黄土丘陵区生物结皮对土壤可蚀性的影响

在采样分析生物结皮对土壤理化属性影响的基础上,采用EPIC模型估算与模拟降雨试验相结合的方法,研究了黄土丘陵区不同生物量、不同土壤质地和不同季节的生物结皮对土壤可蚀性(K值)的影响.结果表明： 生物结皮显著降低了土壤可蚀性,生物结皮层土壤可蚀性较下层土壤降低17%;土壤可蚀性随生物结皮生物量的增加呈降低趋势,藓结皮土壤可蚀性K值较藻结皮土壤降低21%;生物结皮土壤可蚀性在不同季节因其生物活性不同而存在差异,雨季中显著高于雨季前和雨季末;不同质地土壤上生物结皮对可蚀性的影响不同,可蚀性K值为砂壤>粉壤>砂土;模拟降雨条件下测定表明,生物结皮的发育使土壤可蚀性较对照（下层5~10 cm土壤）降低约90%.
     

黄土丘陵区生物结皮对土壤可蚀性的影响

在采样分析生物结皮对土壤理化属性影响的基础上,采用EPIC模型估算与模拟降雨试验相结合的方法,研究了黄土丘陵区不同生物量、不同土壤质地和不同季节的生物结皮对土壤可蚀性(K值)的影响.结果表明： 生物结皮显著降低了土壤可蚀性,生物结皮层土壤可蚀性较下层土壤降低17%;土壤可蚀性随生物结皮生物量的增加呈降低趋势,藓结皮土壤可蚀性K值较藻结皮土壤降低21%;生物结皮土壤可蚀性在不同季节因其生物活性不同而存在差异,雨季中显著高于雨季前和雨季末;不同质地土壤上生物结皮对可蚀性的影响不同,可蚀性K值为砂壤>粉壤>砂土;模拟降雨条件下测定表明,生物结皮的发育使土壤可蚀性较对照（下层5~10 cm土壤）降低约90%.
     

土壤可蚀性研究述评

土壤可蚀性是土壤对侵蚀营力分散和搬运作用的抵抗能力,是建立土壤流失方程和侵蚀模型的必要参数.土壤可蚀性研究是认识土壤侵蚀机理的一个重要环节.本研究基于土壤可蚀性已有成果,总结评述了土壤可蚀性的相关研究进展.其中,土壤可蚀性的相关指标有土壤抗冲抗蚀性、K因子等;土壤可蚀性包括水蚀可蚀性、风蚀可蚀性、重力可蚀性和冻融可蚀性等不同类型;其评价指标体系可以分为基于土壤内在性质和外在侵蚀营力的两类评价指标体系;土壤理化性质测定法、仪器测定法、小区测定法、数学模型和图解法、水动力学模型求解法是目前常用的5种土壤可蚀性测定和估算方法;土壤可蚀性具有明显的时空分异特征,其影响因素主要包括土壤性质、气候、植被、地形和土地利用等不同方面.在土壤可蚀性的进一步研究中,应注重土壤可蚀性概念的界定、评价指标体系的规范统一、土壤可蚀性估算模型的区域适用性、土壤可蚀性动态变化作用机理等方面.     

黄土丘陵区退耕小流域土壤有机碳分布特征及地形植被对其的影响

针对黄土丘陵区退耕还林(草)工程实施20年固碳效果研究薄弱的问题，以典型退耕小流域为对象，在不同地形(峁坡、沟肩、沟谷)和植被类型(次生草地、撂荒山杏林、撂荒坡耕地)共布设147个样点采集0—100 cm土层样品并测定，以研究土壤有机碳(SOC)分布特征及地形、植被对其的影响。结果表明：小流域峁坡剖面(0—100 cm)土层SOC含量平均为2.43 g/kg。地形和植被类型对小流域SOC分布特征产生了重要影响：沟肩表层和剖面SOC含量均最高且显著(P<0.05)高于沟谷，但与峁坡无显著差异；次生草地表层(0—20 cm)和亚表层(20—40 cm)SOC含量均显著(P<0.05)高于撂荒山杏林和撂荒坡耕地。地统计学分析显示小流域0—20 cm土层SOC含量有最大块金值且块金系数为49.6%,即表层SOC具有最大块金效应且受到结构因素与随机因素共同影响；剖面SOC分布格局表现出与表层土壤相似的特征。总之，退耕还林(草)碳汇效应显著，且在地形和植被类型作用下呈现显著的空间异质性特征。     

