合哑蝉和鞘翅圆沫蝉马氏管形态及超微结构比较研究（英文）

【目的】本研究通过形态及超微结构比较研究,进一步了解蝉次目蝉总科和沫蝉总科这两个近缘类群的马氏管形态和功能分化。【方法】利用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜技术,对合哑蝉Karenia caelatata Distant和鞘翅圆沫蝉Lepyronia coleoptrata(Linnaeus)成虫马氏管的整体形态构造和超微结构进行了比较研究。【结果】结果显示,在整体形态构造方面,合哑蝉和鞘翅圆沫蝉马氏管在滤室外的部分均分化为4个区段:过渡区、基部区、端部区和末端区。合哑蝉马氏管末端区附着于回肠并被结缔组织包裹,最末端两两愈合为一体;鞘翅圆沫蝉的末端区不愈合,最末端膨大成棒状并贴附于直肠。超微结构观察表明,这两种蝉次目昆虫的马氏管管壁细胞均具有基膜内褶和微绒毛。合哑蝉马氏管基部区管壁细胞含有分泌囊泡、分泌颗粒、内质网和矿物质颗粒。鞘翅圆沫蝉马氏管基部区管壁细胞包含大量分泌囊泡,端部区细胞中的卵形囊泡与基膜愈合。马氏管中的微生物形态表明,合哑蝉马氏管的基部区、端部区中的微生物可能为共生细菌,鞘翅圆沫蝉马氏管的过渡区中微生物可能为病原菌。【结论】合哑蝉和鞘翅圆沫蝉马氏管在形态构造和超微结构方面的异同,一方面为蝉总科和沫蝉总科的姊妹群关系提供了重要证据,另一方面也为其马氏管的排泄及分泌功能分化研究提供了重要信息。相关微生物的发现为进一步探讨共生菌与蝉次目昆虫的协同进化,以及利用微生物进行该类害虫的防治提供了信息。     

蜡蝉次目(昆虫纲:半翅目)昆虫化石研究进展

近200年来,全世界共报道半翅目蜡蝉次目化石昆虫28科、216属、400余种.本文回顾了蜡蝉次目化石昆虫的研究历史,统计了中国已报道的该类群化石种类名录,总结了蜡蝉次目化石昆虫的地质历史、地理分布和年代、以及属种组成特征,提出了该类群化石昆虫研究中有待解决的问题以及未来的研究前景.     

四种蝉科昆虫的精子形态(半翅目:蝉科)

【目的】为了明晰蝉科昆虫的精子形态及其在分类和系统发育分析方面的意义,本研究对蝉亚科的蒙古寒蝉Meimuna mongolica、黑蚱蝉Cryptotympana atrata、蛉蛄Pycna repanda及姬蝉亚科的蟋蝉Tettigetta sp.的精子进行了比较研究。【方法】分别通过光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜,观察这4种蝉科昆虫的精子形态特征。【结果】蒙古寒蝉、黑蚱蝉、蛉蛄和蟋蝉这4种蝉科昆虫精子形态基本相似,但精子长度在种内和种间都有明显不同,均表现出多态性。根据精子长度,蛉蛄精子可被分为长精子、中长精子和短精子3种类型;蒙古寒蝉、黑蚱蝉和蟋蝉的精子被分为长精子和短精子2种类型。4种蝉的精子结构也基本相似,头部包含顶体和细胞核,颈区由中心粒和中心粒侧体组成,尾部一般由一根轴丝和一对线粒体衍生物组成,轴丝微管为9+9+2模式。但蝉亚科3个物种的部分精子具有多个线粒体衍生物;首次在蛉蛄精子尾部发现一个电子致密的三角形区域,该结构在蝉科其他昆虫精子中未曾发现。蝉科不同类群的精子中心粒侧体存在显著差异,姬蝉亚科的蟋蝉精子中心粒侧体为片层状结构,蝉亚科昆虫则为鞘状结构。【结论】与蝉次目的角蝉总科和沫蝉总科昆虫精子相比,仅蝉科昆虫的精子表现出多态性,是该科的特有衍征。精子尾部可具多个线粒体衍生物的现象在蝉亚科物种中是否普遍存在有待进一步研究。蝉科不同类群在精子形态方面的差异,为蝉科昆虫分类及蝉次目系统发育分析提供了重要信息。     

中国角蝉总科部分昆虫马氏管分泌物“网粒体”的超微结构研究(半翅目:蝉亚目)

运用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜分别对中国角蝉总科18种昆虫(叶蝉17种,角蝉1种)的成虫“网粒体”进行了超微结构及合成部位研究.研究结果证实体表网粒体均合成于马氏管第三区( MT3)管壁细胞的高尔基体;这些网粒体可被分为4种类型:小球形网粒体(SB)、棒状网粒体(RB)、多室大球形网粒体( LMB)及少室大球形网粒...     

