秦岭山地松栎混交林主要木本植物组成及更新特征

采用样方法对秦岭南坡中段松栎混交林主要木本植物组成及天然更新特征进行了研究.结果表明:(1)松栎混交林乔木层物种共计40种,油松、锐齿槲栎和华山松为优势种,重要值分别为35.19％、31.99％和8.12％,漆树、栓皮栎和楝木为亚优势种.(2)更新层木本植物共计87种,其中乔木幼苗34种,占总数的39.08％,灌木物种也有一定优势地位,优势种有锐齿槲栎、悬钩子和菝葜等,高度级较小的更新苗在群落内占有较大比例.(3)优势乔木更新特征不同,锐齿槲栎幼苗和幼树密度显著高于油松和华山松,且锐齿槲栎幼苗密度显著高于其幼树,但油松幼苗与幼树、华山松幼苗与幼树间无明显差异.(4)混交林内锐齿槲栎径级结构呈近似倒“J”形分布,种群稳定;油松和华山松种群均呈近似正态分布,大径级个体群相对稳定,但林下幼树不足.该研究结果提示,松栎混交林下油松和华山松更新不良,这将不利于其长期存留于群落中,虽然锐齿槲栎从幼苗到幼树的发育过程中存在更新障碍,但并未影响其种群整体更新,若无大规模干扰,锐齿槲栎将维持逆“J”型的更新方式并成为松栎混交林群落中的第一优势种.     

云南兰坪云南红豆杉种群年龄结构与空间分布格局分析

利用点格局分析法对滇西北兰坪县4个云南红豆杉(Taxus yunnanensis)种群的年龄结构、不同生长阶段空间分布格局及其关联性进行分析。结果表明:(1)林窗与人为干扰影响4个云南红豆杉种群的龄级结构,小林窗的种群呈稳定型;较大林窗的种群呈进展型;群落结构完整未出现林窗和有较大人为干扰的种群年龄结构均呈衰退型,幼苗、幼树与小树个体缺乏,种群存在一定程度的更新困难,林窗的大小是种群更新的重要因素。(2)人为干扰、自然生境与本身生物学特性影响4个种群空间分布格局,种群1整体及其不同生长阶段个体均呈聚集分布;种群2和种群4在小尺度呈聚集分布,而在大尺度上呈随机分布;种群3随着空间尺度增大分布格局表现为聚集→随机→聚集趋势。(3)种群2中幼苗、小树和中树在小尺度下表现为聚集分布,其他尺度下表现为随机分布;种群3的小树阶段聚集分布和随机分布皆有出现,中树与大树在不同尺度上表现为聚集分布;种群4聚集分布的强度随生长阶段的增加在减弱。(4)4个种群各发育阶段间皆呈或接近显著正相关,种内竞争弱,有利于种群维持。     

林隙与林下环境对锐齿槲栎和米心水青冈种群更新的影响

锐齿槲栎 (Quercusalienavar.acuteserrata ) 和米心水青冈 (Fagusengleriana) 是广泛分布在我国暖温带和亚热带山地中海拔地段的主要建群种, 对水土保持和维持生态系统稳定具重要意义。该文通过在神农架地区的典型样地调查, 分析了这 2个种群在林隙和林下不同光环境中的更新状况和径级结构 ;利用便携式Licor₆ 4 0 0光合仪测量了 2种苗木的光饱和及光诱导曲线, 探讨了光对这 2个树种更新的影响机理。实验结果表明, 在所调查的林地中, 锐齿槲栎和米心水青冈种群都有充足的幼苗库, 锐齿槲栎幼苗以实生为主, 米心水青冈幼苗以萌生为主 ;从幼苗到幼树的转化过程中, 锐齿槲栎的成活率几乎为零, 而米心水青冈的成活率约为 6 %~ 8% ;在两者的混交林中, 米心水青冈种群呈稳定的金字塔形年龄结构, 而锐齿槲栎则是某一生长阶段的种群占据主导地位。光饱和曲线显示, 对 2年生同生群苗木, 在林窗下, 锐齿槲栎的最大净光合速率 (4.6 1μmol·m-2 ·s-1) 比米心水青冈的 (4.16 μmol·m-2 ·s-1) 要高 ;而在林冠下, 米心水青冈的最大净光合速率 (Pn=3.89μmol·m-2 ·s-1) 比锐齿槲栎的最大净光合速率 (Pn=3.6 8μmol·m-2 ·s-1) 要高。无论在林窗下或林冠下, 米心水青冈幼苗的光饱和点比锐齿槲栎的要低。两者混交林下的光诱导曲线显示, 与米心水青冈幼苗相比, 锐齿槲栎幼苗对光的反应速度较慢, 最大净光合速率也较低, 在林冠下表现出较弱的竞争力。资源分配试验证明, 锐齿槲栎在幼苗阶段以地上部分生长为主, 而米心水青冈倾向于把更多的干物质贮藏在根部, 显示出不同的光利用策略。     