典型喀斯特森林土壤的抗蚀性

喀斯特地区生态脆弱,极易发生土壤侵蚀。受地表要素空间异质性的影响,目前相关研究仍无法完全反映出喀斯特地区不同植被类型土壤抗蚀性的特征。通过野外调查,了解样地植被群落类型及其组成等基本情况,并以"S形布点法"实地采样;通过酒精烘烤法、环刀法等方法,获取土壤含水量、土壤容重、土壤有机质、土壤团聚体、土壤微团聚体及土壤机械组成、土壤抗蚀指数等土壤抗蚀指标值。结果表明,除有机质外的其他抗蚀指标表现出0—10cm土层内与10—20cm土层内的变化规律均和抗蚀指数一致。在土壤深度0—10cm范围内,土壤抗蚀指数表征的土壤抗蚀能力强弱为:阔叶林灌丛针叶林;在10—20cm土层范围为:灌丛针叶林阔叶林。0—10cm土层内各指标表征土壤抗蚀能力的显著程度为:有机质含量、水稳性团聚体、结构破坏率、团聚状况和团聚度较显著,10—20cm土层内为有机质含量、干筛团聚体、团聚度较为显著,水稳性团聚体次之。通过综合两个土层的情况,可认为有机质含量、水稳性团聚体、团聚度能较好地表征喀斯特林地土壤抗蚀性强弱。在喀斯特地区如果以防治土壤侵蚀为目的,应考虑种植阔叶树种,避免针叶树种。     

不同尺度下土壤粒径分布特征及其影响因子——以黄土丘陵沟壑区为例

土地利用方式和环境因子是影响土壤粒径的重要因素,尺度不同其影响效应差异明显。研究不同尺度表层土壤粒径与土地利用、环境因子的关系对评价黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤物理性质具有积极意义。选择黄土丘陵沟壑区安塞集水区和沐浴小流域作为研究区,探讨两个尺度上表层土壤粒径含量、分布特征及其与土地利用类型和环境因子的关系。研究结果表明:(1)研究区域内表层土壤颗粒主要为砂粒和粉粒,在小流域和集水区尺度上,各粒径百分含量属于中等变异,D值为弱变异,但随着研究区由沐浴小流域变化到安塞集水区,粒径和D值的空间变异性均有所提高;(2)尺度不同,土地利用对土壤粒径的影响效应不同,在沐浴小流域不同土地利用类型的砂粒含量从高到低依次为荒草地农用地林地灌木林地园地,在集水区的变化顺序依次为荒草地灌木林地林地农用地园地,粉粒含量的次序均与砂粒相反,小流域土壤粒径分形维数D依次为灌木林地荒草地林地园地农用地,在安塞集水区为灌木林地荒草地农用地林地园地;(3)在沐浴小流域和安塞集水区,土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤砂粒、黏粒百分含量呈极显著正相关关系,与土壤粉粒百分含量呈极显著负相关关系,且砂质壤土D值高于壤土和粉壤土;(4)在沐浴小流域,植被盖度、相对海拔和坡位相对于土地利用类型、坡向和坡度对土壤粒径影响较大;而在安塞集水区植被盖度、土地利用类型和坡度对土壤粒径影响较大。     

