云南省德宏州含羞草β-根瘤菌多样性及系统发育研究

【目的】通过对分离自云南德宏州的含羞草β-根瘤菌进行遗传与表型多样性研究,揭示我国含羞草β-根瘤菌的物种多样性。【方法】应用16S rDNA PCR-RFLP、全细胞蛋白SDS-PAGE电泳及16S rDNA全序列分析对分离得到的60株含羞草根瘤菌进行多样性研究。【结果】16S rDNA PCR-RFLP及全细胞蛋白SDS-PAGE图谱分析将供试菌株分为2个遗传型群和2个表型群,分别与贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus)和伯克霍尔德菌属(Burkholderia)参比菌株聚群。经16S rDNA全序列分析,供试菌株被归到台湾贪铜菌(Cupriavidus taiwanensis)、含羞草伯克霍尔德菌(Burkholderia mimosarum)及结瘤伯克霍尔德菌(Burkholderia phymatum)等3个种群。【结论】云南德宏州的含羞草β-根瘤菌主要为贪铜菌及伯克霍尔德菌类群,其中贪铜菌占绝对优势,且存在遗传和表型的丰富多样性,该研究揭示了含羞草β-根瘤菌的物种多样性并丰富了我国β-根瘤菌菌种资源。     

金沙江干热河谷区胡枝子（Lespedeza Michx）根瘤菌多样性及其系统发育

研究利用数值分类、BOXAIR-PCR指纹图谱、16SrDNA PCR-RFLP、16S rDNA和GSⅡ序列分析等方法,研究了分离自金沙江干热河谷区的86株胡枝子根瘤菌的多样性和系统发育,结果表明金沙江干热河谷区胡枝子根瘤菌蕴涵丰富的生物多样性。通过数值分类,供试未知菌株表现出极大的表型性状多样性,能耐高温（60℃）和低pH（4.0）,在低温（10℃）或者高pH（9.0）条件下生长很差,耐盐性也很差。供试未知菌株的16S rDNA用HaeⅢ、MspⅠ、HinfⅠ和TaqⅠ酶切后具有16种遗传图谱类型,其中10株供试未知菌的16S rDNA遗传图谱类型不同于所选用的已知参比菌株。BOXAIR-PCR的分群结果分散,很多在16S rDNA PCR-RFLP中具有相同遗传类型的菌株也表现较大差异,表明了供试菌株在基因组水平上差异很大。序列分析结果表明,6株代表菌株分布于Rhizobium、Sinorhizobium、Mesorhizobium、Bradyrhizobium4个属,16S rDNA序列与GSⅡ序列分别构建的系统发育树在属水平上基本一致,但16S rDNA序列的同源性比GSⅡ高,6株代表菌株间16S rDNA序列的同源性在87.5%～99.5%之间,GSⅡ序列的同源性在79.4%～89.8%之间;而代表菌株与亲缘关系最近的参比菌株间的16S rDNA序列的同源性为99.9%～100%,GSⅡ的同源性为88.9%～99.6%。     

黄土高原地区大豆根瘤菌的遗传多样性和系统发育

【目的】研究黄土高原地区大豆根瘤菌的遗传多样性和系统发育。【方法】采用BOX-PCR、16S rDNAPCR-RFLP、16S-23S IGS PCR-RFLP和16S rRNA基因序列分析方法对分离自我国黄土高原地区4个省的15个地区的130株大豆根瘤菌及部分参比菌株进行了遗传多样性和系统发育分析。【结果】BOX-PCR反映的菌株多样性最丰富,形成的遗传群最多,16S rDNA PCR-RFLP方法在属、种水平上聚群较好,16S-23S IGSPCR RFLP反映的多样性介于BOX-PCR和16S rDNA PCR-RFLP之间,能够较好地反映出属、种和亲缘关系很近的菌株间的差异,3种方法聚类分析结果基本一致,可将所有供试菌株分为两大类群,中华根瘤菌属(Sinorhizobium)和慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)。从系统发育来看,供试的快生大豆根瘤菌为费氏中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium fredii),慢生大豆根瘤菌为日本慢生大豆根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium japonicum)和辽宁慢生根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium liaoningense)。【结论】我国黄土高原地区大豆根瘤菌具有较丰富的遗传多样性,S.fredii优势种,慢生大豆根瘤菌仅占10%,同时,分离到2株B.liaoningense。     