沫蝉总科Cercopoidea昆虫

沫蝉总科Cercopoidea隶属于昆虫纲Insecta半翅目Hemiptera头喙亚目Auchenorrhyncha，包括沫蝉科Cercopidae、尖胸沫蝉科Aphrophoridae、巢沫蝉科Machaerotidae及长盾沫蝉科Clastopteridae4个科，我国只有前3个科的种类。沫蝉总科目前全世界记录约3000种，广泛分布于世界各地，中国已知的种类300余种。沫蝉的若虫第七、八腹节具有发达的泡沫腺，能分泌胶质，与呼出的气体相混，形成泡沫状液体盖住身体以作保护，因而得名沫蝉。本期封面照片拍摄于安徽宣城。     

关于停止使用"同翅目Homoptera" 目名的建议

长期以来,在我国昆虫学界,“同翅目Homoptera”和半翅目Hemiptera一直被作为2个并列的昆虫目被广泛使用。传统的“同翅目”被分为3亚目10总科,即鞘喙亚目Coleorrhyncha(包括膜翅蝽总科Peloridioidea)、胸喙亚目Stemorrhyncha(包括木虱总科Psylloidea、粉虱总科Aleyrodoidea、蚧总科Coccoidea和蚜总科Aphidoidea)和头喙亚目Auchenorrhyncha[包括蜡蝉子亚目Fulgoromorpha(包括蜡蝉总科Fulgoroidea)和蝉子亚目Cicadomorpha(包括蝉总科Cicadoidea、沫蝉总科Cercopoidea、叶蝉总科Cicadelloidea和角蝉总科Membracoidea)]。近年来,形态学及分子学特征数据的支序分析研究表明,木虱总科、粉虱总科、蚧总科、蚜总科、蜡蝉总科、蝉总科、沫蝉总科、角蝉总科都是单系群;鞘喙亚目、胸喙亚目、蝉子亚目及蜡蝉子亚目也都是单系群,其相互之间的系统发育关系为：胸喙亚目 (蝉子亚目 (蜡蝉子亚目 (鞘喙亚目 异翅亚目(蝽类)))),它们共同组成了单系的半翅目Hemiptera。系统发育分析表明,在半翅目中,鞘喙亚目与异翅亚目具有最近的亲缘关系,蜡蝉子亚目与鞘喙亚目 异翅亚目是姊妹群,蝉子亚目是蜡蝉子亚目 (鞘喙亚目 异翅亚目)的姐妹群,胸喙亚目是半翅目中最早和最原始的一个分枝。因此传统的“同翅目”并不是一个自然的单系类群,而是一个人为的并系类群。目前,在国际昆虫学界,“同翅目”作为一个人为的并系类群已得到公认和普遍接受,并已不再作为昆虫纲的一个有效目被使用。然而,“同翅目”作为昆虫纲的一个有效目在国内一直被广泛使用,为此,作者建议我国的昆虫学工作者今后应停止使用“同翅目”这一人为的并系目名而使用单系的半翅目目名,即将长期以来一直置于“同翅目”的木虱、粉虱、蚧虫、蚜虫、蝉、沫蝉、叶蝉、角蝉及蜡蝉类昆虫与蝽类昆虫一起作为半翅目的成员对待。     

十二种沫蝉的染色体研究 (同翅目： 沫蝉总科)

观察了同翅目头喙亚目12种沫蝉雄性的染色体数目和减数分裂行为。通过对沫蝉总科现有核型资料的分析,认为沫蝉总科的核型特点是：①染色体较小,数目较多,总科内染色体数目变化范围较大,众数为2n=26（24+XO）;②染色体的易位现象极为普遍,因此可以推测,通过染色体的易位导致染色体数目增加是核型进化的主要机制;③减数分裂前期Ⅰ具有典型的花束期,但没有弥散期。因此从精子发生来看沫蝉总科与叶蝉总科、角蝉总科和蝉总科的关系更为密切,而与蜡蝉总科的关系较远。头喙亚目的亲缘关系可能是：蜡蝉总科+{蝉总科+［沫蝉总科+（叶蝉总科+角蝉总科）］}。     

