贵州麻江羊跳寒武系九门冲组微体化石初探

贵州麻江羊跳剖面寒武系九门冲组发育一套富含有机质的灰岩,经室内醋酸浸泡处理后,发现有海绵动物骨针和腕足动物的微体骨骼化石。海绵动物骨针包括粗短三轴六射针和细长三轴六射针。腕足动物经对比研究后将其鉴定为Eohadrotreta zhenbaensis,外部特征和内部结构均与陕南和鄂西地区的E.zhenbaensis非常相似,具有贝体轮廓亚圆形或横卵形、壳体饰以明显的同心纹,腹壳内顶坑浅弱或不发育、顶突起微凸,背壳假铰合面明显、中间沟和中支板发育良好等特征。E.zhenbaensis主要见于中国扬子区陕南和鄂西的寒武纪第二世地层中,在黔东斜坡相区九门冲组中尚属首次报道。E.zhenbaensis在黔东寒武系九门冲组的发现,不仅丰富了该组的生物组成面貌,扩展其地理分布,而且可为扬子区和过渡区不同岩石地层单位之间的对比提供信息。麻江羊跳寒武系九门冲组微体化石远较鄂西和陕南等地水井沱组中微体化石的分异度低,可能与当时麻江地区水体较深有关,为研究不同相区生物群落结构的变化提供了资料。     

贵州麻江羊跳寒武系九门冲组微体化石初探北大核心CSCD

贵州麻江羊跳剖面寒武系九门冲组发育一套富含有机质的灰岩,经室内醋酸浸泡处理后,发现有海绵动物骨针和腕足动物的微体骨骼化石。海绵动物骨针包括粗短三轴六射针和细长三轴六射针。腕足动物经对比研究后将其鉴定为Eohadrotreta zhenbaensis,外部特征和内部结构均与陕南和鄂西地区的E.zhenbaensis非常相似,具有贝体轮廓亚圆形或横卵形、壳体饰以明显的同心纹,腹壳内顶坑浅弱或不发育、顶突起微凸,背壳假铰合面明显、中间沟和中支板发育良好等特征。E.zhenbaensis主要见于中国扬子区陕南和鄂西的寒武纪第二世地层中,在黔东斜坡相区九门冲组中尚属首次报道。E.zhenbaensis在黔东寒武系九门冲组的发现,不仅丰富了该组的生物组成面貌,扩展其地理分布,而且可为扬子区和过渡区不同岩石地层单位之间的对比提供信息。麻江羊跳寒武系九门冲组微体化石远较鄂西和陕南等地水井沱组中微体化石的分异度低,可能与当时麻江地区水体较深有关,为研究不同相区生物群落结构的变化提供了资料。     

贵州剑河八郎寒武系都匀阶“清虚洞组”宏观藻类化石的发现

文中首次报导贵州寒武系黔东统都匀阶"清虚洞组"(或乌训组)宏观藻类,计2属2种:环圈螺旋抚仙藻Fuxianospira gyrata Chen and Zhou,1997和云南中华细丝藻Sinocylindra yunnanensis Chen and Erdtmann,1991,它们是澄江生物群最常见的两类宏观藻类具有澄江生物群宏观藻类的组合特征。"清虚洞组"位于黔东统上部,介于杷榔组和凯里组之间,该组宏观藻类的发现,为寒武纪宏观藻类演化链的完整研究提供了有价值的资料。     

贵州剑河八郎“清虚洞组”Protoryctocephalus Chow(Zhou) in Lu et al.,1974b的初步研究

三叶虫掘头虫科古掘头虫属Protoryctocephalus Chow(Zhou)in Lu et al.,1974b由周志毅根据贵州丹寨南皋寒武系乌训组的标本命名,至今共有4个种:Protoryctocephalus wuxunensis,P.balangensis,P.elongatus,P.arcticus。贵州剑河八郎"清虚洞组"产其中的2个种:P.elongatus及P.arcticus。P.elongatus首现于"清虚洞组"上部,上延至凯里组下部;P.arcticus命名于格陵兰北部Peary Land的Henson Gletscher组中部,位于寒武系第5阶首现分子Oryctocephalus indicus层位之下,为格陵兰北部Peary Land的Henson Gletscher组与凯里组下部及"清虚洞组"上部的地层对比提供了化石依据,有助于寒武系第5阶地层对比。八郎"清虚洞组"P.elongatus及P.arcticus的发现具有演化及国际地层对比意义。     

