基于模糊数学法的景观温室评价——以华南植物园温室群为例

为探究景观温室评价因素与景观效果之间的关系,以华南植物园温室群景区为研究对象,采用模糊数学法对其景观效果进行了系统评价.华南植物园温室群景区可分为10个景观分区,从中可筛选出13个景观评价因素;其中,通用因素包含竖向设计(A)、空间趣味性(B)、景观层次性(C)、水景(D)、植物配置方式(E)、置石(I)、视域开阔度(J)、温室工程设施(K)和堆山方式(M),特色因素包含植物奇异性(F)、生态奇特性(G)、人工构筑物(H)和路面铺装(L);根据不同景观分区的情况确认各评价因素的组成并制作网络调查问卷,通过对调查数据的统计分析计算出各景观分区的隶属度,并利用徐罗曹李法获得不同评价因素的权重值.结果显示:10个景观分区的隶属度为0.816 ～0.685;其中,热带水生植物区、雨林奇观区和山地雨林区的隶属度较高,景观效果较好;沙漠植物温室和高山/极地室等分区的隶属度较低,景观效果有待改善.根据权重值可将13个评价因素对景观效果的影响程度划分为4个等级;其中,植物奇异性、人工构筑物、水景、竖向设计和路面铺装等评价因素对各景观分区景观效果影响较大,堆山方式和温室工程设施对景观效果影响微小.根据研究结果,建议在采用模糊数学法进行景观评价时应制定具有参考价值的评价指标体系和评语赋值标准.     

基于视觉特性的川西亚高山秋季景观林色彩量化及景观美学质量评价

景观美学质量评价是森林资源管理体系中的重要环节,色彩是秋季景观林的重要组成部分,色彩的定量分析及科学地进行景观美学质量评价对秋季景观林的经营管理具有重要意义。本研究通过美景度评判法评估川西亚高山秋季景观林整体的美学质量,根据人眼视觉特性从色彩组成和色彩空间格局两方面定量分析色彩特征对秋季景观林观赏价值的影响。结果表明: 根据美景度值将川西亚高山秋季景观林景观美学质量从高到低划分为5个等级(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ),71.5%的景观属于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ等级,说明川西亚高山秋季景观林具有较高的观赏价值;按美景度值大小排序,阔叶混交林的景观美学质量大于针阔混交林和纯林;在色彩要素综合指标评价体系中,按指标权重大小排序,色彩斑块异质性因子>秋季主色调因子>色彩饱和度与明度因子>色彩多样性与均匀度因子;通过聚类分析将川西亚高山秋季景观分为3类,其中,观赏价值较高的秋季景观林具有斑块破碎化和异质性程度大、秋季彩色占比大、绿色占比小、高明度和高饱和度、高色彩多样性指数和高均匀度指数的色彩特征;群落中植物或彩叶植物越丰富,多样性和均匀度指数越高,美景度值越大。在秋季景观林的打造中,应注重色彩的多样性和破碎化处理,通过种植和培育叶色多样且色泽鲜亮的树种来提高秋季景观林的美学质量。     

多尺度植物色彩表征及其与人体响应的关系

色彩是人们对植物外观的第一印象,与植物视觉特征和人体响应关系密切,因此,对森林美景度提升和公众适宜性契合具有重要作用。结合色彩学形成的历史关键节点和1个世纪以来植物色彩的研究动态,将植物色彩研究的发展历程划分为萌芽、形成、发展和繁荣等4个阶段,并简介了各阶段的主要特点。同时,从植物器官、植物个体、植物群体(涵盖种群和群落)、整体景观等4个视觉尺度以及审美、生理与心理等3个影响层面,阐述与评价了植物色彩传达机制与人体响应关系的相关研究。在此基础上,围绕植物色彩特征提取中存在的色彩要素定量、特征因子选取、色彩量化方法等方面的不足之处,对未来研究方向进行展望,提出植物色彩尺度与公众响应关系剖析、较大尺度色彩评价因子的深入挖掘、色彩量化方法的多学科融入、公众对植物色彩响应关系综合比对、森林景观美景度提升实践等5个方向的发展趋势,以期为全面地了解植物色彩的传达机制与影响、科学地开展不同精度和尺度下的植物色彩研究提供参考。     