秦岭优势乔木锐齿槲栎的空间分布格局及种内关联

为探究锐齿槲栎种群的空间分布特征及关联性,本研究以秦岭皇冠暖温性落叶阔叶林25 hm²森林样地内优势树种锐齿槲栎为对象,采用成对相关函数g(r)对其空间格局及其种内关联性进行了研究。结果表明: 锐齿槲栎径级结构呈“双峰”型,幼树(1 cm≤胸径DBH＜5 cm)个体数较多,种群呈增长型结构,更新良好;中树(15 cm≤DBH＜25 cm)比大树(25 cm≤DBH＜35 cm)、老树(DBH≥35 cm)的个体数略多,但远少于幼树和小树(5 cm≤DBH＜15 cm)。锐齿槲栎空间分布具有明显的海拔依赖性,主要分布在中高海拔地区。完全空间随机零模型分析表明,各径级个体在＜60 m的大尺度范围聚集分布。使用异质泊松模型剔除生境异质性分析表明,各径级的个体转变为大尺度的随机分布,表明树种的分布明显受到生境变化的影响。在＜40 m的小尺度范围内,径级差距小的个体间的空间关联性为正关联,径级差距大的个体间的空间关联性转变为负关联和无关联;在＞40 m的大尺度范围内,大径级个体间的空间关联性为正关联,而幼树和其他径级个体间的空间关联性为负关联或无关联。锐齿槲栎自身生物学特性和环境异质性是种群空间格局形成的重要原因。     

锐齿槲栎林的天然更新——坚果、幼苗库和径级结构

对四川茂县地区的锐齿槲栎(Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata)天然次生林进行研究,发现(1)坚果完好比例约在14%～26%之间,完好坚果的发芽率和发芽势都比较高,但在天然状况下能够留存到隔年5月的坚果几乎没有.因此,实生幼苗的天然补充就受到了严重的限制.(2)林缘的幼苗密度低于所有其它生境的(p＜0.05),林中的幼苗密度最高,和林窗的比较有显著差异(p＜0.05),而和灌丛的比较则没有差异.在灌丛幼苗密度和林中以及林窗的比较都没有差异.动物对坚果的取食速度则是林中的最慢(10.0%),林窗和林缘的相同(分别为61.1%和66.5%),都比较快(p＜0.01).(3)林中的幼苗在小于100 cm的各高度内都有大量分布,说明在林中树冠下幼苗是可以长期存在的,在幼苗和种子阶段的锐齿槲栎可能是耐荫的.(4)在林中缺失幼树,在林缘则有包括幼树在内的完整的更新大小系列,表明林缘也可以成为更新的关键地点.(5)在栎林的每一个大小级别上,萌生个体和实生个体都按各种比例伴生,说明导致萌生的干扰一直在发生,并可能在森林的更新中扮演重要角色;也说明该地区的锐齿槲栎林由萌生和实生起源的个体混合组成.     

