白苏子和荠Lin子形态特征及其化学成分的研究

对白苏子和荠Lin子两种种子的脂肪油,氨基酸,矿质元素等化学成分进行分析,结果表明,两种种子均含有丰富的脂肪油,含量分别为40．18％和20．62％,其脂肪油的主要成分为：亚麻酸,亚油酸,油酸,棕榈酸,硬脂酸等,其中不饱和脂肪酸的含量分别为92．759％和92．990％,具有较高的营养价值,此外,还含有丰富的氨基酸和种类齐全的矿质元素,其种子形状大小,纹饰特征是两种种子鉴别的重要依据。     

白苏子和荠苧子形态特征及其化学成分的研究

对白苏子和荠苧子两种种子的脂肪油、氨基酸、矿质元素等化学成分进行分析 ,结果表明 :两种种子均含有丰富的脂肪油 ,含量分别为 4 0 .18%和 2 0 .6 2 % ,其脂肪油的主要成分为 :亚麻酸、亚油酸、油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸等 ,其中不饱和脂肪酸的含量分别为 92 .759%和 92 .990 % ,具有较高的营养价值。此外 ,还含有丰富的氨基酸和种类齐全的矿质元素。其种子形状大小、纹饰特征是两种种子鉴别的重要依据。     

六种唇形科种子营养成分比较分析

对六种唇形科植物种子营养成分研究的结果表明：种子含有丰富的脂肪油,其不饱和脂肪酸总量均在90％以上。种子油的主要成分为：α-亚麻酸、亚油酸、油酸、花生烯酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸等成分。并从种子中测定了18种氨基酸和多种矿质元素的含量。这六种种子和种子油具有较高的营养价值和潜在药用保健功效。     

构树种子化学成分研究

对构树种子的脂肪油、氨基酸、矿质元素进行分析,结果表明:种子含脂肪油40.18%,主要成分为:亚油酸(85.42%)、油酸(4.29%)、棕榈酸(7.35%)、亚麻酸(0.98%)等。此外,还含有17种氨基酸和24种矿质元素。     

苦楝种子油的性质与应用研究

若楝种子机榨出油率为４％－６％。油的比重（２５℃）０．９２６４、折光率（２５℃）１．４７９４,皂化值２０．１,酸值３．６,磺值１１３．７。油的主要脂肪酸有棕榈酸（９．３１％）、硬脂酸（３．０８％）、油酸（１８．７％）、亚油酸（６５．５９％）。不饱和脂肪酸含量较高是其油的特点。初步证明油中非脂肪部分含有多种萜类化合物。通过室内和大田试验,证明苦楝种子油乳剂对多种农业害虫有较好的杀虫效果。     

细风轮菜种子化学成分研究

对细风轮菜种子化学成分的研究表明,种子含大量脂肪油(23.25%),油中含大量不饱和脂肪酸:亚麻酸(66.929%)、亚油酸(21.813%)、油酸(4.596%),总量达93.338%。此外,种子还含18种氨基酸和18种矿质元素。因此,种子和种子油具有较高营养价值和药用保健功效。     

地Lian果实成熟过程中品质及种子油脂肪酸组分的变化

对地Ｌｉａｎ果实不同成熟期品质的研究表明。成熟时的地Ｌｉａｎ果实,维生素Ｃ、总糖含量达最高值,酸度则降至最低,此期风味最好。软硬适宜,色泽甚佳,为地芩鲜食的最佳采收期,对不同成熟期的种子油脂肪酸分析表明,种子油以不饱和脂肪酸为主,尤其是亚油酸含量很高,达８４％;果实成熟过程中脂肪权各组分的含量变化趋势不明显。     

古钩藤种子油

古钩藤种子油是脂肪酮酸的丰富来源。在植物的种子油中很少含有脂肪酮酸。过去也没有文献报道过古钩藤(Cryptolepisbuchnani)的种子,它是一种在印度常见的攀援植物,本文介绍古钩藤种子油中所含的脂肪酮酸。用石油醚提取100g干燥种子,用AOCS法进行测定和分析,所得数据列在表1内。     

构树聚花果及其果实原汁营养成分的研究

对构树聚花果的营养成分进行分析,结果表明,其果实含有丰富的营养物质,氨基酸,糖类,矿质元素等成分,其果实原汁含有丰富的可溶性糖类,蛋白质,氨基酸,维生素等营养成分,此外,种子含有丰富的脂肪油（40．28％）,其脂肪油中人体必需的脂肪酸亚油酸的含量达（85．42）,其聚花果,果实原汁,种子油具有开发利用的价值。     