肇庆市区道路绿化带植物景观评价研究

采用描述因子法,选择若干对道路植物景观效果贡献较大的指标,建立了整体指标评价体系。采用景观综合评价指数法模型,通过对指标的量化,对肇庆市道路植物景观进行了评价与分析。结果表明,肇庆市道路植物景观整体建设水平较好,55%的道路植物景观评价结果在Ⅱ级以上,仅有5%的道路在Ⅳ级以下。在所评价的8个因子中得分最高的是观赏时序,其次是观赏特性,这与所选的树种有很大关系;得分最低的是物种多样性,这与城市道路植物景观的高度人工化有关。针对评价结果提出了植物景观要从生态的可持续发展上体现它的价值、因地制宜地增加植物多样性及建立科学的绿地系统管理机制等建议。     

基于无人机航拍的校园植物景观美景度评价——以华南农业大学为例

基于无人机航拍摄影技术,结合植物现状调查和问卷调查,应用美景度评判法对华南农业大学八类植物景观进行评价。结果表明,基于无人机的航拍影像,华南农业大学植物群落复层结构清晰可见,空间布局层次丰富,植物景观质量整体水平良好;植物色彩丰富度和植物多样性与美景度值有显著相关性,是影响校园植物景观美景度值的有效影响因子。     

观赏草景观效果评价指标体系及其模糊综合评判

从生态价值、资源价值和美学价值三方面构建了观赏草景观效果评价指标体系,并应用模糊综合评判方法对北京植物园和南中轴公共绿地的观赏草景观效果进行了评价.结果表明：通过该评价体系得出北京植物园和南中轴公共绿地观赏草景观很美的隶属度分别为0.459和0.413,美的隶属度分别为0.302和0.301.评价结果与公众感觉和反应一致,说明该方法适用于观赏草景观效果的分析评价.     

深圳地区景观生态连接度评估

以最新的土地利用变更调查资料为基本信息源,利用最小耗费距离模型和障碍影响指数、景观连接度指数计算方法,对深圳市的景观连接度进行综合评价,并分析导致景观格局变化的内在驱动机制,探讨连接度评价方法的使用效果.结果表明,林地和城市建设用地是导致工作区障碍影响指数空间分异的主要景观成分类型;全市生态资源用地类型呈现明显的碎裂化和孤岛状分布格局,而建设用地扩张过程中的无序性和不合理性是导致景观格局劣化的真正原因;摈弃以往不合理的土地开发模式,利用残存的生态资源辅助以必要的人工保护、恢复和建设工作来改善无连接区域内的景观连接度水平,强化建成区内的绿地建设工作,是提升深圳市景观连接度水平的3种有效策略途径.     

石鼓书院植物景观资源评价与保护

石鼓书院共有植物29科31属41种,主要植物景观类型5种.文章对评价指标进行量化,建立了植物景观评价指标体系,采用植物景观综合评价指数法和AHP法对石鼓书院槙物景观进行评价与分析.认为其植物景观资源整体水平偏低,植物景现质量为IIl级;对石鼓书院的植物景观恢复和保护提出了可行性建议.     

