Backbone phylogeny of Lepisorus (Polypodiaceae) and a novel infrageneric classification based on the total evidence from plastid and morphological data

The fern genus Lepisorus represents one of the most complicated and controversial lineages in Polypodiaceae, with about 80 species which have been classified into several separate genera, and is notorious for its taxonomic difficulty. Despite progress in recent phylogenetic studies of the family Polypodiaceae involving Lepisorus and its allies, the deep phylogenetic relationship within this group of ferns is still unresolved, and no formal infrageneric classification has been proposed. This contribution presents the most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the genus, with 72% species sampled, using a total-evidence approach based on eight plastid markers and ≤25 morphological characters for each species. The analyses resolve the backbone relationship and yield the most robust phylogenetic framework to date. Congruent with previous studies but with new findings, the results herein show that Lepisorus is monophyletic when Neolepisorus, Lemmaphyllum, Tricholepidium, Neocheiropteris and Lepidomicrosorium are included, as well as Lepisorus jakonensis and Paragramma. Furthermore, 17 well-resolved clades are found in the phylogenetic topology, which can be characterized by morphological synapomorphies from traits of rhizome scales, laminae, sori and paraphyses. Based on molecular and morphological evidence, a new infrageneric classification system of Lepisorus is proposed which subdivided Lepisorus into 17 sections.     

Revised systematics and higher classification of pierid butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) based on molecular data

The butterfly family Pieridae comprises approximately 1000 described species placed in 85 genera, but the higher classification has not yet been settled. We used molecular data from eight gene regions (one mitochondrial and seven nuclear protein‐coding genes) comprising a total of ~6700 bp from 96 taxa to infer a well‐supported phylogenetic hypothesis for the family. Based on this hypothesis, we revise the higher classification for all pierid genera. We resurrect the tribe Teracolini stat. rev. in the subfamily Pierinae to include the genera Teracolus, Pinacopteryx, Gideona, Ixias, Eronia, Colotis and most likely Calopieris. We transfer Hebomoia to the tribe Anthocharidini and assign the previously unplaced genera Belenois and Dixeia to the subtribe Aporiina. Three lineages near the base of Pierinae (Leptosia, Elodina and Nepheronia + Pareronia) remain unplaced. For each of these, we describe and delineate new tribes: Elodinini Braby tribus nova, Leptosiaini Braby tribus nova and Nepheroniini Braby tribus nova. The proposed higher classification is based on well‐supported monophyletic groups and is likely to remain stable even with the addition of more data.     

Study of the vegetation in the Multiple Use Natural Reserve of Monterrico (Guatemala)

The Multiple Use Natural Reserve of Monterrico lies on the Pacific coast of the southwest Guatemala in the Chiapas Sector of the Chiapaneca-Hondureña Province. It belongs to the Guatemalan System of Protected Areas and has a predominantly estuarine and coastal marine ecosystem. We took 218 vegetation relevés that contained 72 species belonging to 138 genera and 69 plant families. Multivariate analysis techniques have led to the determination of seven different associations. Three of them are mangrove swamp associations (Lagunculario-Rhizophoretum manglis; Lagunculario-Avicennietum germinantis Peinado, Alcaraz, Delgadillo, De la Cruz, Álvarez and Aguirre, 1994; Rhizophoretum manglis Cuatrecasas, 1958). Three new associations are proposed. These are one reed–bulrush association (Typho domingensis-Phragmitetum australisass. nova) and two sand-dwelling associations, one made up of evergreen grasses dominated by Canavalia rosea which grows on mobile dunes (Thephrosio-Canavalietum roseaeass. nova) and a dry forest phytocoenosis dominated by deciduous and some evergreen species, such as Pithecellobium dulce, that grow on more consolidated sandy soils (Gliricidio-Pithecellobietum dulcisass. nova). Finally, special mention must be made of the presence of the pleustohelophytic association Eichhornietum crassipedis Samek and Moncada, 1971. This is the first time that these mangrove swamp associations and this hydrophytic association have been recorded in Guatemala.     

