDPK-A及突变体活性的影响。将实验室之前构建成功的野生型NDPK-A(PBV-NDPK-A)及4种突变型NDPK-A基因(PBV-NDPK-A C4S,PBV-NDPK-A C109S,PBV-NDPK-A C145S,PBV-NDPK-A C4/109/145S)在大肠杆菌中高效表达;以DEAE-sepharose Fast Flow离子交换层析与Cibacron Blue 3GA Sepharose CL-4B亲和层析技术纯化目的蛋白;HPLC法测定比较野生型NDPK-A及突变体在氧化还原和正常环境下磷酸转移酶活性。结果显示,NDPK-A及突变体在大肠杆菌中高效表达;经纯化分别获得了均一的NDPK-A蛋白及突变体蛋白,纯度均达到98%;在还原环境下NDPK-A及突变体的磷酸转移酶活性均高于正常环境下的活性,但是在氧化环境下的磷酸转移酶活性明显低于正常环境下。氧化还原环境对NDPK-A结构异构及磷酸转移酶活性有一定的影响,提示氧化还原环境可能调控NDPK-A二硫键的形成,影响蛋白的聚集状态,从而影响蛋白的磷酸转移酶活性,并且NDPK-A结构中可能有更为复杂的氧化还原调控酶活性机制。     

重组二硫键异构酶在大肠杆菌中表达条件的统计优化

二硫键形成蛋白A (disulfidebondformationproteinA ,DsbA)是大肠杆菌周质胞腔中辅助多种含有二硫键的蛋白质正确折叠并具有生物学活性的一种二硫键异构酶.通过统计实验设计的方法将生产重组DsbA的发酵过程进行了优化.首先通过Plackett Burman设计挑选出了对DsbA表达量影响较大的四个因素,然后再利用杂合设计进行实验,并通过拟合得到了响应曲面函数,但该函数的驻点是鞍点,因此不具有全局的极值.最后通过约束优化得到了较佳的实验点,在该实验点下DsbA的表达量比基本培养条件下提高了5 0 .14 % .     

Structural analysis of three His32 mutants of DsbA: support for an electrostatic role of His32 in DsbA stability.

DsbA, a 21-kDa protein from Escherichia coli, is a potent oxidizing disulfide catalyst required for disulfide bond formation in secreted proteins. The active site of DsbA is similar to that of mammalian protein disulfide isomerases, and includes a reversible disulfide bond formed from cysteines separated by two residues (Cys30-Pro31-His32-Cys33). Unlike most protein disulfides, the active-site disulfide of DsbA is highly reactive and the oxidized form of DsbA is much less stable than the reduced form at physiological pH. His32, one of the two residues between the active-site cysteines, is critical to the oxidizing power of DsbA and to the relative instability of the protein in the oxidized form. Mutation of this single residue to tyrosine, serine, or leucine results in a significant increase in stability (of approximately 5-7 kcal/mol) of the oxidized His32 variants relative to the oxidized wild-type protein. Despite the dramatic changes in stability, the structures of all three oxidized DsbA His32 variants are very similar to the wild-type oxidized structure, including conservation of solvent atoms near the active-site residue, Cys30. These results show that the His32 residue does not exert a conformational effect on the structure of DsbA. The destabilizing effect of His32 on oxidized DsbA is therefore most likely electrostatic in nature.     

Four cysteines of the membrane protein DsbB act in concert to oxidize its substrate DsbA

Protein disulfide bond formation in Escherichia coli is catalyzed by the periplasmic protein DsbA. A cytoplasmic membrane protein DsbB maintains DsbA in the oxidized state by transferring electrons from DsbA to quinones in the respiratory chain. Here we show that DsbB activity can be reconstituted by co-expression of N- and C-terminal fragments of the protein, each containing one of its redox-active disulfide bonds. This system has allowed us (i) to demonstrate that the two DsbB redox centers interact directly through a disulfide bond formed between the two DsbB domains and (ii) to identify the specific cysteine residues involved in this covalent interaction. Moreover, we are able to capture an intermediate in the process of electron transfer from one redox center to the other. These results lead us to propose a model that describes how the cysteines cooperate in the early stages of oxidation of DsbA. DsbB appears to adopt a novel mechanism to oxidize DsbA, using its two pairs of cysteines in a coordinated reaction to accept electrons from the active cysteines in DsbA.     