山地视觉景观的GIS评价--以广东南昆山国家森林公园为例

视觉景观评价是指某一特定区域具有视觉价值的景观的量化评价。山地是旅游开发的重要区域,山地景观是山地资源价值和山地生态环境的重要体现之一。以广东南昆山为例,将视野总面积、水域空阔度、景观层作为七仙湖环湖地区视觉景观评价的三大因子。以基础地理数据结合DEM作为数据基础,借助ArcGIS软件作为具体实现平台,设计景观层分析和视通性分析模型,对最佳坡度、最佳坡向、水文、交通条件叠加分析后过滤的62个样地进行视觉景观定量分析,确定评价标准,最后得到8号、23号、50号、55号样地较其他样地在整体视野\,能见水域开阔和景观层次有明显优势。以此验证了将GIS空间分析技术应用于视觉景观评价的可行性,并为旅游观景点与度假村开发提供了科学依据。     

阻力赋值对景观连接模拟的影响

景观连接度是研究景观结构和生态过程互馈关系的重要内容。在最小成本路径模拟中整合图论理论可有效辨识、评价斑块之间的潜在连接,近些年逐步应用于景观连接模拟、生态网络构建等研究中。理论上,模型的重要参数之一,生物体通过不同景观单元的阻力系数应根据观测与实验等实证研究获取,但大多数情况下简化为土地适宜性评价结合专家经验为土地利用/覆盖类型打分,存在一定主观性与不确定性。因此,设计了1个三因素(阻力赋值方式、景观粒度和景观整体破碎度)的析因实验,以SIMMAP2.0景观中性模型产生的8个模拟景观为对象,研究不同的景观格局下,阻力赋值方式对连接模拟的影响;探讨、总结经验赋值带来的不确定性。结果表明,这3个因素均对景观连接模拟产生显著影响,并存在一定交互作用;阻力赋值绝对大小不会对模拟产生影响;而赋值倾向性能够显著改变最小成本路径的空间位置,并且这种影响程度依赖于景观粒度大小,而与景观整体破碎度交互关系不显著。针对阻力赋值方式与景观结构特征交互作用下连接模拟的规律性变化,提出一些建议,以提高连接模拟的准确性。     

Grazing as a factor structuring grasslands in the Pyrenees

Questions: What are the relative roles of abiotic and grazing management factors on plant community distribution in landscapes? How are livestock type and stocking rate related to changes in vegetation structure and composition? Location: Sub‐alpine grasslands in the central and eastern Pyrenees. Methods: Multivariate analysis and variance partitioning methods were used to evaluate the relative roles of environmental factors in structuring vegetation composition and diversity patterns in three surveys on differently managed grasslands. Results: Vegetation composition within a region was affected by environmental factors hierarchically, changing first according to abiotic factors and then to grazing management. At landscape scales, abiotic factors explained two‐fold more variation in vegetation composition than grazing factors. Within landscape units, cattle grazing increased vegetation heterogeneity at landscape and patch scales, while sheep grazing favoured the presence of a specific set of species with high conservation value. Species composition was highly responsive to management variables compared to diversity components. Conclusions: The combination of sheep and cattle grazing at various stocking rates is an effective tool to preserve the diversity of plant species and communities within a region with a long tradition of livestock management, through the scaling up of effects by local processes occurring in patches at smaller scales.     

Local-scale disturbance by Siberian marmots has little influence on regional plant richness in a Mongolian grassland

Our objective was to examine the relative importance of local-scale disturbance by Siberian marmots in increasing regional (landscape-wide) plant richness. We used an additive diversity partitioning framework and quantified species richness patterns of grassland plant communities affected by marmot disturbance across different spatial scales: within and among on- and off-marmot-mound subsites, among sites, and among landscape units (corresponding to α and three levels of β richness). Values of β richness among subsites and β richness among landscape units were similar to those expected by chance. This suggests that plant species are randomly distributed among subsites and among landscape units, despite the prediction based on previous studies that local-scale disturbance by Siberian marmots and its interactive effects with landscape contexts disproportionately influence spatial patterns of plant species. Of the spatial components of regional richness, only the β richness among sites was significantly different from the expected value, probably reflecting the differential spatial pattern of disturbance by marmots at a site scale. The β richness among landscape units contributed the most to regional richness, whereas β richness among subsites and among sites contributed less. Thus, our results suggest that local-scale disturbance by Siberian marmots has little influence on regional plant richness in a Mongolian grassland.     