秦岭林区锐齿栎次生林种群空间分布格局

以秦岭林区阳坡、阴坡2个典型地段上的锐齿栎次生林为研究对象,运用点格局分析方法 O-ring函数分析了不同坡向、不同发育阶段种群空间分布格局及不同坡向锐齿栎种群的种内与种间空间关联性,探讨锐齿栎空间格局形成和种群维持机制。结果表明:阴坡锐齿栎种群聚集程度高于阳坡;两种坡向种群各发育阶段空间分布格局相似,从幼树到大树均呈现出聚集到随机甚至均匀分布的规律;不同坡向种群各发育阶段间关联性不同,阳坡各发育阶段间呈一定的正相关,而阴坡呈一定的负相关;阳坡中,山杨与锐齿栎种群分布呈一定正相关,灯台树、鹅耳枥与其呈一定负相关,在阴坡,山杨、漆树与锐齿栎呈一定正相关,灯台树、青榨槭、鹅耳枥与其呈一定负相关。结果表明:目前,阳坡锐齿栎种群结构较好,种内、种间竞争不激烈,而阴坡种群不仅受种间竞争的影响,同样受到种内竞争的制约,最终导致其林分结构较差,更新不良,从长远上看,适当疏伐可以增加林内透光性,有益于促进种群的更新与稳定。     

秦岭山地典型次生林木本植物幼苗更新特征

采用样方法调查了秦岭山地5种典型次生林--油松林、锐齿栎林、红桦林、云杉林和华山松林幼苗的更新特征.结果表明: 不同次生林木本植物幼苗物种分化明显,除锐齿栎林和华山松林外,其余次生林幼苗物种相似性系数均较低;油松林和锐齿栎林木本植物幼苗数量、物种丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数及均匀度指数均较高,红桦林均最低;云杉林和华山松林幼苗数量及物种多样性指数基本一致.不同次生林幼苗和幼树所占比例存在明显差异,除红桦林幼树数量的比例较大外,其余林分幼苗的比例较大,为云杉林＞油松林＞锐齿栎林＞华山松林.不同林分幼苗萌生比例差异明显,为华山松林＞云杉林＞红桦林＞锐齿栎林＞油松林.锐齿栎林和油松林乔木幼苗比例最高,分别占木本幼苗总种数的68%和51.4%,群落处于演替中期,持续更新能力较强;云杉林、华山松林乔木幼苗比例分别为40%和15%,处于演替后期,更新能力较差;而红桦林中幼苗很难发育成幼树,持续更新能力欠缺.     

秦岭山地锐齿栎次生林幼苗更新特征

分析了秦岭山地锐齿栎次生林群落乔木及木本幼苗物种特征值、更新生态位宽度及不同影响因子下（包括林分密度、坡向、海拔等）乔木更新动态。结果表明,乔木层物种有25种,锐齿栎占有明显地优势,重要值为149.18%。其次为华山松(Pinus armandii)和千斤榆(Carpinus cordata)等;更新层共有木本植物41种,其中乔木种有28种,占所有木本植物总数量的68%,优势种有青蛙皮槭(Acer grosseri)、木姜子(Litsea pungens)等。林下有丰富的幼苗库,径级及龄级比较小。更新方式以实生为主;分析了10种更新优势乔木种群的生态位宽度,同种幼树种群生态位宽度均大于幼苗种群生态位宽度。幼苗种群生态位宽度从大到小依次为榛子(Corylus heterophylla)、锐齿栎、青蛙皮槭等。幼树种群生态位宽度从大到小依次为榛子、青蛙皮槭、锐齿栎等;林分密度对林下乔木幼苗和幼树数量影响不同。当林分密度（株?hm-2）从720增加到1460时,幼苗密度逐渐增大。随后随着林分密度的增加,又呈现出减少的趋势。而幼树密度随着林分密度增加一直呈现出减少的趋势。坡向对锐齿栎次生林林下乔木幼苗和幼树的影响各异,阳坡（南偏西3）均利于幼苗和幼树的更新。南偏西45林分内,幼苗密度急剧减少。随着坡向转为阴坡,幼苗密度又逐渐增加。而幼树密度逐渐减少。当海拔从1083 m增加到1547 m时,幼树密度逐渐增加。随后,随着海拔增加到1882 m,幼树密度则逐渐减小。而幼苗密度随着海拔的增高一直呈现减小的趋势。     