On the non-respect of the thermodynamic cycle by DsbA variants

The mechanism of the disulfide-bond forming enzyme DsbA depends on the very low pKa of a cysteine residue in its active-site and on the relative instability of the oxidized enzyme compared to the reduced one. A thermodynamic cycle has been used to correlate its redox properties to the difference in the free energies of folding (deltadeltaGred/ox) of the oxidized and reduced forms. However, the relation was proved unsatisfied for a number of DsbA variants. In this study, we investigate the thermodynamic and redox properties of a highly destabilized variant DsbA(P151A) (substitution of cis-Pro151 by an alanine) by the means of intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence and by high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry (HS-DSC). When the value of deltadeltaGred/ox obtained fluorimetrically for DsbA(P151A) does not correlate with the value expected from its redox potential, the value of deltadeltaGred/ox provided by HS-DSC are in perfect agreement with the predicted thermodynamic cycle for both wild-type and variant. HS-DSC data indicate that oxidized wild-type enzyme and the reduced forms of both wild-type and variant unfold according to a two-state mechanism. Oxidized DsbA(P151A) shows a deviation from two-state behavior that implies the loss of interdomain cooperativity in DsbA caused by Pro151 substitution. The presence of chaotrope in fluorimetric measurements could facilitate domain uncoupling so that the fluorescence probe (Trp76) does not reflect the whole unfolding process of DsbA(P151A) anymore. Thus, theoretical thermodynamic cycle is respected when an appropriate method is applied to DsbA unfolding under conditions in which protein domains still conserve their cooperativity.     

Respiratory chain strongly oxidizes the CXXC motif of DsbB in the Escherichia coli disulfide bond formation pathway

Escherichia coli DsbB has four essential cysteine residues, among which Cys41 and Cys44 form a CXXC redox active site motif and the Cys104-Cys130 disulfide bond oxidizes the active site cysteines of DsbA, the disulfide bond formation factor in the periplasm. Functional respiratory chain is required for the cell to keep DsbA oxidized. In this study, we characterized the roles of essential cysteines of DsbB in the coupling with the respiratory chain. Cys104 was found to form the inactive complex with DsbA under respiration-defective conditions. While DsbB, under normal aerobic conditions, is in the oxidized state, having two intramolecular disulfide bonds, oxidation of Cys104 and Cys130 requires the presence of Cys41-Cys44. Remarkably, the Cys41-Cys44 disulfide bond is refractory to reduction by a high concentration of dithiothreitol, unless the membrane is solubilized with a detergent. This reductant resistance requires both the respiratory function and oxygen, since Cys41-Cys44 became sensitive to the reducing agent when membrane was prepared from quinone- or heme-depleted cells or when a membrane sample was deaerated. Thus, the Cys41-Val-Leu-Cys44 motif of DsbB is kept both strongly oxidized and strongly oxidizing when DsbB is integrated into the membrane with the normal set of respiratory components.     

In vitro catalysis of oxidative folding of disulfide-bonded proteins by the Escherichia coli dsbA (ppfA) gene product.

It was shown previously that the Escherichia coli gene ppfA (dsbA) encodes a periplasmic protein, and its inactivation leads to a deficiency in disulfide bond formation of envelope proteins (Kamitani, S., Akiyama, Y., and Ito, K. (1992) EMBO J. 11, 57-62; Bardwell, J. C. A., McGovern, K., and Beckwith, J. (1991) Cell 67, 581-589). The DsbA/PpfA protein was overproduced, purified, and examined for its activities in vitro. Its abundance in a wild-type cell was estimated to be about 850 molecules which probably exist as homodimers as suggested by size exclusion chromatography. Purified DsbA markedly stimulated disulfide bond formation of E. coli alkaline phosphatase, either in vitro synthesized or purified and denatured, as well as of reduced bovine ribonuclease A. The DsbA-catalyzed rapid disulfide bond formation occurred after a lag period which appeared to be determined by the redox state of the reaction mixture and concentration of DsbA. Inclusion of higher concentrations of oxidized glutathione or DsbA shortened the lag period. We propose that DsbA, which proved to directly catalyze disulfide bond formation, may also have a role in maintaining the bacterial periplasm oxidative.     

Identification of a protein required for disulfide bond formation in vivo

We describe a mutation (dsbA) that renders Escherichia coli severely defective in disulfide bond formation. In dsbA mutant cells, pulse-labeled beta-lactamase, alkaline phosphatase, and OmpA are secreted but largely lack disulfide bonds. These disulfideless proteins may represent in vivo folding intermediates, since they are protease sensitive and chase slowly into stable oxidized forms. The dsbA gene codes for a 21,000 Mr periplasmic protein containing the sequence cys-pro-his-cys, which resembles the active sites of certain disulfide oxidoreductases. The purified DsbA protein is capable of reducing the disulfide bonds of insulin, an activity that it shares with these disulfide oxidoreductases. Our results suggest that disulfide bond formation is facilitated by DsbA in vivo.     