合哑蝉成虫消化道形态、组织结构及超微结构（英文）

【目的】本研究通过合哑蝉Karenia caelatata成虫消化道的形态学、组织学和超微结构研究,进一步了解蝉科(Cicadidae)代表种类的消化道形态和功能分化。【方法】利用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜技术,对合哑蝉雄成虫消化道的整体形态以及食道、滤室(中肠前端及后端、马氏管基部、后肠基部)、滤室外中肠(锥形体、中肠环)、后肠(回肠、直肠)的一般形态和超微结构进行了详细观察,同时对滤室的组织结构进行了研究。【结果】结果表明,合哑蝉消化道由食道、滤室、滤室外中肠及后肠组成。食道狭长,被有上表皮和内表皮。中肠前端、中肠后端、马氏管基部以及后肠基部被一肌肉鞘包围形成滤室构造。组成中肠前端和后端的细胞基膜高度内褶,顶端的微绒毛发达。中肠后端分布许多线粒体和高电子密度的分泌颗粒。滤室外的中肠包括膨大的锥形体、中肠环。其中,锥形体由两种细胞组成;中肠环分为前、中、后3个不同的区段。前中肠细胞包含大量的分泌颗粒、线粒体、粗面内质网和溶酶体;中中肠细胞含有分泌颗粒;后中肠细胞包括许多低电子密度的分泌颗粒和滑面内质网。类铁蛋白颗粒零星分布于中肠环的前、中区段。组成锥形体和中肠环前端的细胞顶端微绒毛被丝状物质覆盖。后肠被有一层表皮。食道、中肠环中段、直肠细胞中含有微生物。【结论】本研究获得的合哑蝉消化道形态、组织结构和超微结构方面的信息为其功能分化研究提供了重要信息。同时,相关微生物的发现为进一步探讨共生菌与蝉总科昆虫的协同进化提供了信息。     

半翅目沫蝉总科化石研究进展

回顾半翅目沫蝉总科化石研究简史,列出已发表的化石名录、地理分布及地质年代,共6科、117属、252种;概述了沫蝉总科的地质历史,总结了世界沫蝉总科化石的组成,提出该类群昆虫化石研究中存在的问题,并对今后的研究前景进行展望.     

基于线粒体基因组的华蝉族系统发育地位研究(半翅目: 蝉科)(英文)

【目的】本研究旨在明确无鼓膜发音器的华蝉族(Sinosenini)昆虫在蝉总科(Cicadoidea)的系统发育地位。【方法】依据在陕西宁陕采集的合哑蝉Karenia caelatata成虫标本,对华蝉族的合哑蝉K. caelatata线粒体基因组进行测序、注释和生物信息学分析;并与蝉总科其他类群的线粒体基因组进行了比较,然后利用最大似然法(ML)和贝叶斯法(BI)分别构建了蝉总科分子系统发育树。【结果】合哑蝉线粒体基因组长14 960 bp (GenBank登录号: MN922304),其基因组成、蛋白编码基因的核苷酸组成和密码子使用等,与蝉总科其他类群具相似特征。核苷酸多样性分析表明,atp8, nad6和nad2为易变基因,而cox1比较保守。非同义替换率和同义替换率比表明,蝉总科昆虫线粒体基因组进化处于高水平的纯化选择下。系统发育分析结果支持蝉次目(Cicadomorpha)的单系性,该次目3个总科的关系为：角蝉总科Membraciodea+(蝉总科Cicadoidea+沫蝉总科Cercopodidea)。无鼓膜发音器的哑蝉属与蝉亚科(Cicadinae)的蜩蝉族(Dundubiini)相关类群聚在一起,且与寒蝉属Meimuna关系最近;黑蝉族(Cicadatrini)的草蝉属Mogannia和音蝉属Vagitanus则与姬蝉亚科(Cicadettinae)相关类群聚在一起;日宁蝉属Yezoterpnosia并非一个单系群。【结论】华蝉族应从姬蝉亚科转移至蝉亚科并与蜩蝉族(Dundubiini)合并,而黑蝉族应从蝉亚科转移至姬蝉亚科。研究结果为进一步解析具有不同发声机制的蝉科昆虫系统演化提供了新信息。     

小地老虎成虫消化系统和马氏管的形态研究

本文研究了小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon Rott.成虫的消化系统和马氏管的形态,详细描述了消化道、唾腺和马氏管三个部分的构造。观察到有两种构造是前人有关文献中未描述过的:1.吸泵被区分为几丁质的底壁和极薄的背壁;2.唾窦背面存在有一对囊形小体,它们伸入到吸泵中。     

