秦岭林区锐齿栎次生林种群空间分布格局

以秦岭林区阳坡、阴坡2个典型地段上的锐齿栎次生林为研究对象,运用点格局分析方法 O-ring函数分析了不同坡向、不同发育阶段种群空间分布格局及不同坡向锐齿栎种群的种内与种间空间关联性,探讨锐齿栎空间格局形成和种群维持机制。结果表明:阴坡锐齿栎种群聚集程度高于阳坡;两种坡向种群各发育阶段空间分布格局相似,从幼树到大树均呈现出聚集到随机甚至均匀分布的规律;不同坡向种群各发育阶段间关联性不同,阳坡各发育阶段间呈一定的正相关,而阴坡呈一定的负相关;阳坡中,山杨与锐齿栎种群分布呈一定正相关,灯台树、鹅耳枥与其呈一定负相关,在阴坡,山杨、漆树与锐齿栎呈一定正相关,灯台树、青榨槭、鹅耳枥与其呈一定负相关。结果表明:目前,阳坡锐齿栎种群结构较好,种内、种间竞争不激烈,而阴坡种群不仅受种间竞争的影响,同样受到种内竞争的制约,最终导致其林分结构较差,更新不良,从长远上看,适当疏伐可以增加林内透光性,有益于促进种群的更新与稳定。     

小兴安岭阔叶红松林物种组成及主要种群的空间分布格局

研究了黑龙江省凉水国家自然保护区阔叶红松林的物种组成和径级结构,并应用点格局分析方法对其主要种群的空间分布格局及空间关联性进行了研究.结果表明: 该保护区内阔叶红松林中胸径≥1 cm的乔木共有16种,种群密度差异性很大,针叶树种红松和冷杉处于明显的优势地位;种群的径级结构近似倒“J”形,林分更新良好;主要种群的分布格局多呈聚集分布,只有红松在19～21 m和44 m尺度上以及青楷槭在接近所研究的最大尺度上时才呈现出随机分布.其中,红松在所研究尺度上一直都接近于随机分布,聚集强度也最小,冷杉、紫椴和青楷槭的分布格局都呈现出随机分布的趋势;除红松和冷杉在2～3 m的小尺度上,以及冷杉和青楷槭在37～81 m尺度上呈显著正相关外,其余种群的空间关联性均不显著.所有树种的总体联结关系均表现为不显著的正关联.
     

太白山巴山冷杉林主要树种与开花秦岭箭竹的空间点格局分析

采用单变量和双变量O-ring函数对太白山大熊猫栖息地巴山冷杉林主要树种的空间分布格局、种间关联性及其与林下开花箭竹的空间关联性进行了多尺度分析.结果表明: 巴山冷杉林中,巴山冷杉数量最多,但种群结构衰退,白桦种群相对年轻,种群结构稳定,红桦种群也呈衰退趋势;3个主要树种在小尺度上呈聚集分布,随尺度增加,逐渐表现为随机分布.3个树种的空间关联性主要表现在小尺度范围内,随尺度增加,空间分布格局逐渐表现为不关联;巴山冷杉和白桦与开花秦岭箭竹在大、中尺度内呈现正相关,而红桦与开花秦岭箭竹在大、中尺度上表现出负相关.大熊猫栖息地内乔木和林下秦岭箭竹共同推动森林的动态演替和发展,进而影响秦岭大熊猫栖息地的环境变化.     

小兴安岭谷地云冷杉林主要种群及林隙形成木的空间格局

调查了小兴安岭谷地云冷杉林1.5 hm²(100 m×150 m)固定样地内的物种组成和径级结构,用点格局方法分析样地内主要种群的空间格局和空间关联性以及林隙形成木的空间格局.结果表明： 样地内胸径≥2 cm的乔木有13种,种群密度差异大,重要值在前4位的为臭冷杉、红皮云杉、白桦和花楷槭.种群的径级结构近似倒“J”形.臭冷杉和红皮云杉空间分布相似,随空间尺度的变化趋势为聚集 随机 均匀分布.白桦在≤40 m尺度为聚集分布,>40 m尺度变为随机分布,而花楷槭在整个研究尺度上均为聚集分布.除白桦和花楷槭两者间在整个研究尺度上均为负相关以外,其余种群间均为小尺度上正相关、大尺度上负相关.臭冷杉和白桦种群间正相关的显著性强,其他种群间正相关性普遍较弱.样地内林隙形成木的空间格局表现为中小尺度聚集分布,随尺度增大趋于随机分布.掘根形成的林隙形成木的空间点格局呈单峰型分布,随机、聚集和均匀3种分布均有出现.折干形成的林隙形成木的空间点格局分布整体波动不大,小尺度上在随机和聚集分布间交替出现,到大尺度则归于随机分布.两者间的空间关联性分析表明,≤32 m尺度为显著正相关,>32 m尺度为不显著的负相关.     

