白腐菌木质素降解酶及其在木质素降解过程中的相互作用

木质素是一类不易降解的生物物质,在自然界中,白腐真菌对木质素的降解能力最强.白腐真菌降解木质素主要依靠分泌的三种酶:木质素过氧化物酶(Lip)、锰过氧化物酶(MnP)和漆酶(Lac).对白腐真菌分泌的三种木质素降解酶在性质、分布等方面进行了比较,系境地介绍三种木质素降解酶的催化作用,并阐述其在木质素降解过程中的相互作用.     

侧耳菌与粗毛栓菌在麦草培养基中产生木质纤维素降解酶的研究

草本植物,包括农作物秸杆的木质素主要是由松柏醇、芥子醇和对香豆醇的脱氢聚合物和对香豆酸组成[1,2],是结构复杂、稳定、多样的生物大分子物质.虽难于被一般微生物降解,但自然界中仍存在一些可降解木质素的微生物种类,白腐真菌是最重要的一类,它们通过分泌漆酶(Laccases,Lac)、木质素过氧化物酶(Lignin peroxidases,LiP)、锰过氧化物酶(Manganese-dependent peroxidases,MnP)、纤维素酶(Cellulas-es,Cel)和半纤维素酶(Hemicellulases,Hcel)等降解植物生物质.由于白腐菌在造纸工业中的生物制浆和纸浆生物漂白、环境保护等方面[4]有着很好的应用前景,因此倍受关注. 本研究选用在液体培养基中产酶能力强且产酶较快的白腐真菌侧耳sp2和粗毛栓菌[5]进行固体培养,研究它们产生木质纤维素降解酶类和降解植物生物质的能力.研究结果报道如下.     

木质素酶及其生产菌的筛选育种

木质素酶降解木质纤维素材料中的木质素,使木质素-半纤维素-纤维素结构解体,纤维素得以暴露出来供后续步骤处理.它广泛应用于生物制浆、生物漂白、废水处理等工业过程中.由于近年利用可再生木质纤维素材料用酶法水解生产酒精成了研究热点,因而作为纤维素材料生物转化工艺预处理过程中的关键角色,木质素酶也极大地唤起人们的研究兴趣.本文介绍了木质素与白腐真菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)木质素降解酶系的特征以及锰过氧化物酶、木质素过氧化物酶、漆酶等3种木质素酶的催化作用机理,归纳了目前流行的木质素酶产生菌的筛选方法及近年来从自然界筛选木质素酶高产菌的种类,并对产木质素酶野生菌株的诱变育种与基因工程改造的进展进行了阐述.     

碳源和氮源对毛栓菌菌丝体生长和漆酶分泌的影响

木质素是一种高度复杂的,由宋丙烷为基本结构单元构成的芳香族高分子化合物,是仅次于纤维素的第二大再生有机资源。木质素的结构使其难于降解,大多数生物不能直接利用,从而造成这一资源的巨大浪费,同时木质素的降解及其相关酶类在生物制浆和环境保护中具有重要意义。木质素生物降解酶主要有木素过氧化物酶。锰过氧化物酶、漆酶和多酚氧化酶等,国外已有黄泡原毛平革菌[1]和杂色云芝[2－6]的有关研究报道,但未见该菌的有关报道。国内周金燕[7]、秦小琼[8]等曾研究真菌漆酶。本文对毛栓菌产生漆酶的条件进行了探讨,以便为其在造纸和环…     

微生物法降解木质素的研究进展

生物质是代替石化资源生产能源和化学品的关键资源,木质素作为植物细胞壁的主要成分已经在很多行业中得到了广泛的应用。然而,由于木质素结构复杂且难以降解,成为生物质资源利用的最大障碍,因此,去除或者降解木质素是利用细胞壁中其他成分的关键步骤。许多行业使用有害化学物质降解木质素,严重危害了生态环境,自然界中木质素经常被包括真菌和细菌在内的微生物降解,因此,研究微生物降解木质素的机制为解决这一问题提供了可能性。本文讨论了木质素的化学组成成分,重点讨论了自然界降解木质素的微生物种类及其降解机制,包括各种真菌和细菌的木质素降解活性,描述了由各种微生物特别是白腐真菌、褐腐真菌和细菌产生的木质素降解酶,并展望了今后木质素生物降解的研究和应用的可能方向。     

枯草芽胞杆菌降解木质纤维素能力及产酶研究

从农林废物堆肥中分离得到1株细菌经鉴定为枯草芽胞杆菌,将该细菌用于木质素类化合物利用.固态培养条件下考察其对木质纤维素的降解能力及产酶特性,另外对发酵前后的稻草结构进行了红外光谱分析.结果表明,枯草芽胞杆菌具有木质素降解能力,兼具低分子量木质素酚型、非酚型类物质的降解能力.其对木质素降解是木质素过氧化物酶、锰过氧化物酶、漆酶、纤维素酶和半纤维素酶共同作用的结果.在实验条件下,培养30 d使木质素降解率达9.47%,同时对纤维素、半纤维素也有较高程度的降解;降解率分别为38.8%、41.84%.红外光谱分析结果表明,稻草木质素结构被破坏,枯草芽胞杆菌对木质素各官能团的降解作用有所不同.     