黄脸油葫芦消化道和马氏管的组织学观察

应用石蜡切片技术对黄脸油葫芦Teleogryllus emma(Ohmachi and Matsumura)成虫消化道和马氏管的显微结构进行观察。消化道由前肠、中肠和后肠3部分组成:前肠由内向外可分为6层:内膜、肠壁细胞层、底膜、纵肌、环肌和围膜;中肠组织结构也分为6层,即由内向外依次为围食膜、肠壁细胞层、底膜、环肌、纵肌和围膜;后肠的组织结构与前肠基本相似,但内膜比前肠的薄,且肌肉的排列较前肠不规则,与中肠的肌肉排列相似,即环肌在内,纵肌在外。消化道各部位的结构差异与功能有密切关系。马氏管管壁由8个左右形状多变并具有显著细胞核的大形的单层上皮细胞组成。     

白蜡虫马氏管的超微结构

白蜡虫Ericerus Pela的马氏管由两条黄色膨泡串状的端管和一条公共管构成,通过公共管与消化道相连。端管和公共管细胞结构相似,都具有非胶原质的基膜,高度发达的基褶, 长而致密的微绒毛,微绒毛无线粒体插入,细胞质中线粒体少,且随机分布。细胞质的绝大部分为两种矿质-尿酸颗粒结晶所占据,一种为不规则结晶,另一种为轮纹状结晶。白蜡虫马氏管可能发生了合胞化,其排泄方式可能是一种以滞留排泄为主,离子梯度排泄方式为辅的特有的排泄方式。     

小地老虎变态期间马氏管超微结构与酯酶活性的变化

本实验用光镜和电镜观察了小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon Rottemberg幼虫在变态期间马氏管超微结构的变化及成虫马氏管的重组过程,同时还研究了变态期马氏管酯酶的活性.结果表明:(1)变态期间马氏管外形完整,除至预蛹期隐肾复合体解体外,其余无明显变化.(2)变态期间管壁细胞变化显著.幼虫6龄末期马氏管细胞结构开始变化,主要特点为:细胞质电子密度高,充满了核糖体颗粒,微绒毛萎缩,线粒体从萎缩的微绒毛中退出进入细胞质,基膜内褶破坏.进入预蛹期幼虫马氏管细胞解体:基膜内褶、顶端微绒毛、线粒体及细胞质内的其它细胞器消失,并形成自体吞噬泡,细胞质内仅存细胞核及各种类型的液泡.但是在变态期间因底膜始终存在,故马氏管外形不变;至蛹后期,成虫马氏管细胞在原位重组,基膜内褶由浅变深,微绒毛由短变长,线粒体内嵴从无到有.(3)变态过程中羧酸酯酶和酸性磷酸酯酶的活性变化趋势基本相同,以六龄幼虫最强,预蛹期次之,蛹期最低.     

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATIONS OF TWO CYTOCHROME P450 GENES ENCODING CYP6A41 AND CYP6EK1 FROM THE ORIENTAL FRUIT FLY,Bactrocera dorsalis (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

Two P450 genes encoding CYP6A41 and CYP6EK1 were cloned from the oriental fruit fly using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) techniques. CYP6A41 and CYP6EK1 contained open reading frames of 1,530 and 1,524 nucleotides that encode 510 and 508 amino acid residues, respectively. The putative proteins shared 44% identity with each other. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CYP6A41 and CYP6EK1 were most closely related to Ceratitis capitata CYP6A10 and CYP6A subfamily. Expression patterns of the two genes in different geographical populations (Yunnan, Hainan, Dongguang, and Guangzhou), developmental stages (eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults), and tissues (midguts, fat bodies, and Malpighian tubules) were analyzed by real‐time quantitative PCR (RT‐qPCR) methods. The results showed that the expression levels of CYP6EK1 were significantly different among the four populations, but were not different for CYP6A41. Both the expressions of CYP6A41 and CYP6EK1 were development specific and had significantly higher levels in the larval stage. The expression of CYP6A41 did not vary among the midgut, fat body, or Malpighian tubules; however, CYP6EK1 expression was higher in the Malpighian tubules. The results suggest that CYP6A41 and CYP6EK1 might be involved in detoxification of xenobiotic compounds that were harmful to larval flies or development. Moreover, high expression of CYP6EK1 in the Malpighian tubules also implied participation in detoxification.     