不同生态条件下松栎混交林3种优势乔木种群的更新规律

为探究秦岭林区松栎混交林群落乔木优势种的更新规律,通过典型样地调查,对油松(Pinus tabulifor-mis)、锐齿槲栎(Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata)和华山松(Pinus armandii)等3种优势乔木种群更新随林分密度、海拔、坡向、坡位等生态因子的变化规律进行了分析。结果表明:(1)林分密度、海拔、坡向、坡位等生态因子对3种乔木的天然更新均具显著影响;3种优势乔木树种幼苗密度均随林分密度增加而显著增加,林分密度从850株.hm-2增加到1 525株.hm-2时,3种幼树密度也逐渐增加,但林分密度为1 900株.hm-2时,3种幼树密度均显著降低;从海拔1 283m增至1 665m,锐齿槲栎和油松幼苗幼树密度均随海拔增加而显著增加,但海拔增至1 835m时,这两种幼苗幼树密度均显著降低。(2)华山松幼苗幼树密度一直随海拔升高而增加;从南偏西20°到75°,锐齿槲栎和华山松幼树密度逐渐降低,至北偏东40°(阴坡)时又显著增加,但3种乔木幼苗及油松幼树密度一直随坡向变化而增加;锐齿槲栎幼苗密度在下坡位显著高于中坡位和上坡位,但油松和华山松幼苗幼树随坡位由下到上逐渐增加。结果提示,处于中海拔、阴坡且密度适中的林分3种优势乔木更新最佳,对这类林分实施封禁将有助于松栎混交林优势乔木的天然更新。     

小陇山锐齿栎林种群空间格局及关联性变化分析

基于2008年和2013年对位于秦岭山脉西端、甘肃东南部小陇山林区的林分调查数据,选取树种锐齿栎、膀胱果和青榨槭为研究对象,运用点格局O-ring O(t)函数分析法,探讨5年前后锐齿栎林种群空间分布格局与关联性变化情况(其中,对树种锐齿栎进行分林层讨论,而对于膀胱果和青榨槭则不分层,空间关联性分析均不分层)。结果显示:(1)5年前后,锐齿栎林的空间格局整体上表现为随机分布;林上层锐齿栎分布稳定,主要为随机分布,林间层多均匀分布,林下层聚集分布明显;树种膀胱果和青榨槭因株数较少,在大部分尺度上仍随机分布,但随时间变化在局部尺度上则出现轻微的聚集分布。(2)分析林木空间关联性变化,则膀胱果与锐齿栎在幼树期因相互竞争而大部分尺度上互为负相关,其生长发育到一定阶段相互促生且小部分尺度上相互独立;树种锐齿栎与青榨槭、膀胱果与青榨槭在整体上保持无关联,逐渐发展为小范围内互为相关性。研究表明:不同调查时间锐齿栎林主要树种空间分布格局变化对其尺度依赖性强,林木分布格局的尺度吻合程度较高,林分整体上为随机分布,说明五年前后林分空间分布格局基本没变;就主要树种而言,锐齿栎分布格局变化符合群落中种群发育的规律,膀胱果和青榨槭分布格局变化受株数影响较大;林木种间关联性变化与种群结构及其演替阶段有关;但就群落演替过程而言,5年期限不足以表征整座林分的演替规律,需进一步拓宽研究年限。     