Nomenklatur,Chromosomenzahlen und Evolution vonArabis auriculata Lam.,A. nova Vill. undA. verna (L.) R.Br. (Brassicaceae)

Zusammenfassung Auf Grund des Holotypus im Herbarium P-LA wird der NameArabia auriculata Lam. als korrekter Name für die am weitesten verbreitete Species der SectionAlomatium DC. emend. O. E.Schulz wieder eingeführt, als deren Typusart sie zugleich vorgeschlagen wird.A. auriculata Lam. 1783 wurde in letzter Zeit fälschlich in europäischen Floren mit dem jüngeren Synonym A. recta Vill. 1789 belegt und in vorderasiatischen Floren A. nova Vill. 1779 genannt.A. nova Vill. ist jedoch eine europäisch-submediterrane Art, die nicht mitA. auriculata Lam. conspecifisch ist. A. auriculata undA. nova sind diploid (2 n=16),A. verna ist tetraploid (2 n=32, diese Zahl wird erstmals veröffentlicht). A. auriculata undA. nova sind vorwiegend autogam,A. verna ist ebenfalls selbstkompatibel und trotz ihrer auffälligeren Blüten fakultativ autogam. Die drei wärmeliebenden Arten sind normalerweise einjährig, manchmal jedoch auch zweijährig. Als Einjährige sind sie in der Gattung als abgeleitet anzusehen.

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Nomenclature, chromosome numbers and evolution ofArabis auriculata Lam.,A. nova Vill., andA. verna (L.) K.Br. (Brassicaceae)

Summary Based on its holotype in the herbarium P-LA the nameArabis auriculata Lam. 1783 is re-established as the correct name of the widespread annual species, which was falsely called A. recta Vill. 1789 in recent European floras, and A. nova Vill. 1779 in recent floras of Western Asia. It is shown that A. nova Vill. refers to a European species of the submediterranean region, which is not conspecific withA. auriculata Lam. A. auriculata Lam. is proposed to be the lectotype ofArabis L. sect.Alomatium DC. emend. O. E.Schulz, comprising the species discussed here. A. auriculata andA. nova are diploids (2 n=16),A. verna is a tetraploid (2 n=32); the latter chromosome number is reported here for the first time. A. auriculata andA. nova are predominantly self-fertilizing,A. verna (though having more conspicuous flowers) is self-compatible and thus facultatively autogamous as well. The three thermophilous species are normally annual, only sometimes biennial. As annuals they are to be regarded as evolutionary derived within the genusArabis.

     

Numerical Analysis of the Taxonomy of Nocardiae and Rhodococci

The genera Nocardia and Rhodococcus were clearly differentiated in the present study. Eleven characteristics were shown to be useful for differentiation between these two genera. Nocardia asteroides sunsu stricto previously defined by Tsukamura was divided into two taxa. One contained the type strain and was considered to retain the name Nocardia asteroides in a new sense. Another was named in the present study as Nocardia nova sp. nov. Tsukamura. The type strain of this species is ATCC 33726. The following seven characters were useful for differentiating N. nova from newly defined N. asteroides: 1) arylsulfatase activity after 14 days; 2) catalase activity (semiquantitative); 3) β-esterase activity; 4) pyrazinamidase activity; 5) utilization of citrate as a sole source of carbon; 6) utilization of 2,3-butylene glycol as a sole carbon source; and 7) resistance to 5-fluorouracil (20 μg/ml). The name Nocardia farcinica for Tsukamura's Kyoto-I group should be rejected. This taxon has been named Nocardia paratuberculosis sp. nov. Tsukamura. The type strain is ATCC 23826. Three new species of the genus Rhodococcus were proposed: Rhodococcus aichiensis sp. nov. Tsukamura (type strain, ATCC 33611); Rhodococcus chubuensis sp. nov. Tsukamura (type strain, ATCC 33609); Rhodococcus obuensis sp. nov. Tsukamura (type strain, ATCC 33610).     

Morphology,Ontogeny, and Phylogeny of Two Brackish Urostylid Ciliates (Protist,Ciliophora, Hypotricha)

The diversity of hypotrichous ciliates has encouraged numerous researchers to use a combination of morphological, morphogenetic, and phylogenetic data to provide a better understanding of the evolutionary relationships within this complex group. In this study, we investigate the morphology and morphogenesis of Pseudourostyla subtropica sp. nov., isolated from mangrove wetland. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the huge body size, many more adoral membranelles and marginal cirral rows, and numerous macronuclear nodules. In addition, we provide a morphological characterization of a population of Pseudourostyla nova Wiackowski 1988 from an estuarine habitat. The main events during binary fission of P. subtropica sp. nov. and the Chinese population of P. nova are also revealed to be conservative. The morphological, ontogenetic, and phylogenetic analyses based on the SSU rDNA sequences corroborate the monophyly of Pseudourostyla Borror, 1972, which corresponds well with previous research. The phylogenetic analyses also show that Pseudourostyla and Hemicycliostyla Stokes, 1886, both of which are assigned to the family Pseudourostylidae based on morphological and morphogenetic data, in fact fall into separated clades. The approximately unbiased tests, however, do not reject the possibility that the family Pseudourostylidae is a monophyletic lineage.     