柔毛月见草油的成分研究（简报）

柔毛月见草(Oenothera villosa)。经我所植物园多年培育,已在北京扩大栽培成功。种子含油量和油中的γ-亚麻酸含量均高于月见草。为使柔毛月见草油应用于生产,作者对其化学成分进行了研究。其脂肪酸成分曾有过报道,但非皂化成分,本文尚属首次报道。作者采用索氏提取法测定种子含油量为28.1%。按参考文献方法,分析脂肪酸成分,其     

白花益母草种子的化学成分分析

对白花益母草种子的化学成分进行分析,结果表明,种子油含有大量人体必需的不饱和脂肪酸,其主要成分为：亚油酸（42．60％）、亚麻酸（30．22％）、油酸（20．28％）等,此外种子还含有18种氨基酸和24种矿质元素和蛋白质等成分。其种子和种子油具有较高的营养价值和药用功效。     

Influence of fertilizer levels on phytoremediation of crude oil-contaminated soils with the tropical pasture grass Brachiaria brizantha (hochst. ex a. rich.) stapf

Determination of fertilizer levels in phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons is a complex issue, since nutrient demands of the plant and of degrading microorganisms in the rhizosphere have to be considered In the present work, three fertilizer levels were tested in a greenhouse experiment with the aim of optimizing growth of the tropical pasture grass Brachiaria brizantha and enhance microbial degradation of heavy crude oil in soil Fertilizer was applied twice in a concentration of 200, 300, and 400 mg each of N, P, and K per kg soil before and after the first sampling (14 wk). The medium fertilizer concentration resulted in best root growth and highest absolute oil dissipation (18.4%) after 22 wk The highest concentration produced best shoot growth and highest relative oil dissipation after 14 wk (10.5% less than unplanted control). In general, degradation of total oil and grease was higher in planted than in unplanted soil, but differences diminished toward the end of the experiment. Next to fertiizer quantity, its composition is an important factor to be further studied, including the form of available nitrogen (N-NO3- vs. N-NH4+). Field trials are considered indispensable for further phytoremediation studies, since greenhouse experiments produce particular water and nutrient conditions.     

Study of petroleum-degrading activity of microflora from the shoreline region of the Caspian Sea

Soil samples from the shore of Baku Bay (Caspian Sea), were studied. The content of oil products in the samples amounted to 2.7-8.0 wt%. The total counts of microorganisms were 1.8 x 10(6) cells per g soil, which is by two orders of magnitude lower compared to soils free from oil pollution. In addition, the diversity of microflora is considerably narrower. The samples were used to isolate pure cultures of microbial degraders capable of assimilating 24 to 32% of the oil introduced into liquid nutrient medium in six days. It was demonstrated that the fraction composition of residual oil changed and both light and heavy oil fractions were degraded.     

Effects of resveratrol and genistein on growth,nutrient utilization and fatty acid composition of rainbow trout

The replacement of the finite and costly resource fish oil is an important task for aquaculture nutrition. A promising approach could be the use of plant bioactives that may have the potential to influence the metabolism and the synthesis of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially EPA (20:5n-3) and DHA (22:6n-3). In this study, the two phytochemicals resveratrol (RV) and genistein (G) were investigated for their effects on fish growth, nutrient utilization and body nutrient composition alongside their effects on whole body fatty acid (FA) composition. In a feeding trial lasting 8 weeks, rainbow trout (initial BW: 81.4±0.5 g) were held in a recirculating aquaculture system and fed six experimental diets with varying fish oil levels as plain variants or supplemented with 0.3% of dry matter (DM) of either RV or G. The six diets were as follows: diet F4 had 4% DM fish oil, diet F0 had 0% DM fish oil, diets F4+RV, F4+G, F0+RV and F0+G were equal to the diets F4 and F0, respectively, and supplemented with the phytochemicals RV and G. The feeding of the F0+RV diet resulted in reduced feed intake, growth rate and slightly reduced whole body lipid levels. At the same time, the amount of polyunsaturated FA and the n-3/n-6 ratio were significantly increased in whole body homogenates of rainbow trout fed diet F0+RV in comparison to the F0 control. The feeding of the F0+G diet led to reduced feed intake, slightly increased protein utilization but did not significantly affect the whole body FA composition. Overall, feeding the fish oil-free diet supplemented with the phytochemicals resulted in more pronounced effects on fish performance and FA composition than the single factors per se (dietary fish oil level or phytochemical). Present data indicate that G might not be of profitable use for trout nutrition. In terms of FA composition, RV could be a potentially useful complement for fish oil. However, the impairment of growth and performance parameters as observed in the present study discourages its use in trout diets.     