甘草根瘤菌的16S rDNA全序列测定及系统进化分析

通过对西北干旱半干旱地区68株甘草根瘤菌的表型多样性和抗逆性分离研究,发现1个新类群和1个具有较高抗逆性的菌株。对其中心菌株CCNWGX022和高抗性菌株CCNWGX035进行16S rDNA全序列测定及系统进化研究。结果表明,CCNWGX022和CCNWGX035与中慢生根瘤菌属内参比菌株的16S rDNA相似性分别大于96．8％和98．3％,因此它们均属于中慢生根瘤菌属。     

毛乌素沙地中间锦鸡儿根瘤菌遗传多样性及16S rDNA全序列分析

野生豆科植物中间锦鸡儿是毛乌素沙地的优势种。从蛋白质和DNA水平分析与其共生的根瘤茵的遗传多样性。在蛋白质水平上,24株中间锦鸡儿根瘤菌和9株参比菌株分为2组,A组包含95．8％供试中间锦鸡儿根瘤菌,参比菌株聚为B组,菌株GH72不与其余供试根瘤菌聚类。应用16S　rDNA　PCR—RFLP方法将供试菌株分为22种基因型,中间锦鸡儿根瘤菌组成12种,其余10种由参比菌株构成。表明中间锦鸡儿根瘤菌具高水平遗传多样性。选取代表菌株GH2001进行16S　rDNA全序列测定。与已知相关根瘤菌菌株16S　rDNA进行同源性比较,构建系统发育树状图。GH2001位于Rhizobium分支,与且Agrobacterium radiobacter,Ag.rubi,Rhizobium giardinii,R.mongolense,R.yanglingense,R.galegae和R.huautlense的序列同源性分别达到99％、98．3％、96．3％、95．5％、95．6％、95．27％和95．7％。     

沙冬青根瘤菌遗传多样性和系统发育分析

利用16S rDNA RFLP、16S-23S rDNA RFLP和16S rDNA序列分析方法,对分离自宁夏和内蒙古阿拉善地区的沙冬青根瘤菌进行了遗传多样性和系统发育分析.结果表明,分离自不同地区沙冬青根瘤菌的44株测试菌株分别归属于中慢生根瘤菌属(Mesorhizobium)、叶杆菌属 (Phylobacterium)、中华根瘤菌属(Sinorhizobium)、根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)、土壤杆菌属(Agrobacterium)5个属种.受寄主和地理环境因素的影响,沙冬青根瘤菌具有丰富的遗传多样性.     

川中丘陵地区大豆根瘤菌遗传多样性与系统发育关系

【目的】研究分离自川中丘陵地区大豆根瘤菌的遗传多样性和系统发育。【方法】采用16S rDNA PCR-RFLP和16S rRNA基因、glnII、共生基因(nodC)系统发育分析的方法进行研究。【结果】供试未知菌的16S rDNA用4种限制性内切酶(HaeⅢ、HinfⅠ、MspⅠ及TaqⅠ)酶切后获得5种16S遗传图谱类型。16S rDNA PCR-RFLP结果表明,所有供试菌株在83%水平分为慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)和中华根瘤菌属(Sinonrhizobium)两大类群,而75%的菌株为中华根瘤菌。6个代表菌株的16S rDNA、glnII和nodC三个位点基因的系统发育结果基本一致,4株与S.fredii USDA205T相似度最高;有2株分别与B.yuanmingense CCBAU10071T、B.diazoefficiens USDA110T相似度最高。4个Sinonrhizobium代表菌株16S rDNA、glnII序列相似度分别为98.3%-99.9%、98.2%-100%,但它们的nodC基因序列完全相同。【结论】川中丘陵地区大豆根瘤菌具有较丰富的遗传多样性,S.fredii为优势种。     