择伐对紫椴次生林乔木幼苗分布格局及种间关联性的影响

研究张广才岭林区未经人为干扰的(自然恢复次生林)和择伐后20年(择伐经营次生林)的2种紫椴次生林林分的乔木树种幼苗的分布格局及其种间关联性。结果表明: 阳性软阔叶和阴性树种幼苗在自然恢复次生林中重要值分别为7.9和64.5,在择伐经营次生林中为3.9和68.9;自然恢复次生林和择伐经营次生林中乔木树种幼苗的空间分布点格局分别在0～18 m和0～15 m尺度内呈聚集分布。自然恢复次生林中,14～45 m尺度上树种对多呈负相关;而择伐经营次生林中,所有尺度上的树种对多呈无相关性。在择伐经营次生林中,更新层中有57%的紫椴幼苗与其他乔木幼苗的树种对在大尺度上(31～45 m)呈负相关,在自然恢复次生林中该比例大于60%。在择伐经营次生林中,色木槭幼苗与其他乔木幼苗的树种对在更多尺度上(6～45 m)主要呈负相关,自然恢复次生林中的色木槭幼苗与其他乔木幼苗的树种对多在小尺度上(0～5 m)呈正相关,在大尺度上(31～45 m)无相关性。择伐加快了紫椴次生林未来的演替速度,一定程度上使得乔木树种幼苗在更大距离尺度上呈现出随机分布状态,并促使林分中乔木树种幼苗的种间关系更加协调,调整了紫椴种群幼苗种间的空间竞争关系。2个林分均处在演替进程中,在今后的林分管理中,应适当采取人工经营措施以促进林分更新及群落的恢复。     

华北山地典型天然次生林群落的树种空间分布格局及其关联性

关帝山华北落叶松、云杉、杨桦天然次生林植被类型是华北高海拔地带代表性的森林类型。以该地区上述3种典型的天然次生林群落为例,运用点格局分析中的单变量O-ring统计方法,分析各群落主要树种的种群空间分布格局;用双变量O-ring统计方法,分析各群落中树种间的空间关联性;并对同一树种在不同森林群落类型中种群空间分布格局和种间关联性的变化进行比较,以探讨华北山地次生林群落空间格局形成和种群维持与动态机制。研究结果表明,(1)各种群在相对小的尺度上聚集分布特征明显,随尺度增加树木种群的聚集性减弱并逐渐表现出随机分布的格局特征;(2)同一树种在不同森林群落类型中空间分布格局差异很大。红桦、白桦和山杨在阔叶林中呈明显的小尺度聚集分布格局,而在针叶林群落呈随机分布。在阔叶次生林中混生的小龄级华北落叶松呈现聚集性空间分布格局。在华北落叶松为优势树种的针叶林中,大龄级的华北落叶松表现出小尺度上均匀分布和较大尺度上随机分布的格局特征;(3)各群落中树种间的空间关联性主要表现在小尺度范围,随尺度加大空间关联性逐渐不明显;(4)在阔叶树占优势的次生林,小龄级华北落叶松与桦木的分布有较明显的空间正关联性,而在华北落叶松为优势树种的针叶林,桦与华北落叶松并未表现明显的空间关联性。种群分布格局和种群间的空间关联性随群落结构、空间尺度和龄级结构不同而有较大变化。     