Molecular evolution in hypotrichous ciliates: Sequence of the small subunit ribosomal RNA genes fromOnychodromus quadricornutus andOxytricha granulifera (Oxytrichidae,Hypotrichida, Ciliophora)

Summary The small subunit ribosomal RNA (16S-like rRNA) coding regions of the hypotrichous ciliatesOnychodromus quadricornutus andOxytricha granulifera were amplified using polymerase chain reaction techniques. Complete sequences were determined for the amplified genes and compared to those of other ciliated protozoa. In phylogenetic trees inferred using distance matrix methods oxytrichids are not seen as a cohesive phylogenetic group.Oxytricha nova is most closely related toStylonychia pustulata in a lineage that also includesO. quadricornutus. This phylogeny contradicts phylogenetic schemes in whichOnychodromus is considered to be a primitive hypotrichous ciliate and suggests thatO. nova was misidentified as members of the genusOxytricha.     

Typification of Crataegus crus-galli L. (Rosaceae) and nomenclatural notes on some related species of hawthorn

Lectotypification of Crataegus crus-galli permits the common ten-stamened entity of the northern United States and adjacent Canada to retain its name. The correct name for the related 20-stamen form, usually called C. fontanesiana, is C. tenax. Crataegus persimilis, lectotypified here, is shown to occur in Ontario as well as New York, having been previously misidentified as C. ?bushii and C. prunifolia in Ontario. A horticultural taxon usually (but improperly) called C. prunifolia is provided with a new cultivar name.     

Phylogeny of the paleotropical fern genus Lepisorus (Polypodiaceae,Polypodiopsida) inferred from four chloroplast DNA regions

Phylogenetic relationships within the paleotropical genus Lepisorus (Polypodiaceae) were investigated using plastid DNA sequences from four regions: rbcL, rps4 and rps4-trnS IGS, trnL intron plus trnL-F IGS, rbcL-atpB IGS. Over 4000 nucleotides were sequenced for 77 specimens belonging to 54 species. Each cpDNA region was analyzed separately and combined into a single dataset. All phylogenetic analyses, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian Inference of phylogeny, revealed the paraphyly of Lepisorus with the monotypic Drymotaenium miyoshianum and of the paleotropical genus Belvisia nested within the Lepisorus clade. Nine well-supported major clades were found. The phylogenetic results provided new evidence for the sectional classification of Lepisorus. The evolution of three morphological characters, clathrateness of rhizome scales, margin of rhizome scales and defoliated leaves, and the evolution of the karyotype, were reconstructed to identify lineage specific phenotypic character states or combination of characters. Unique character combinations, rather than synapomorphies, were found to be of systematic value in sectional delimitation. The variation of chromosome numbers is largely due to a single aneuploidy event instead of a stepwise reduction during the evolutionary history of this genus.     

Carex tomentosa versus C. filiformis (Cyperaceae): the long‐standing debate comes to its happy end

The type of Carex filiformis is an illustration, which is pluri‐interpretable and therefore an epitype is designated here. As epitypified, C. filiformis L. becomes synonymous with Carex montana L. (the latter getting priority), and therefore not the correct name for Carex tomentosa L. as stated by Nelmes and other authors. Carex tomentosa is the accepted name for the taxon sometimes referred to as C. filiformis.     