1990—2020年江苏省海岸带景观生态状况指数跨尺度时空特征

江苏海岸带生态系统在复杂的外界干扰下产生了不同程度的空间响应和退化特征,特别是近几十年景观格局发生了显著的时空演变,亟待开展多尺度下涵盖景观组成、布局和功能的景观生态综合评估研究。本研究分析了1990—2020年江苏省海岸带大空间尺度下景观生态状况指数(LECI)的时空分布状况,评估了14个县级行政区的景观生态情况,并选取边长分别为100、200、……、1000 m的评价单元分析LECI的空间尺度效应。结果表明: 研究期间,景观组成、布局和功能各项指标能敏感反映研究区LECI变化,LECI能综合评价江苏省海岸带景观生态状况,300 m评价单元空间尺度是最佳空间尺度。研究区LECI值呈波动变化,1990年的景观生态状况最佳,2020年最差,景观组成和景观布局对景观生态状况变化的影响较大。各县市LECI的波动与强烈的人类活动有着密不可分的联系,工业发展、城市扩张等人类活动破坏了景观生态状况,而自然保护区的建立在一定程度上恢复了景观生态状况。LECI能有效指示大空间尺度海岸带地区的景观生态状况变化,并为海岸带地区空间利用保护提供多视角建议。     

广州市湿地公园植物调查与分析

为更好地提高湿地公园的生态服务能力、加强湿地公园的物种保育功能并促进湿地公园建设和发展质量,对广州地区20个湿地公园植物进行了实地调查。结果表明,调查区域共有205种湿地植物;对其物种组成、生活型、生态习性、优势科属及应用频度等的分析表明,湿地公园的植物群落结构比较简单,主要植物种类同质化现象很严重,保护和珍稀植物种类应用较少等。基于此,推荐了55种本土植物作为广州市湿地公园进行生态改造和景观配置的候选物种,同时还提出了对未来湿地公园的建设和管理的若干建议。     

Multiscale delineation of landscape planning units based on spatial variation of land-use patterns in Galicia, NW Spain

The success of landscape planning and environmental management strategies depends largely on the congruence between the operational scales of landscapes and the spatial scope of the planning instruments. In order to achieve good results, landscape planning units should be designed to fit the structural and functional characteristics of the landscape. This paper describes a simple, straightforward methodology for the delineation of landscape units based on the differentiation among areas according to the trend in heterogeneity of their spatial structure. A moving-window analysis was performed with varying window sizes. This analysis enabled modeling of the spatial response of heterogeneity to multiple scales and detection of two different domains of scale. The information obtained was used to delineate a multiscale structure for landscape units. A subsequent study of the composition and configuration of landscape structure in these units verified that they all have distinct characteristics and therefore different planning needs. The areas thus differentiated can be considered as targets of specific and differentiated planning strategies, and can be seen as a preliminary zonation in which the relevant planning methodologies can be developed according to each case.     

Plant diversity in a water-meadow landscape: the role of irrigation ditches

Species-rich, extensively managed grasslands are among the most threatened ecosystems in Europe. The traditional technique of meadow irrigation, formerly practised in large parts of Europe, may be a viable management option that meets both ecological and economical objectives. While studies on plant diversity of the meadow matrix exist, the role of other landscape components for biodiversity conservation is unknown. We quantify the role of irrigation and drainage ditches compared with field paths, and analysed the local and landscape plant species composition and diversity in a water-meadow landscape. The meadows are located in the river Queich catchment (Upper Rhine valley, Germany). We recorded plant species cover on 18 meadows, adjacent ditches and field paths and analysed alpha, beta and gamma diversity within and among these landscape components. Irrigation and drainage ditches were more species rich than meadows and more heterogeneous in their species composition compared with meadows and paths. Ditches contributed one-third of the landscape’s plant species numbers, habitat for wetland species and refuges for high nature value grassland species. Fertilization of the adjacent meadow had no negative impact on the ditch diversity, while well-maintained ditches were more plant species rich than ditches filled with sediments. Traditional flood meadow irrigation should be taken into account when sustainable grassland management techniques are discussed that meet economical and ecological needs. A major contribution to landscape richness arises from the ditch structures as crucial part of the traditional irrigation technique.     