秦岭锐齿栎群落数量特征的研究

对秦岭锐齿栎群落的研究结果表明,该群落乔木层可划为两个亚层,其生活型以高位芽占优势。地面芽次之,锐齿栎、华山松的胸径结构呈左偏正态分布;油松的胸径主要以小径级居多;漆树的胸径以大径级的个体占有较大的比例,属于衰退种群;板栗主要是以小径级的幼树和小树为主,处于幼龄向中龄过渡阶段;山杨处于由进展向稳定过渡阶段,属于中幼龄林,林分的胸径结构主要受锐齿栎种群的胸径变化的影响,聚类与排序结果一致,得到6个类型：鞘柄菝葜+蔷薇-栓皮栎+灰榆-锐齿栎群丛;美丽胡枝子+鞘柄菝葜-板栗-锐齿栎群丛;榛子-尖叶四照花+山杨-锐齿栎群丛;樱桃+榛子-漆树-锐齿栎群丛;榛子+蔷薇-华山松-锐齿栎群丛;箭竹-华山松+油松-锐齿栎群丛,表明锐齿栎群落在海拔分布上的连续性和群落类型分布的间断性。     

秦岭锐齿栎林种群生态位特征研究

基于秦岭林区锐齿栎群落31块400m^2的样地调查数据,以物种的重要值为生态位计算的资源状态指标,应用Levins、Hurlbert公式和Pianka公式对该林区锐齿栎群落24种主要乔木和29种灌木进行了生态位宽度和生态位重叠计算与分析．结果表明,该群落中主要优势种群的生态位宽度较大,乔木层的主要优势种群锐齿栎、华山松、漆树、山杨、油松等的Levins、Hurlbert生态位宽度值分别为3．695、1．695、1．325、O．840、0．702和0．036、0．299、0．568、1．721、2．701,灌木层的主要优势种群榛子、美丽胡枝子、鞘柄菝葜等的Levins、Hurlbert生态位宽度值分别为1．833、1．466、0．984和0．111、0．300、0．594．生态位宽度较大的物种对资源利用能力较强,与其它种群间的生态位重叠一般较大;对相似环境要求的物种间生态位重叠较大．     

Spatial distribution of Eurya japonica in an old-growth evergreen broad-leaved forest,SW Japan

Abstract. The spatial distribution of Eurya japonica, an evergreen understorey species, was studied on a 4-ha permanent plot in an old-growth, temperate, evergreen broad-leaved forest in southwestern Japan. The pattern of spatial dispersion varied with size class, the environmental heterogeneity produced by tree-fall gaps and microtopography and the scale of observation. Seedlings (0.05 to < 0.5 m high) had the most clumped distributions, followed by saplings (0.5 to 1.3 m high) and adults (> 1.3 m). Individuals were more clumped at the smallest grid size, 1.56m × 1.56 m, and became less clumped as grid size increased for all size classes. On grids of less than 6.25 m × 6.25 m, no spatial correlations were found between seedlings and larger size classes; positive spatial correlations were found between saplings and adults at this scale. Abundant seedlings appeared in tree-fall gaps formed by uprooted trees, but seedlings were frequent on ridge tops and upper slopes. Saplings and adults also occurred on upper slopes, but their spatial distribution had little relation to current tree-fall gaps. The spatial distribution of E. japonica individuals was largely attributed to the distribution of tree-fall gaps and the differential responses to microtopographic variation by individuals at different size classes.     

Population structure and spatial pattern of predominant tree species in a pine–oak mosaic mixed forest in the Qinling Mountains,China

This study investigated a typical pine-oak mosaic mixed forest in the Qinling Mountains, China. In the sample plot, the population structure and spatial distribution of the stems were analyzed for the predominant species, to identify the mechanisms of species coexistence and successional trends of the forest. The population structures of all species were bimodally distributed, with young trees (DBH <1 cm) more abundant than older trees. The population structures of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata was bimodal and rather continuous. However, Pinus tabuliformis and Pinus armandii were discontinuously bimodal, with distinct size deficiencies. Q. aliena var. acuteserrata trees were clumped throughout the plot, although those of P. tabuliformis and P. armandii were clumped at small scales. Notable negative spatial associations between Q. aliena var. acuteserrata and P. tabuliformis were found at almost scales. P. armandii and Q. aliena var. acuteserrata were negatively spatially associated at small scales but positively associated at large scales. Our findings suggest that interspecific competition gradually develops among the predominant tree species. The dynamics of the pine-oak mosaic mixed forest formed a mosaic distribution of uniformly mixed types, with the slow infiltration of Q. aliena var. acuteserrata populations that would eventually establish a pure stand.     