半干旱黄土区植被恢复对土壤团聚体稳定性及抗侵蚀能力的影响

土壤水稳性团聚体强烈影响土壤过程和功能,是反映土壤质量和土壤抗侵蚀能力的重要指标。为探究半干旱黄土区植被恢复对土壤抗侵蚀能力的影响,以甘肃省定西市龙滩流域为研究区,选取3种恢复方式（天然荒草、自然恢复、人工恢复）7种植被类型（大针茅草地、长芒草草地、赖草草地、苜蓿草地、柠条灌丛、山杏林以及油松林）为研究对象,通过测定0-20 cm、20-40 cm和40-60 cm土壤水稳性团聚体,分析土壤团聚体组成、稳定性及抗侵蚀能力特征。结果表明：1）不同恢复方式不同植被类型间土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性差异显著（P<0.05）,自然恢复方式的土壤水稳性团聚体平均重量直径显著高于天然荒草和人工恢复方式,且7种植被类型土壤大团聚体质量百分比均在67.97%-90.12%之间;人工恢复方式土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性较差,其中油松林稳定性最差。2）土壤团聚体破坏率和土壤抗侵蚀能力均表现出自然恢复方式更有利于土壤结构稳定性的提高。3）土壤水稳性大团聚体含量越高,土壤团聚体越稳定,土壤结构稳定性就越好;平均重量直径与土壤可蚀性因子K值呈极显著性负相关（P<0.01）。本研究结果表明自然恢复方式能够显著提高土壤团聚体的稳定性,从而提升土壤的抗侵蚀能力,建议当地在未来植被恢复规划中采取自然恢复方式更有利于生态恢复的有效进行。     

鼎湖山自然保护区土壤有机碳贮量和分配特征

基于61个土壤剖面的数据,分析了鼎湖山自然保护区4种自然植被类型(沟谷雨林、季风常绿阔叶林、山地常绿阔叶林和山地灌木草丛)和4种次生植被类型(马尾松针叶林、针阔混交林、次生季风常绿阔叶林和常绿灌丛)的土壤有机碳贮量及其分配特征.结果如下(1)各植被类型土壤有机碳含量随深度增加而减少,但植被类型不同其减少程度不同.除 >40cm土层外,自然植被类型的土壤有机碳含量明显高于次生植被类型.(2)土壤碳密度和土壤有机碳含量一样随深度增加而减少.两大植被类型间比较,除山地灌木草丛 >40cm土层外,自然植被类型各个土层土壤碳密度都高于所有的次生植被类型对应的碳密度.对于整个土层而言,各植被类型土壤碳密度在30.9～127.9 t/hm2间,总平均为73.9 t/hm2.(3)各植被类型的土壤厚度平均为36.7～73.3cm,总平均为56.4cm.除了山地常绿阔叶林外,土壤厚度基本上沿海拔高度增加而减少.(4)保护区各植被类型总面积为1028.4 hm2,土壤总碳贮量为72287.0 t,其中0～10、10～20、20～40cm和 >40cm四个土层分别占32.0%、20.6%、25.8%和21.6%.自然植被土壤碳贮量在表层(0～20cm)的比重比次生植被的高.所有的植被类型中,混交林碳贮量贡献最大,季风常绿阔叶林次之.自然植被类型土壤在碳贮存方面发挥积极的作用.(5)通过比较,鼎湖山保护区土壤碳密度整体较低,表层土壤碳贮量贡献较大.分析表明人为干扰是制约土壤碳贮存量大小的重要因素.     

子午岭次生林植被演替过程的土壤抗冲性

在水土流失极为严重的黄土高原地区,土壤抗冲性决定着土壤的可蚀性.于2004年5月在黄土高原惟一的次生林区——子午岭林区,通过原状土冲刷实验对不同植被演替阶段下的土壤抗冲性进行了研究.结果表明： （1）随植被的正向演替,表层土壤（0～15cm）的抗冲性明显增大,但亚表层（15～30cm）和底层（30～50cm）土壤抗冲性则没有太大的变化;（2）植物根系能显著的增强土壤抗冲性,土壤抗冲系数与单位土体根系表面积具有极显著的（p＜0.001）线性相关关系;（3）土壤抗冲系数随土壤中水稳性团聚体含量和微生物量的增加而增大,且其相关关系极显著（p＜0.001）.综合根系（x1）、水稳性团聚体（x2）以及微生物（x3）对土壤抗冲性的影响,建立黄土高原地区土壤抗冲性方程： y=-4.89＋1.27x1＋0.079x2＋1.94E-3x3 （R^2=0.914 p＜0.001）.     

黄土高原地区土壤可蚀性及其应用研究

通过回顾已有的成果,分析评价了我国土壤可蚀性研究的进展及存在的问题,提出我国土壤可蚀性研究中的标准小区定义,运用野外观测资料,研究计算了黄土高原地区土壤可蚀性指标标值,结果表明,陕北和晋西北一带黄土可蚀性K值变化于0．3－0．7之间,并且有以陕西子洲,绥德一带为最大,以此为中心,向南,向北和向东都减少的变化趋势。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.