金沙江干热河谷区田菁根瘤菌多样性与系统发育

[目的]揭示金沙江干热河谷区这一特殊地理环境下田菁根瘤菌的多样性和系统发育地位. [方法]采用了数值分类、16S rDNA PCR-RFLP、16S rDNA和GSⅡ序列分析方法.[结果]数值分类结果表明:在93%的水平上,待测菌株分布于6个群,其中4个群分别与R.tropici、 R.etli、 S.saheli、A.rubi的参比菌株聚在一起,两个群没有参比菌株与之聚群.16S rDNA PCR-RFLP结果与数值分类基本一致,只有两个独立群有所差异.16S rDNA序列分析表明:两独立群中心菌株SCAU176 和SCAU144与R.huautlense聚在一起,与该种同源性分别为100%和98.9%.GSⅡ序列分析中SCAU176 和SCAU144单独聚在一起,与最近的参比菌株R.tropici的同源性系数在90%以下.[结论]金沙江干热河谷区田菁根瘤菌具有较为丰富的多样性,在系统发育地位上分布于Sinorhizobium、Agrobacterium和Rhizobium三个属.     

黑木相思根瘤菌遗传多样性

[目的]研究分离自广东、福建、江西等15个地点的174株黑木相思(Acacia melanoxylon)根瘤菌的遗传多样性.[方法]采用16S rDNA限制性片段长度多态性分析(Restriction fragment length polymorphism,RFLP)和16S rDNA基因、持家基因(recA、atpD、glnⅡ)系统发育分析的方进行研究.[结果]16S rDNAPCR-RFLP分析中,在70％的相似性水平上,所有供试菌株分成9个类群 ;16S rDNA基因和持家基因系统发育分析结果基本一致,34株代表菌株主要分布在α-变形菌纲(Alpha-Proteobacteria)的慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)、根瘤菌属(Rizobium)、中慢生根瘤菌属(Mesorhizobium),并与Bradyrhizobium liaoningense、Bradyrhizobium betae、Bradyrhizobium cytisi、Rizobium multihospitium、Mesorhizobium plurifarium亲缘关系较近.[结论]供试菌株被鉴定到属的水平,Bradyrhizobium、Rhizobium或Mesorhizobium为优势菌群,证明了黑木相思根瘤菌具有丰富的遗传多样性.     

根瘤菌新类群代表菌株的16SrDNA全序列测定及其系统发育地位

用双脱氧法测定了一个根瘤菌新类群代表菌株SH2672的16S rDNA全序列,将此全序列与根瘤菌各已知种及相关种的16S rDNA全序列进行了比较及聚类分析,得到系统发育树状图。在系统发育树状图中,菌株SH2672与百脉根中慢生根瘤菌(Mesorhizobium loti),华癸中慢生根瘤菌(M. huakuii)、天山中慢生根瘤菌(M. tianshanense)、地中海中慢生根瘤菌(M. mediterraneum)、鹰嘴豆中慢生根瘤菌(M. ciceri)共同构成一个分支,与各已知种的模式菌株16S rDNA相似性分别为:96.3％,96.4％,97.2％,95.1％,95.6％,均在95％以上,它们应归属于同一属。且分支内各种间DNA同源性低于70％,表明它们分别为不同的种,菌株SH2672代表着一个新的根瘤菌种。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Determination of stoichiometry of radioiodination of proteins

A sensitive method for the detection of small quantities of hydrophobic antioxidant free radical scavengers such as butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylatedhydroxyanisole (BHA) in aqueous samples is described. The procedure involves extraction of the hydrophobic free radical scavenger into an organic solvent phase, followed by the subsequent reaction of an aliquot of this extract with the stable cation radical tris(p-bromophenyl)amminium hexachloroantimonate (TBACA). In experiments with BHT and BHA, the loss of TBACA absorbance at 730 nm was found to be linearly proportional to the amount of antioxidant added, with quantities of BHT as small as 200 pmol being easily detectable. In aqueous suspensions of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles, assays of the aqueous BHT concentration showed that BHT partitioned strongly into the membrane phase, achieving very high BHT/phospholipid ratios. For a given concentration of BHT, partitioning into the membrane phase was greater in large, multilamellar liposomes than in either small, single-walled vesicles or in purified rat brain synaptic vesicle membranes. Direct assay of BHT and BHA in phospholipid membranes, however, was complicated by a nonspecific interaction between TBACA and the phospholipid.