贵州剑河八郎寒武系清虚洞组的楔叶形虫Sphenothallus Hall,1847

贵州剑河八郎松山寒武系黔东统中部清虚洞组主要由灰岩、泥岩组成,下部以灰岩为主,上部为泥岩、灰岩互层,顶部为中层白云岩。上部含有大量的褶颊虫类和掘头虫类三叶虫及带软躯体动物多门类化石组合。本文报道的楔叶形虫Sphenothallus Hall,1847产于清虚洞组上部,分异度低,仅1属1相似种,即台江楔叶形虫(相似种)Sphenothallus cf.taijiangensis Zhu et al.,2000,位于Redlichia(R.)guizhouensis-Redlichia(R.)nobilis顶峰带。S.cf.taijiangensis化石保存较好,少数标本管壁之间保存有横纹,说明Sphenothallus为一具有锥管状外壳的虫体。剑河八郎松山清虚洞组的楔叶形虫是贵州继牛蹄塘组、凯里组之后寒武系另一个产出层位,它的发现不仅丰富了清虚洞组生物群的组成,同时为全球楔叶形虫Sphenothallus的研究提供了新的材料。初步研究表明全球Sphenothallus的演化趋势是个体增长,管壁加厚物宽度变宽,口部膨胀角变小。Sphenothallus与现代刺胞动物水螅虫类或钵水母有密切关系。     

全尾宽背虫Bathynotus holopygus (Hall, 1859)在 贵州剑河八郎寒武系凯里组的首次发现及意义

宽背虫属Bathynotus (Hall, 1859)广泛分布于劳伦古大陆、中国华南地区、澳大利亚和西伯利亚, 为寒武纪第二世末期最重要的标志性三叶虫之一,已成为寒武系划分的重要指示化石。其模式种B. holopygus以其狭长的颊刺、胸轴宽, 第11节肋刺巨大, 第12、13节肋刺不发育为主要特征;具有很强的地域性, 仅分布于华南和北美, 在华南主要见于寒武系扬子区与江南区之间过渡区的黔东地区。B. holopygus产出地层延限较窄, 仅见于寒武系第二统第四阶顶部。本文所描述的部分标本采自贵州剑河八郎苗板坡剖面苗岭统及乌溜阶界线之下2 m左右, 是在该地的首次报道, 也是全球仅有的第4个产地。笔者通过数理统计值分析进一步描述B. holopygus的特征和发育趋势, 为进一步属种研究提供新材料; 根据新发现的唇瓣标本进一步推测其唇瓣与腹边缘为愈合状态。     

贵州剑河寒武系“清虚洞组”高肌虫类清泉虫Qingquanella Cui et Huo,1985的初步研究

本文描述了贵州剑河八郎寒武系第二统第四阶"清虚洞组"剑河生物群的高肌虫化石。化石壳体呈圆形,背边平直,前、后背角均钝,壳前背部具有"V"形槽。符合Qingquanella Cui et Huo,1985的属征,与模式种湖北清泉虫Q.hubeiensis相似,将其厘定为湖北清泉虫相似种Q.cf.hubeiensis。本属产于湖北水井沱组、石牌组及陕西辛集组,黔东地区"清虚洞组"发现清泉虫Qingquanella,增加了清泉虫的产地信息、新的类群,其壳体形态由切卵变圆形,生态环境由浅水向深水变化,为高肌虫的形态分类、早期演化与辐射分异提供新的材料。     

华南峡东地区最早的乳孔贝类腕足动物壳体超微结构和发育研究*

乳孔贝(acrotretids)是一类繁盛于寒武纪晚期—奥陶纪并灭绝于泥盆纪的微型腕足动物,其特殊的壳体形态及柱状结构使其与其它舌形贝型腕足动物的系统学关系模糊不清。华南峡东地区寒武纪早期(第二世)水井沱组薄层灰岩中发现最早的精美保存的乳孔贝类腕足动物Eohadrotreta zhenbaensis(镇巴始壮贝)。本文首次解析Eohadrotreta的壳体形态和三级壳层结构。通过壳体显微结构的研究,解译出其个体存在的4个壳体发育阶段,即胎壳(protegulum)、幼年壳(brephic shell)、少年壳(neanic shell)和成年壳(mature shell),从而揭示乳孔贝悬浮滤食生活的幼虫阶段及其后的变态发育过程。更重要的是,在对这些壳体化石进行扫描成像过程中还发现精美保存的表皮细胞印模结构(epithelial cell moulds),它们在壳体内表面的分布规律反映了其与相应的软躯体附着区之间的紧密联系,揭示了其潜在的分类价值。随着对乳孔贝研究的深入,华南地区最早的乳孔贝类Eohadrotreta相继报道于扬子板块上的陕南、峡东、黔中地区,可能的华北板块南缘,以及喜马拉雅和澳大利亚南部地区,表明Eohadrotreta不仅是华南而且是不同大陆间寒武纪第二世洲际地层对比的重要化石。     