Locating eutrophication effects across British vegetation between 1990 and 1998

Large‐scale ecological surveillance data were analysed to determine the locations of apparent eutrophication effects across common British vegetation types between 1990 and 1998. Plant species composition was recorded from a total of 9514 fixed plots located in a stratified, random sample of 501 1 km squares across Britain. Changes in plant species composition along a gradient of substrate fertility were inferred from statistical tests of change in mean Ellenberg fertility value calculated for each fixed plot. Plots were grouped by eight vegetation types, five landscape features (hedges, road verges, watercourse banks, small biotopes, larger units in fields and unenclosed land) and six environmental zones. Tests of change in mean Ellenberg value were carried out on all combinations of these strata. Decision tree modelling was used to identify groups of test outcomes sharing the same direction of change and where each group was defined by a minimum number of strata. Post hoc power analysis was used to select statistically non‐significant test outcomes that could be used to infer stability in the sampled sub‐population. Out of a total of 142 tests of change in fertility value, 67% were increases, 8% were reductions and 25% indicated stability. The best overall predictor of increases in fertility value, and therefore of shifts in favour of plants suited to higher substrate fertility, was vegetation type. Irrespective of landscape feature and environmental zone, increased means were associated with infertile grasslands, moorland, upland woodlands and heath/bog. Already highly fertile grasslands and woodland assemblages in lowland Britain remained largely stable. The small number of decreasing test outcomes were associated with arable land in Scotland, Wales and western England. These patterns of change are hypothesized to reflect pervasive land‐use drivers combined with the inherent responsiveness of the vegetation.     

Assessing the impacts of fragmentation on plant communities in New Zealand: scaling from survey plots to landscapes

Aim Few studies have attempted to assess the overall impact of fragmentation at the landscape scale. We quantify the impacts of fragmentation on plant diversity by assessing patterns of community composition in relation to a range of fragmentation measures. Location The investigation was undertaken in two regions of New Zealand – a relatively unfragmented area of lowland rain forest in south Westland and a highly fragmented montane forest on the eastern slopes of the Southern Alps. Methods We calculated an index of community similarity (Bray–Curtis) between forest plots we regarded as potentially affected by fragmentation and control forest plots located deep inside continuous forest areas. Using a multiple nonlinear regression technique that incorporates spatial autocorrelation effects, we analysed plant community composition in relation to measures of fragmentation at the patch and landscape levels. From the resulting regression equation, we predicted community composition for every forest pixel on land‐cover maps of the study areas and used these maps to calculate a landscape‐level estimate of compositional change, which we term ‘BioFrag’. BioFrag has a value of one if fragmentation has no detectable effect on communities within a landscape, and tends towards zero if fragmentation has a strong effect. Results We detected a weak, but significant, impact of fragmentation metrics operating at both the patch and landscape levels. Observed values of BioFrag ranged from 0.68 to 0.90, suggesting that patterns of fragmentation have medium to weak impacts on forest plant communities in New Zealand. BioFrag values varied in meaningful ways among landscapes and between the ground‐cover and tree and shrub communities. Main conclusions BioFrag advances methods that describe spatial patterns of forest cover by incorporating the exact spatial patterns of observed species responses to fragmentation operating at multiple spatial scales. BioFrag can be applied to any landscape and ecological community across the globe and represents a significant step towards developing a biologically relevant, landscape‐scale index of habitat fragmentation.