秦岭优势乔木锐齿槲栎的空间分布格局及种内关联

为探究锐齿槲栎种群的空间分布特征及关联性,本研究以秦岭皇冠暖温性落叶阔叶林25 hm²森林样地内优势树种锐齿槲栎为对象,采用成对相关函数g(r)对其空间格局及其种内关联性进行了研究。结果表明: 锐齿槲栎径级结构呈“双峰”型,幼树(1 cm≤胸径DBH＜5 cm)个体数较多,种群呈增长型结构,更新良好;中树(15 cm≤DBH＜25 cm)比大树(25 cm≤DBH＜35 cm)、老树(DBH≥35 cm)的个体数略多,但远少于幼树和小树(5 cm≤DBH＜15 cm)。锐齿槲栎空间分布具有明显的海拔依赖性,主要分布在中高海拔地区。完全空间随机零模型分析表明,各径级个体在＜60 m的大尺度范围聚集分布。使用异质泊松模型剔除生境异质性分析表明,各径级的个体转变为大尺度的随机分布,表明树种的分布明显受到生境变化的影响。在＜40 m的小尺度范围内,径级差距小的个体间的空间关联性为正关联,径级差距大的个体间的空间关联性转变为负关联和无关联;在＞40 m的大尺度范围内,大径级个体间的空间关联性为正关联,而幼树和其他径级个体间的空间关联性为负关联或无关联。锐齿槲栎自身生物学特性和环境异质性是种群空间格局形成的重要原因。     

长白山云冷杉针阔混交林主要树种空间分布及其关联性

应用点格局分析方法 O-ring函数,分析了长白山云冷杉针阔混交林主要树种以及各生长阶段的空间分布格局和空间关联性。结果表明:(1)林分整体、主要建群种冷杉、云杉和红松的径级分布呈倒"J"型分布,属于增长型种群。(2)林分整体、冷杉、色木槭在0—10 m小尺度上均呈聚集分布,其他尺度上以随机分布为主,云杉、红松和椴树在整个研究尺度上以随机分布为主。(3)冷杉和色木槭在较低龄级阶段小尺度上呈明显的聚集分布,较大尺度上呈随机分布或者均匀分布,冷杉聚集程度随着龄级增大而降低。(4)在冷杉、云杉、红松、椴树和色木槭5个树种组成的10个种对中,冷杉与红松、云杉与红松在小尺度0—10 m范围上以正相关为主;色木槭与冷杉、红松、椴树在小尺度0—5 m范围上主要以正相关为主;云杉和冷杉、椴树、色木槭在整个研究尺度上均以不相关为主。椴树和冷杉、色木槭在10—25 m尺度范围上以负相关为主。(5)幼龄层冷杉与乔木层冷杉在小尺度上呈显著负相关,与乔木层其他树种主要表现为不相关。     

秦岭南坡锐齿栎次生林空间结构特征分析

该研究采用坐标定位方法对秦岭南坡不同坡向锐齿栎次生林样地内胸径DBH≥5cm的乔木进行调查,记录树种名称、坐标、胸径、高度、冠幅、生长状况等因子,运用角尺度、大小比数和混交度3个指数分析不同坡向锐齿栎次生林的空间结构,探寻不同坡向锐齿栎林空间结构的形成和差异。结果显示:(1)调查样地内物种多样性丰富,锐齿栎重要值最大,长势良好,占据主要生态空间。(2)两种坡向中,角尺度取值为0.5的个体数均过半,表明随机分布是锐齿栎次生林的主要分布方式。(3)优势木、亚优势木、中庸木、劣态木和绝对劣态木所占比重均为20%左右,表明林木大小差异不明显,在空间结构单元中,林木较稳定,阳坡优势木个体数高于阴坡。(4)两种坡向中,混交度取值大于0.5林木个体分别为84%和73%,表明多数林木个体处于中度、强度和极强度混交状态。研究表明,秦岭南坡锐齿栎次生林聚集度不高、混交良好、分化程度较高,锐齿栎种群优势度明显,林分整体暂时处于相对稳定状态。     