贵州剑河寒武系“清虚洞组”管状微体骨骼化石初步研究

华南寒武系地层中广泛富集微体骨骼化石,为解决某些疑难化石的亲缘关系及研究早期后生动物的演化提供了重要化石证据。在贵州剑河八郎"清虚洞组"中发现一些管状微体骨骼化石。经鉴定后主要有4属,分别为小钻孔螺Torellella、似软舌螺Hyolithellus、鞘状螺Coleoloides和表面具鳞片状管状化石Mongolitubulus squamifer。Mongolitubulus分布范围较为广泛,本文结合前人对该化石亲缘关系的探讨及剑河寒武系"清虚洞组"化石的特征,推测M.squamifer可能是高肌虫的装饰刺。     

贵州剑河八郎寒武系“清虚洞组”海绵化石初步研究*

贵州剑河八郎"清虚洞组"为深水陆棚过渡相沉积,在其上部的剑河生物群中发现海绵动物化石,共6属6种,包括次圆柱形细丝海绵Leptomitus teretiusculus Chen,Hou and Lu,1989,小细丝海绵未定种Leptomitella sp.,密集鬃毛状海绵Saetaspongia densa Mehl and Reitner in Steiner et al.,1993,小斗篷海绵未定种Choiaella sp.,斗篷海绵未定种Choiasp.以及疑问原始海绵?Protospongiasp.,占整个生物群组成的6.98%,多为寒武纪第二世常见属种。本文主要描述前4属4种海绵动物。根据目前所采集到的海绵动物高度来看,多处于0—15cm范围内,其中0—5cm的海绵较多,5—15cm的海绵主要为Choiaellasp.。与皖南寒武系荷塘组和澄江生物群的海绵化石相比,"清虚洞组"的海绵动物总体个体较小,这种分层性可能与它们所处的环境背景和生态复杂性有关。     

寒武纪大爆发———早期后生动物辐射之谜:序言*

<正>随着中国经济的持续、稳定发展和国家政府对基础研究的日趋重视,我国科技投入力度正在逐年加大,包括古生物学在内的地球科学基础研究近十年来取得长足的进步和发展。近些年,我国的古生物学已开始在多门类起源、系统演化和环境背景研究中处于国际领先,在部分研究方向开始发挥重要国际引领作用。加之华南、华北保存的化石材料优势和若干国家重大项目的稳定、持续支持(Zhu et al.,2016a;Zhu and Li,2017),使我国在科研队伍、     

贵州剑河八郎寒武系“清虚洞组”三叶虫DuyunaspisZhangandQianinZhouetal.,1977*

Duyunaspis Zhang and Qian in Zhou et al.,1977是黔东、湘西北杷榔组掘头虫类三叶虫的重要分子。本文描述剑河八郎"清虚洞组"的Duyunaspis,这些新材料的头鞍中部膨大且向前略有收缩,前颊类型面线,成虫具10个胸节;而杷榔组的Duyunaspis duyunensis Zhang and Qian in Zhou et al.,1977头鞍桶状,背沟较平直,后颊类型面线,成虫10个胸节,二者明显不同。本文将"清虚洞组"的Duyunaspis定为一个新种:剑河都匀盾壳虫Duyunaspis jianheensis sp.nov.。研究显示,D.jianheensis与杷榔组的D.duyunensis具有形态相似性,后者可能为其祖先种。     

Post‐metamorphic allometry in the earliest acrotretoid brachiopods from the lower Cambrian (Series 2) of South China,and its implications

The earliest growth of post‐metamorphic (post‐larval) shells in two species of Eohadrotreta is described from the Cambrian Shuijingtuo Formation of South China. Two different growth patterns can be observed by quantifying developmental variations in size and shape of successive stages of post‐metamorphic shell growth (including the pedicle foramen forming stage, pedicle foramen enclosing stage and intertrough increasing stage) of Eohadrotreta zhenbaensis and Eohadrotreta ? zhujiahensis . The pedicle foramen is never enclosed within the metamorphic shell of E. zhenbaensis , while the enclosed pedicle foramen of E .? zhujiahensis is located directly outside the metamorphic shell after the pedicle foramen enclosing stage. A strongly allometric growth pattern of E. zhenbaensis is demonstrated by the early enclosure of the pedicle foramen; an accelerated lengthening of the ventral intertrough is associated with the development of a more complex dorsal median septum during the intertrough increasing stage. By contrast, E .? zhujiahensis demonstrates possible paedomorphic development by delayed enclosure of pedicle foramen and an associated decreased lengthening of ventral intertrough during the intertrough increasing stage. This ontogenetic developmental sequence represents the marginal accretionary formation and growth of the pedicle foramen, which resembles that of linguloid brachiopods. Furthermore, the developmental process of the pedicle foramen of Eohadrotreta seems to recapitulate the likely evolutionary transition from the Botsfordiidae, with open delthyrium, to the Acrotheloidea, with an enclosed foramen. This study provides a unique opportunity to obtain a complete understanding of the ontogenetic development of the earliest acrotretoids, and casts new light on the phylogeny of lingulate brachiopods.     