A Simple and Rapid PCR-based Method to Isolate Complete Small Macronuclear Minichromosomes from Hypotrich Ciliates: 5S rDNA and S26 Ribosomal Protein Gene of Oxytricha (Sterkiella) nova

Hypotrich ciliates present a macronuclear genome consisting of gene-sized instead of chromosome-sized DNA molecules. Exploiting this unique eukaryotic genome feature, we introduce, for the first time in ciliates, a rapid and easy PCR method using telomeric primers to isolate small complete macronuclear DNA molecules or minichromosomes. Two presumably abundant macronuclear DNA molecules, containing ribosomal genes, were amplified from the Oxytricha (Sterkiella) nova complete genome after using this method, and then were cloned and sequenced. The 5S rDNA sequence of O. (S.) nova is the third one reported among hypotrich ciliates; its primary and secondary structure is compared with other eukaryotic 5S rRNAs. The ribosomal protein S26 gene is the first one reported among ciliates. This “End-End-PCR” method might be useful to obtain similar gene-sized macronuclear molecules from other hypotrich ciliates, and, therefore, to increase our knowledge on ribosomal genes in these eukaryotic microorganisms.     

中国橐吾属(菊科-千里光族)的分类学研究(五):君范橐吾、长毛槖吾和南川橐吾原白中一些排印错误的改正

对我国菊科橐吾属(Ligularia Cass.) 3种植物原白中模式标本引证的排印错误进行了改正。君范橐吾(L. lingiana S.W. Liu)原白中错误地将主模式标本引证为赵清盛82946,实际应为赵清盛、牟克平和杨亚斌8294。长毛槖吾(L. changiana S.W. Liu ex Y. L. Chen & Z. Yu Li)(=L. heterophylla C. C. Chang,为L. heterophylla Rupr.的晚出同名)主模式为蔡希陶59771,但L. heterophylla C. C. Chang 的原白中错误地将主模式标本引证为蔡希陶59711;该号标本属于唇形科的灯笼草[Clinopodium polycephalum (Vaniot) C. Y. Wu & Hsuan]。南川橐吾(L. nanchuanica S. W. Liu)原白中引证的副模式标本熊济华和周子林93871实际应为李国凤63871,前者属于桤叶树科的城口桤叶树(Clethra fargesii Franch.)。     

Haplodontium zangii X.R.Wang & J.C.Zhao,sp. nov. (Bryaceae,Bryopsida) from Xizang,China

Haplodontium zangii X.R.Wang &; J.C.Zhao, a new moss species from Xizang, China, is described and illustrated. Previously, specimens of H. zangii have been identified as Mielichhoferia himalayana Mitt. However, H. zangii is distinctly different from M. himalayana in having excurrent costae with short awns (vs long denticulate awns), short-pyriform capsules, 0.8–1?mm (vs long-pyriform capsules, 2.5–3?mm), and densely papillose exostome teeth (vs smooth or vertically striped exostome teeth). Haplodontium zangii is similar to H. macrocarpum (Hook.) J.R.Spence, which was traditionally placed in Mielichhoferia Nees &; Hornsch. as M. macrocarpa (Hook.) Bruch &; Schimp. The main differences between H. zangii and H. macrocarpum are in the morphology of the leaves, capsules, guide cells, and stomata. Mielichhoferia himalayana and another Chinese species of Mielichhoferia, M. sinensis Dix., are also transferred to Haplodontium Hampe, a new genus in the bryoflora of China, as H. himalayanum (Mitt.) X.R.Wang &; J.C.Zhao and H. sinensis (Dix.) X.R.Wang &; J.C.Zhao. A morphological comparison and a key to the three species of Haplodontium in China as well as to H. macrocarpum, a species that is likely to be found in China, are provided.     

Chromosomenzahlen europäischer Arabis-Arten (Cruciferae)

Die Chromosomenzahlen von Arabis pseudoturritis Boiss. et Heldr. — interessanterweise ebenso wie bei A. glabra (L.) Bernh. 2n = 12 — und A. nova Vill. — 2n = 16 — wurden zum erstenmal festgestellt und die Stellung der ersteren Art in der Gattung diskutiert. Bei A. muralis Bertol. fand sich die polyploide Zahl 2n = 32 nun an weiteren, räumlich voneinander entfernten Fundorten. Für A. jacquinii G. Beck und A. alpina L. s. str. kann 2n = 16 bestätigt werden.     