Food intake and absorption are affected by dietary lipid level and lipid source in seabream (Sparus aurata L.) larvae

Marine larval nutrition studies have classically focused on essential fatty acid (EFA) requirements and very little is known regarding the effect of total lipid level or lipid source on food ingestion and absorption, which are important factors determining growth. In the present work two experiments analysed food intake and nutrient absorption in seabream larvae in response to two dietary lipid levels (17-18% and 25-28%). The first experiment tested Artemia enriched on two levels of a fish oil emulsion (higher and lower—HF and LF, respectively), while in the second experiment larvae were co-fed Artemia enriched on one of two levels of a soybean oil emulsion and a microdiet (MD) containing one of two levels of soybean oil as the main lipid source (higher and lower—HS and LS, respectively). Food intake and nutrient absorption were determined by performing radioactive trials using Artemia radiolabelled with [1-¹⁴C] oleic acid in the first experiment (at 26 and 33 days after hatching—DAH) and MD labelled with [1-¹⁴C] oleic acid or glycerol tri[1-¹⁴C] oleate (31 and 32 DAH) in the second experiment. The dietary treatments did not induce significant differences in larval dry weight in the first experiment, while food intake was significantly higher and nutrient absorption significantly lower in larvae fed the HF diet, compared to the LF treatment. In the second experiment, a significantly higher dry weight was achieved by larvae fed on the LS diet, which was also significantly more ingested and absorbed. The fish oil experiment supports the hypothesis that a higher food intake may cause a decrease in nutrient absorption efficiency, possibly through a faster gut transit, but in the soybean oil experiment total absorption appears to have simply reflected food intake. The results show that dietary lipid level significantly affects larval food intake and absorption efficiency but the effect was dependent on lipid source, suggesting that dietary fatty acid (FA) composition might be a more determinant factor than total lipid level. Food intake was apparently not regulated to meet a requirement for EFA. Lipid source or FA composition may regulate food intake through pre- or post-absorptive mechanisms, such as through effects on palatability, digestibility and stimulation of neuroendocrine pathways.     

Study of the Oil-Degrading Activity of Caspian Shore Microflora

Soil samples from the shore of Baku Bay (Caspian Sea) were studied. The content of oil products in the samples amounted to 2.7–8.0 wt %. The total counts of microorganisms were 1.8 × 10⁶ cells per g soil, which is by two orders of magnitude lower compared to soils free from oil pollution. In addition, the diversity of microflora is considerably narrower. The samples were used to isolate pure cultures of microbial degraders capable of assimilating 24 to 32% of the oil introduced into liquid nutrient medium in six days. It was demonstrated that the fraction composition of residual oil changed and both light and heavy oil fractions were degraded.     

Optimization of extracellular lipase production by Geotrichum sp. using factorial design

Response surface methodology was employed to study the effects of carbon source (soy oil, olive oil and glucose) and nitrogen source concentrations (corn steep liquor and NH(4)NO(3)) on the lipase production by Geotrichum sp. The experiment included a 2(4) central composite rotatable design (CCRD) and four others 2(3) CCRD. According to the responses from the experimental designs, the effects of each variable were calculated and the interactions between them were determined. The response surface methodology was applied for the optimization of the nutrient concentrations in the culture medium for the enzyme production, at 30 degrees C. The optimum medium composition for lipase production by Geotrichum sp. was ammonium nitrate 2.1-2.5%, corn steep liquor 13-15% and soy oil 0.6% as carbon source, which lead to a lipase activity of about 20 U/ml. Using olive oil as carbon source, the optimum composition was ammonium nitrate 0.8-1%, corn steep liquor 13-15% and olive oil 0.6%, leading to an activity of 17 U/ml.     