The Cambrian brachiopod fauna from the first-trilobite age Shuijingtuo Formation in the Three Gorges area of China

The Yangtze platform of South China offers evidence within its Ediacaran–Cambrian geological record of the Cambrian explosion and diversification events in metazoan history. To understand the explosive radiation of animals and the environments in which it took place, the basal Cambrian fauna succession of the Aijiahe section in the Three Gorges area, western Hubei Province, has been studied, revealing the earliest brachiopod fauna (Tsunyidiscus trilobite Zone) in this region, which was dominated numerically by acrotretoids. This is accompanied by abundant skeletal fossils including minute well-preserved phosphatized archaeocyath cups and an assortment of abundant sponge spicules, chancelloriids, mollusks, hyoliths, and bradoriids, retrieved by acid-etching limestone interbeds in the black shale-dominated Shuijingtuo Formation (Series 2). The brachiopods comprise two species of acrotretoids, two types of botsfordiids (Botsfordiidae gen. et sp. indet. A and B), and four species of linguloids. Of the latter, Spinobolus popovi n. gen. n. sp. is strikingly distinctive and typified by spine-like ornamentation seen for the first time in the lower Cambrian; the remaining three linguloid genera, Palaeobolus, Eoobolus, and Lingulellotreta, have a trans-paleocontinental distribution. The Three Gorges Shuijingtuo brachiopod assemblage differs from that of the upper Atdabanian Stage (Cambrian Stage 3) in Siberia and South China, but shows great similarities with those discovered in the Tsanglangpuan (equivalent to Botoman or Stage 4) Stage of eastern Yunnan Province, Siberia, and South Australia, suggesting a much more prolonged sedimentary hiatus in basalmost Shuijingtuo Formation of the Three Gorges area than previously expected. The presence of such unconformities provides a caveat to stable isotope-based correlations that involve a number of discussions of global ocean geochemical changes across the time interval that witnessed Cambrian explosion of metazoans.     

First report of Schizopholis (Lingulata,Brachiopoda) from the Tsinghsutung Formation (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 4) in Guizhou,China

Schizopholis Waagen, 1885 is a genus of linguliform brachiopod, which is known from Cambrian Stage 4 to the Wuliuan Stage of Australia, Antarctica, Pakistan and China. Recently, new material of Schizopholis was discovered from the upper part of the Tsinghsutung Formation (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 4) near Balang village, Jianhe County, Guizhou Province, China. These specimens display the oval pedicle opening in the ventral valve, a median tongue and a pair of tubercles in the dorsal valve that are characteristic features of Schizopholis napuru (Kruse, 1990). This is the first time that this species has been described from Guizhou Province, China. Previously, fossils of this species are usually preserved in carbonate deposits, but the new material documented herein preserved in mudstone of the Tsinghsutung Formation, providing new information regarding both the paleogeographic distribution and paleoecology of this species.     

扬子区晚震旦世动物化石新材料

扬子区晚震旦世地层中已有多种类型的动物及遗迹化石的报道。文中补充了不同地区和层位的骨骼及遗迹化石新材料,包括：江西上饶王家院陡山沱组顶部磷块岩中的磷酸盐化“十”字形骨针和云南晋宁王家湾灯影组上段隧石条带中的单轴双射硅质骨针,它们可能分属于钙质海绵和普通海绵类;贵州瓮安陡山沱组上段磷质白云岩中的可疑壳状化石;宜昌三斗坪金瓜墩陡山沱组下部（第二段）遗迹化石;瓮安陡山沱组上段及湖北南漳灯影组上段底部磷质硬底中的生物扰动构造。另外还报道了贵州清镇桃子冲剖面桃子冲组最底部的瓶状动物（Pro-tolagena limbata）化石,并认定桃子冲组与灯影组之间为假整合接触,其底界并无跨入震旦系的证据。     

陕西镇巴下寒武统水井沱组小壳化石新属种

本文描述了陕西镇巴下寒武统水井沱组中的小壳化石３新属５新种。样品采自镇巴小洋坝曾家坡,共生化石有三叶虫、古介形虫、海绵骨针和大量软舌螺等。化石组合面貌表明其地质时代属筇竹寺期。另外,在峡东水井沱组中发现了微网虫（Ｍｉｃｒｏｄｉｃｔｙｏｎｓｐ．）化石骨片（图版Ｉ,图１８,１９）,可与云南筇竹寺组及陕南水井沱组对比,说明Ｍｉｃｒｏｄｉｃｔｙｏｎ广泛分布于扬子地台区。