重组白腐菌可更有效地破坏木质素

由Michael Gold及其同事在俄勒冈研究中心(Oregon Graduate Center)开发了一个转化白腐菌(Phanerochaete chrysosprium)的系统。这使把另外或修饰的编码锰过氧化物酶和木质素过氧化物酶的基因再插回到真菌中去成为可能。这两种酶对白腐菌降解木质素的能力起很大作用。向真菌导入这些酶基因可能使真菌通过增加自身产生这些酶的数量加强其降解木质素的能力。同样也使通过修饰基因以使真菌产生改善的酶成为可能。木质素是一种坚韧的三维多聚物,是一种在木材和其它植物组织中由纤维素和其它碳水化合物多聚物组成的混合物。Repligen(Cambridge,麻省)及一些政府机构的研究者长期     

云芝深层培养生产木质素降解酶的研究

木质索降解本质上是氧化反应,参与木质素降解的酶都是非专一性的,目前人们认识到的参与木质素降解的酶主要有多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol oxidase)、锰过氧化物酶(Maganese peroxidase)和木质素酶(Ligninase)。后者是近来新发现在木质素降解过程中起作用的过氧化物酶。本文研究一种对木质素降解能力很强的云芝(Polyporus versicolor)在摇瓶培养条件下,培养方式、营养条件以及添加诱导剂藜芦醇和表面活性剂Tween80等因素对木质素降解酶生产的影响。     

宏基因组来源耐Mn2+、热稳定细菌漆酶的分子克隆及酶学特性

【背景】漆酶和锰过氧化物酶(Manganese peroxidase,Mnp)是木质素降解的主要酶,二者有协同效应。Mnp活性依赖于Mn~(2+),而Mn~(2+)是大多数漆酶的抑制剂。【目的】获得耐Mn~(2+)的细菌漆酶用于木质素降解。【方法】构建许昌市某污水河污泥宏基因组文库,通过活性筛选获得细菌漆酶基因lac1542。使用大肠杆菌异源表达Lac1542,研究纯化后的重组蛋白酶学性质并进一步检测了含Lac1542复合酶系降解木质素能力。【结果】测序结果显示lac1542编码一个含513个氨基酸的蛋白。以ABTS为底物Lac1542最适反应pH为4.0,在pH 3.0-6.5范围内酶活性稳定。最适反应温度是75°C,在70°C以下酶活性稳定;100 mmol/L的Mn~(2+)仍能提高酶的活性。动力学参数研究发现,该酶的最适底物顺序为:ABTS丁香醛联氮儿茶酚2,6-DMP愈创木酚。Lac1542/Mnp复合酶系对木质素降解率为47.8%,比单独使用Mnp木质素降解率(22.4%)提高25.4%。Lac1542/Mnp/灰盖鬼伞过氧化物酶(Coprinus cinereus Peroxidase,CIP)复合酶系木质素降解高达71.5%,比Mnp/CIP酶系木质素降解率(48.9%)提高22.6%,加入Lac1542后的复合酶系能明显提高木质素的降解率。【结论】Lac1542的可溶性表达、耐受高浓度Mn~(2+)、热稳定性使得Lac1542可以替代一些经典的真菌漆酶应用于制浆、造纸、纤维素乙醇生产、染料脱色等工业。     

木质素降解菌株的分离及其降解玉米秸秆过程中产酶特点

【目的】筛选高效降解木质素的菌株,并研究其以玉米秸秆为底物时木素降解酶活性。【方法】本研究以愈创木酚培养基和苯胺蓝培养基从吉林省不同经纬度的自然朽木及腐朽玉米秸秆土壤样品中分离、筛选得到高效降解木质素的菌株,并对其形态学鉴定,通过ITS序列分析构建系统发育树,分析菌株的分类地位。通过秸秆固体发酵过程产生的胞外木质素酶的活性分析,选出高效秸秆降解菌。【结果】筛选出1株高效降解秸秆的真菌,对其进行形态学特征和ITS序列分析,命名为白囊耙齿菌W2(Irpex lacteus W2)。该菌株在4–8 d内产生的锰过氧化物酶(Manganese peroxidase)呈上升趋势,并且在8 d达到峰值86.31 U/mL,与黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)的最高酶活力45.86 U/mL相比,高出了88.20%(P0.01);该菌株的漆酶(Laccase)活力8 d时达到20.60 U/mL,比对照高40.76%(P0.05)。【结论】本研究分离到一株具有较强降解秸秆能力的真菌,初步鉴定为Irpex lacteus W2,具有较强的降解秸秆能力,其降解秸秆过程中产生较高的锰过氧化物酶与漆酶活力。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.