Culture of microalgae Chlorella minutissima for biodiesel feedstock production

Microalgae are among the most promising of non‐food based biomass fuel feedstock alternatives. Algal biofuels production is challenged by limited oil content, growth rate, and economical cultivation. To develop the optimum cultivation conditions for increasing biofuels feedstock production, the effect of light source, light intensity, photoperiod, and nitrogen starvation on the growth rate, cell density, and lipid content of Chlorella minutissima were studied. The fatty acid content and composition of Chlorella minutissima were also investigated under the above conditions. Fluorescent lights were more effective than red or white light‐emitting diodes for algal growth. Increasing light intensity resulted in more rapid algal growth, while increasing the period of light also significantly increased biomass productivity. Our results showed that the lipid and triacylglycerol content were increased under N starvation conditions. Thus, a two‐phase strategy with an initial nutrient‐sufficient reactor followed by a nutrient deprivation strategy could likely balance the desire for rapid and high biomass generation (124 mg/L) with a high oil content (50%) of Chlorella minutissima to maximize the total amount of oil produced for biodiesel production. Moreover, methyl palmitate (C16:0), methyl oleate (C18:1), methyl linoleate (C18:2), and methyl linolenate (C18:3) are the major components of Chlorella minutissima derived FAME, and choice of light source, intensity, and N starvation impacted the FAME composition of Chlorella minutissima. The optimized cultivation conditions resulted in higher growth rate, cell density, and oil content, making Chlorella minutissima a potentially suitable organism for biodiesel feedstock production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 2280–2287. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The Impact of Selective-Logging and Forest Clearance for Oil Palm on Fungal Communities in Borneo

Tropical forests are being rapidly altered by logging, and cleared for agriculture. Understanding the effects of these land use changes on soil fungi, which play vital roles in the soil ecosystem functioning and services, is a major conservation frontier. Using 454-pyrosequencing of the ITS1 region of extracted soil DNA, we compared communities of soil fungi between unlogged, once-logged, and twice-logged rainforest, and areas cleared for oil palm, in Sabah, Malaysia. Overall fungal community composition differed significantly between forest and oil palm plantation. The OTU richness and Chao 1 were higher in forest, compared to oil palm plantation. As a proportion of total reads, Basidiomycota were more abundant in forest soil, compared to oil palm plantation soil. The turnover of fungal OTUs across space, true β-diversity, was also higher in forest than oil palm plantation. Ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungal abundance was significantly different between land uses, with highest relative abundance (out of total fungal reads) observed in unlogged forest soil, lower abundance in logged forest, and lowest in oil palm. In their entirety, these results indicate a pervasive effect of conversion to oil palm on fungal community structure. Such wholesale changes in fungal communities might impact the long-term sustainability of oil palm agriculture. Logging also has more subtle long term effects, on relative abundance of EcM fungi, which might affect tree recruitment and nutrient cycling. However, in general the logged forest retains most of the diversity and community composition of unlogged forest.     

Enhancement of extraplastidic oil synthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using a type‐2 diacylglycerol acyltransferase with a phosphorus starvation–inducible promoter

When cultivated under stress conditions, many plants and algae accumulate oil. The unicellular green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii accumulates neutral lipids (triacylglycerols; TAGs) during nutrient stress conditions. Temporal changes in TAG levels in nitrogen (N)‐ and phosphorus (P)‐starved cells were examined to compare the effects of nutrient depletion on TAG accumulation in C. reinhardtii. TAG accumulation and fatty acid composition were substantially changed depending on the cultivation stage before nutrient starvation. Profiles of TAG accumulation also differed between N and P starvation. Logarithmic‐growth‐phase cells diluted into fresh medium showed substantial TAG accumulation with both N and P deprivation. N deprivation induced formation of oil droplets concomitant with the breakdown of thylakoid membranes. In contrast, P deprivation substantially induced accumulation of oil droplets in the cytosol and maintaining thylakoid membranes. As a consequence, P limitation accumulated more TAG both per cell and per culture medium under these conditions. To enhance oil accumulation under P deprivation, we constructed a P deprivation‐dependent overexpressor of a Chlamydomonas type‐2 diacylglycerol acyl‐CoA acyltransferase (DGTT4) using a sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerol 2 (SQD2) promoter, which was up‐regulated during P starvation. The transformant strongly enhanced TAG accumulation with a slight increase in 18 : 1 content, which is a preferred substrate of DGTT4. These results demonstrated enhanced TAG accumulation using a P starvation–inducible promoter.