Structure analysis of the extracellular domain reveals disulfide bond forming-protein properties of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv2969c

Disulfide bond-forming (Dsb) protein is a bacterial periplasmic protein that is essential for the correct folding and disulfide bond formation of secreted or cell wallassociated proteins. DsbA introduces disulfide bonds into folding proteins, and is re-oxidized through interaction with its redox partner DsbB. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a Gram-positive bacterium, expresses a DsbA-like protein ( Rv2969c), an extracellular protein that has its Nterminus anchored in the cell membrane. Since Rv2969c is an essential gene, crucial for disulfide bond formation, research of DsbA may provide a target of a new class of anti-bacterial drugs for treatment of M.tuberculosis infection. In the present work, the crystal structures of theextracellular region of Rv2969c (Mtb DsbA) were determined in both its reduced and oxidized states. The overall structure of Mtb DsbA can be divided into two domains: a classical thioredoxin-like domain with a typical CXXC active site, and an α-helical domain. It largely resembles its Escherichiacoli homologue EcDsbA, however, it possesses a truncated binding groove; in addition, its active site is surrounded by an acidic, rather than hydrophobic surface. In our oxidoreductase activity assay, Mtb DsbA exhibited a different substrate specificity when compared to EcDsbA. Moreover, structural analysis revealed a second disulfide bond in Mtb DsbA, which is rare in the previously reported DsbA structures, and is assumed to contribute to the overall stability of Mtb DsbA. To investigate the disulphide formation pathway in M.tuberculosis, we modeled Mtb Vitamin K epoxide reductase (Mtb VKOR), a binding partner of Mtb DsbA, to Mtb DsbA.     

Redox properties of protein disulfide isomerase (DsbA) from Escherichia coli.

The redox properties of periplasmic protein disulfide isomerase (DsbA) from Escherichia coli were analyzed by measuring the equilibrium constant of the oxidation of reduced DsbA by oxidized glutathione. The experiments are based on the finding that the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of DsbA increases about threefold upon reduction of the enzyme, which can be explained by the catalytic disulfide bridge quenching the fluorescence of a neighboring tryptophan residue. From the specific fluorescence of DsbA equilibrated in the presence of different ratios of reduced and oxidized glutathione at pH 7, an equilibrium constant of 1.2 x 10(-4) M was determined, corresponding to a standard redox potential (E'0) of DsbA of -0.089 V. Thus, DsbA is a significantly stronger oxidant than cytoplasmic thioredoxins and its redox properties are similar to those of eukaryotic protein disulfide isomerase. The equilibrium constants for the DsbA/glutathione equilibrium were found to be strongly dependent on pH and varied from 2.5 x 10(-3) M to 3.9 x 10(-5) M between pH 4 and 8.5. The redox state-dependent fluorescence properties of DsbA should allow detailed physicochemical studies of the enzyme as well as the quantitative determination of the oxidized protein by fluorescence titration with dithiothreitol and open the possibility to observe bacterial protein disulfide isomerase "at work" during catalysis of oxidative protein folding.     

Mechanism of the electron transfer catalyst DsbB from Escherichia coli

The membrane protein DsbB from Escherichia coli is essential for disulfide bond formation and catalyses the oxidation of the periplasmic dithiol oxidase DsbA by ubiquinone. DsbB contains two catalytic disulfide bonds, Cys41-Cys44 and Cys104-Cys130. We show that DsbB directly oxidizes one molar equivalent of DsbA in the absence of ubiquinone via disulfide exchange with the 104-130 disulfide bond, with a rate constant of 2.7 x 10 M(-1) x s(-1). This reaction occurs although the 104-130 disulfide is less oxidizing than the catalytic disulfide bond of DsbA (E(o)' = -186 and -122 mV, respectively). This is because the 41-44 disulfide, which is only accessible to ubiquinone but not to DsbA, is the most oxidizing disulfide bond in a protein described so far, with a redox potential of -69 mV. Rapid intramolecular disulfide exchange in partially reduced DsbB converts the enzyme into a state in which Cys41 and Cys44 are reduced and thus accessible for reoxidation by ubiquinone. This demonstrates that the high catalytic efficiency of DsbB results from the extreme intrinsic oxidative force of the enzyme.