灵空山林区辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)种群空间分布格局

为了揭示辽东栎种群空间分布格局的形成机制、种群分布规律和动态变化,采用标准地法,应用偏离指数、Lloyd的平均拥挤度和聚块指数、Morisita指数及均方-区组分析,在5个取样尺度下对不同群落类型中辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.)种群进行了格局分析.结果表明:辽东栎种群的空间分布格局受群落内小环境及辽东栎树种本身的生物学特性的共同影响.气候和立地条件基本一致时,群落内地形起伏不平所形成的小环境以及辽东栎树种强烈的伐桩萌芽更新能力对辽东栎种群的空间分布类型具有显著影响;辽东栎种群的空间分布格局受群落学特征的影响主要体现在群落种类组成和结构上.辽东栎作为共优种,在群落内的分布受制于其它共优种,特别是在油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)的树冠下,辽东栎株数极少;而在无油松分布的辽东栎母树周围,出现辽东栎植株集聚的现象.研究表明辽东栎种群在不同群落类型中多表现为集群分布;随着种群的发育其分布格局由集群分布向随机分布过渡.     

Coccystes undoxylophus

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Ester production in E. coli and C. acetobutylicum

Genetic engineering has improved the product yield of a variety of compounds by overexpressing, inactivating, or introducing new genes in microbial systems. The production of flavor-enhancing ester compounds is an emerging area of heterologous gene expression for desired product yield in Escherichia coli. Isoamyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and butyl butyrate are reported here to be produced by expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes ATF1 or ATF2 and the strawberry gene SAAT in E. coli when the appropriate substrates are provided. Increasing the concentration of alcohol added to the reaction generally resulted in increased ester production. ATF1 expression was found to produce more isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate than ATF2 expression or SAAT expression in the strains and culture conditions examined. Additionally, SAAT expression resulted in greater isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate production than ATF2 expression. Butyl butyrate is produced by cell-free extracts of E. coli harboring SAAT but not ATF1 or ATF2.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

UeberAquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Aquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from the halophytic plants Kochia scoparia, Atriplex dimorphostegia, Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus

Samples of Kochia (K. scoparia), Atriplex (A. dimorphostegia), Suaeda (S. arcuata) and Gamanthus (G. gamacarpus) were collected and analyzed for chemical composition including crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDFom), acid detergent fiber (ADFom), non-protein N (NPN), Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Fe, Cu and Se. In addition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter (DM) and CP of the samples using a mobile bag technique were determined. Results indicate that the chemical composition of Kochia and Atriplex was notably different from those of Suaeda and Gamanthus. All of these halophytic plants had high concentrations of Na, K, Cl, Cu and Se, and low levels of Ca, P and Mg. The rapidly degradable fractions of DM and CP (g/g) of Kochia (0.31 and 0.35, respectively) and Atriplex (0.39 and 0.50, respectively) were lower than for Suaeda (0.53 and 0.55, respectively) and Gamanthus (0.56 and 0.66, respectively). Ruminal DM and CP disappearance of Kochia (444 and 517 g/kg, respectively) and Atriplex (472 and 529 g/kg, respectively) were lower (P<0.05) than those of Suaeda (553 and 577 g/kg, respectively) and Gamanthus (663 and 677 g/kg, respectively) (P<0.05) using the mobile bag technique. Suaeda had the lowest (P<0.05) NDFom and ADFom disappearance (214 and 232 g/kg, respectively) in the rumen. Kochia scoparia and Atriplex dimorphostegia have more beneficial chemical nutritive components and digestible values versus Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Flavonoids of Astilbe and Rodgersia compared to Aruncus

The flavonoid profiles of Astilbe (four taxa studied) and Rodgersia (two taxa studied) are based on simple flavonol glycosides. Astilbe has 3-O-mono-, 3-O-di-, and 3-O-triglycosides of kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin, while Rodgersia has only mono- and diglycosides of kaempferol and quercetin. Astilbe×arendsii was also shown to accumulate dihydrochalcone glycosides. The flavonoid profile of Rodgersia is the simplest recorded so far in the herbaceous Saxifragaceae. The flavonoids of two species of Aruncus were shown to be based upon kaempferol and quercetin 3-O-mono- and 3-O-diglycosides. One of the species also exhibited an eriodictyol glycoside. The triglycoside differences were not considered important, but the differences in myricetin occurrences were taken as evidence against derivation of Saxifragaceae from an Aruncus-like ancestor. Should such an event be proposed, however, serious consideration would have to be given to the current pattern of myricetin occurrence in the two families.