光滑足距小蠹消化道的解剖结构

采用体视显微和扫描电镜技术研究光滑足距小蠹Xylosandrus germanus(Blandford)消化道的解剖结构。结果表明,光滑足距小蠹消化道由前肠、中肠和后肠三部分组成。成虫前胃由8个骨化的前胃板组成,呈灯笼状结构。前胃板由板状部和片状部组成,板状部短而简单,片状部甚长,由斜面、咀嚼刷和关闭刚毛组成。胃盲囊着生在中肠近后端,有细管状和囊状2种,成虫分别有1对,幼虫有1对细管状和3~5对囊状。6根马氏管分成2组,1组4根,另一组2根。6根马氏管与后肠肠壁形成隐肾系统。消化道具有1对囊状和1对细管状的胃盲囊可作为光滑足距小蠹成虫的识别特征。     

Number of Malpighian Tubules in Larvae and Adults of Stingless Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) from Amazonia

The number of Malpighian tubules in larvae and adults of bees is variable. Larvae of Apis mellifera L. have four Malpighian tubules, while adults have 100 tubules. In stingless bees, this number varies from four to eight. The objectives of this study were to provide characteristics of the Malpighian tubules as well as to quantify their number in larvae and adults of six species of Meliponinae, Melipona seminigra merrillae Cockerell, Melipona compressipes manaosensis Schwarz, Melipona rufiventris Lepeletier, Scaptotrigona Moure, Frieseomelitta Ihering, and Trigona williana Friese. Malpighian tubules were dissected from larvae and adults, measured, quantified, and maintained in microtubes with Dietrich??s solution. The numbers of Malpighian tubules were constant only for larvae of M. rufiventris (four and eight) and Scaptotrigona sp. (four). The most frequent number of tubules in the Melipona group was seven and eight in larvae, and 70 and 90 in adults. In the Trigona group were four and 20 to 40, for larvae and adults, respectively. The results showed differences in the number of Malpighian tubules among the species analyzed and also between the larvae and adults of the same species. Despite the variation observed, species of the group Melipona always have a larger number and longer Malpighian tubules in both larvae and adults as compared to the Trigona group, which may indicate an evolutionary trend of differentiation between these groups.     

Ultrastructure of the malpighian tubules of Schistocerca gregaria

The ultrastructure of the Malpighian tubules of the adult desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, is described. Male and female adults possess about 233 tubules, which empty proximally into the midgut-ileal region of the alimentary canal by way of 12 ampullae. The tubules vary from 10 mm to 23 mm in length. About one third of them are directed anteriorly, attaching distally at the caeca, while the remainder are directed posteriorly, attaching to other tubules, the rectum or large tracheal trunks adjacent to the hindgut. The Malpighian tubules from all locations examined consist of three ultrastructurally distinct regions: proximal, middle, and distal, referring to their position relative to the midgut. All cell types possess ultrastructural features characteristic of ion transporting tissue, i.e., elaboration of the basal and apical membranes and a close association of these membranes with mitochondria. The distal and proximal segments are short (1.5-1.7 mm) and heavily tracheated, and each is composed of a single, distinct cell type. The middle region is the longest segment of the Malpighian tubule and is composed of two distinct cell types, primary and secondary. Both cell types are binucleate. The more numerous primary cells have large nuclei, contain laminate concretions in membrane-bound vacuoles, and possess large microvilli that contain mitochondria. The secondary cells are smaller and possess smaller nuclei. The microvilli are reduced and lack mitochondria. Secondary cells do not contain laminate concretions. The possible compartmentalization of ion and fluid transport function based on segmentation in the Malpighian tubules is discussed.     

Differential localization and processing of apoptotic proteins in Malpighian tubules of Drosophila during metamorphosis

Drosophila development proceeds through three larval stages, before it pupates to reach adulthood. During pupation, larval tissues are destructed by programmed cell death and replaced by adult structures. Programmed cell death is a tightly regulated process accomplished by the induction of three closely linked pro-apoptotic genes reaper, hid and grim, ultimately leading to the activation of caspases, DRONC and DRICE and results in cell death. Unlike other larval tissues, Malpighian tubules are unique in not undergoing characteristic ecdysone-induced apoptosis and are carried to the adults. In this paper we show that apoptotic proteins, HID, GRIM, DRONC and DRICE are expressed in the Malpighian tubules, however they are sequestered in the nucleus. Significantly DRONC and DRICE are not enzymatically processed to active forms in the Malpighian tubules, however, ectopic expression of pro-apoptotic proteins leads to malformed Malpighian tubules and lethality. We also show that the Drosophila inhibitor of apoptotic protein 1, DIAP1, is localized and processed differently in Malpighian tubules. These results provide first evidence in favor of differential activity of apoptotic proteins in Malpighian tubules.