History of Disturbance and Regeneration Strategies of Fagus engleriana and Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata Forests in Shennongjia,Hubei Province

Based on plot investigation, stem analysis and radial growth pattern, the authors studied the history of suppression, release and regeneration strategies of Fagus engleriana Seem. and Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata Maxim. forests, which were widely distributed in Shennongjia of Hubei Province. It was found that (85.9 ± 6.9) % of the Fagus engleriana samples showed periods of suppression during their canopy recruitment. The average number of suppression periods was 2.1 ± 0.8, the average total length of suppression time was (47 ± 24.1) a, the length of longest suppression time was 73 a, the average number of periods of release was 1.6±0.7, and the average total length of release time was 23 a. (60.83±17.3)% of the Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata samples showed periods of suppression but without release. Combined with height and radial growth characteristics, these suggest that Fagus engleriana was shade-tolerant species, and its regeneration strategies was release from seedling sprouts in canopy gaps, while Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata was shade-intolerant species, and its regeneration strategies was seedling establishment and growth in large canopy gaps by producing large amount of seeds.     

佛坪国家级自然保护区短柄木包栎林初步研究

对佛坪国家级自然保护区短柄木包栎林进行了初步研究 ,结果表明 :佛坪自然保护区是目前秦岭中短柄木包栎林分布比较集中的地区 ,短柄木包栎林在该地区主要分布于海拔 1 30 0～ 1 70 0 m,处在锐齿槲栎林带中偏干暖条件下 ,与锐齿槲栎林分别占据着不同的生境 ;其物种组成及其生活型谱、种群结构、物种多样性特征等都表明短柄木包栎林在本区是一稳定的群落。     

Gap dynamics and regeneration strategies in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Juniperus-Laurus</Emphasis> forests of the Azores Islands

We asked the following questions regarding gap dynamics and regeneration strategies in Juniperus-Laurus forests: How important are gaps for the maintenance of tree diversity? What are the regeneration strategies of the tree species? Thirty canopy openings were randomly selected in the forest and in each the expanded gap area was delimited. Inside expanded gaps the distinction was made between gap and transition zone. In the 30 expanded gaps a plot, enclosing the gap and transition zone, was placed. In order to evaluate the differences in regeneration and size structure of tree species between forest and expanded gaps, 30 control plots were also delimited in the forest, near each expanded gap. In the 60 plots the number of seedlings, saplings, basal sprouts and adults of tree species were registered. Canopy height and width of adult individuals were also measured. The areas of the 30 gaps and expanded gaps were measured and the gap-maker identified. Juniperus-Laurus forests have a gap dynamic associated with small scale disturbances that cause the death, on average, of two trees, mainly of Juniperus brevifolia. Gap and expanded gap average dimensions are 8 and 25 m², respectively. Gaps are of major importance for the maintenance of tree diversity since they are fundamental for the regeneration of all species, with the exception of Ilex azorica. Three types of regeneration behaviour and five regeneration strategies were identified: (1) Juniperus brevifolia and Erica azorica are pioneer species that regenerate in gaps from seedlings recruited after gap formation. However, Juniperus brevifolia is a pioneer persistent species capable of maintaining it self in the forest due to a high longevity and biomass; (2) Laurus azorica and Frangula azorica are primary species that regenerate in gaps from seedlings or saplings recruited before gap formation but Laurus azorica is able to maintain it self in the forest through asexual regeneration thus being considered a primary persistent species; (3) Ilex azorica is a mature species that regenerates in the forest.