Diversification and biogeographic history of the Western Palearctic freshwater flatworm genus Schmidtea (Tricladida: Dugesiidae), with a redescription of Schmidtea nova

The freshwater flatworm genus Schmidtea is endemic in the Western Palearctic region, where it is represented by only four species, thus contrasting with the high species diversity of the closely related genus Dugesia within Europe. Although containing an important model species in developmental and regeneration research, viz. Schmidtea mediterranea, no evolutionary studies on the genus Schmidtea have been undertaken. For the first time, we present a well‐resolved molecular phylogenetic tree of the four species of the genus, inferred on the basis of two molecular markers, and provide also the first detailed morphological account of Schmidtea nova. The phylogenetic tree generated corroborates an earlier speciation hypothesis based on karyological data and points to chromosomal rearrangements as the main drivers of speciation in this genus. The high genetic divergence between the four species, in combination with previous dating studies and their current geographic distribution, suggests that Schmidtea could have originated in Laurasia but lost most of its diversity during the Oligocene. Thus, its present distribution pattern may be the result of the expansion of three of its four relictual species over Europe, probably after the Pleistocene glaciations. Our detailed morphological study of S. nova revealed that it shows a number of remarkable features: interconnected testis follicles, parovaria, an ejaculatory duct exiting into the primary as well as the secondary seminal vesicle by means of a nipple, and the wall of the distal section of the ejaculatory duct being sclerotic or chitinized.     

火炭母的一个新异名及其系统位置初探

该文将铺地火炭母(Polygonum chinense L. var. procumbens Z. E. Zhao et J. R. Zhao)处理为火炭母原变种(Persicaria chinensis var. chinensis)的异名,并讨论了火炭母在命名上的问题,及其系统学位置。     

Carex dapanshanica sp. nov. (C. sect. Mitratae,Cyperaceae) from Zhejiang,China

Carex dapanshanica X. F. Jin, Y. J. Zhao & Z. L. Chen, a new species of Cyperaceae from Mount Dapan, Zhejiang Province, eastern China is described and illustrated. The new species is morphologically similar to C. chungii C. P. Wang, but differs in having 2 or 3spikes, pistillate scales with brown margins and short‐awned at apex, and glabrous perigynia. Micromorphological photographs of the achenes of C. dapanshanica and C. chungii under SEM (scanning electron microscope) are provided as well.     

Taxonomic notes on Metasasa and Indocalamus nanunicus (Poaceae: Bambusoideae)

Based on comprehensive field observations and careful herbarium studies, we discuss the status of the type species of Metasasa W. T. Lin (M. carinata W. T. Lin) and entities previously treated as synonyms of its name. Three species in two genera were involved. First, M. carinata and M. albofarinosa W. T. Lin were confirmed to be conspecific and a new combination Acidosasa carinata (Lin) D. Z. Li & Y. X. Zhang is proposed. Secondly, although M. carinata was previously treated as a synonym of Acidosasa nanunica (McClure) C. S. Chao & G. Y. Yang, close morphological study revealed that these two are not conspecific. Pseudosasa nanunica (McClure) Z. P. Wang & G. H. Ye is restored to accommodate this distinct species. Finally, another name previously treated as a synonym of A. nanunica, Pseudosasa acutivagina T. H. Wen & S. C. Chen should also be resumed. Synonyms are provided for each of these three species.     

Nomenclatural status of Brachirus Swainson, Synaptura Cantor and Euryglossa Kaup (Soleidae, Pleuronectiformes)

We find that Brachirus Swainson, 1839 is a valid soleid (Pleuronectiformes) genus name, Euryglossa Kaup, 1858 is an invalid soleid genus name, and Synaptura Cantor, 1849 is a junior objective synonym of Brachirus. However, for the sake of taxonomic stability and because Synaptura Cantor, 1849 has had a long-term consistent usage within the Soleidae for four species (S. commersoni, S. lusitanica, S. marginata, and S. albomaculata) forming a monophyletic group, we will petition the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to recognize Synaptura Cantor, 1849 as a valid genus name with its type-species being Pleuronectes commersoni Lacepède, 1802. Received: September 19, 1999 / Revised: November 2, 2000 / Accepted: February 20, 2001     

内蒙古沙参属一新异名和一新名称

索伦沙参Adenophora suolunensis P. F. Tu &; X. F. Zhao与小花沙参A. micrantha D. Y. Hong为同一种植物, 故将前者处理为后者的异名; 坛盘沙参A. urceolata Y. Z. Zhao是壶花沙参A. urceolata C. Y. Wu的晚出同名, 另提出新名库伦沙参A. kulunensis Y. Z. Zhao。