酸柏栀油软胶囊对小鼠耐缺氧和抗疲劳的实验研究

目的:研究酸柏栀油软胶囊耐缺氧和抗疲劳作用。方法:采用常压耐缺氧实验、亚硝酸钠中毒存活实验和急性脑缺血性缺氧实验,观察软胶囊对小鼠的耐缺氧作用;采用负重游泳法记录负重游泳时存活时间,观察药物对小鼠抗疲劳作用。结果:在耐缺氧方面,酸柏栀油软胶囊可以延长小鼠在常压条件下和亚硝酸钠中毒后的存活时间(P<0.05);在抗疲劳方面,酸柏栀油软胶囊能延长小鼠在负重情况下的存活时间,增加肝糖元含量,减少乳酸水平(P<0.05)。结论:酸柏栀油软胶囊能增强小鼠耐缺氧和抗疲劳能力。     

扬子鳄梨状皮质NOS、AChE阳性神经元的分布

目的观察扬子鳄梨状皮质内一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcho-linesterase,AChE)阳性神经元的形态和分布,为扬子鳄脑的比较解剖学积累资料,为其机能研究提供形态学依据。方法采用还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸黄递酶(NADPH-d)法和亚铁氰化酮法观察扬子鳄梨状皮质内NOS和AChE阳性神经元的分布和特征。结果扬子鳄梨状皮质内有NOS和AChE阳性神经元分布,为大、中、小型细胞,以中小型细胞为主,胞体呈圆形、椭圆形、三角形和梭形。结论扬子鳄梨状皮质内有NOS和AChE阳性神经元分布。     

扬子鳄新皮质NOS、AChE阳性神经元的分布

目的 观察扬子鳄新皮质内一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase,AChE)阳性神经元的形态和分布,为扬子鳄脑的比较解剖学积累资料,为其机能研究提供形态学依据.方法 采用还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸黄递酶(NADPH-d)法和亚铁氰化酮法观察扬子鳄新皮质内NOS和AChE阳性神经元的分布和特征.结果 扬子鳄新皮质内有NOS和AChE阳性神经元分布,为大、中、小型细胞,以中小型细胞为主,胞体呈圆形、椭圆形、三角形和梭形.结论 扬子鳄新皮质内有NOS和AChE阳性神经元分布.     

扬子鳄中脑视叶NOS、AChE阳性神经元的分布

目的观察扬子鳄中脑视叶一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase,AChE)阳性神经元的形态和分布,为扬子鳄脑的比较解剖学积累资料,为其机能研究提供形态学依据。方法采用还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸黄递酶(NADPH-d)法和亚铁氰化酮法观察扬子鳄中脑视叶NOS和AChE阳性神经元的分布和特征,并作统计学处理。结果扬子鳄中脑视叶有NOS和AChE阳性神经元分布,为大、中、小型细胞,以中、小型细胞为主,胞体呈椭圆形、三角形、圆形和梭形。结论扬子鳄中脑视叶有NOS和AChE阳性神经元分布。     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)对大鼠认知功能的影响

目的:观察邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)对大鼠认知功能的影响.方法:15月成熟雄性Wistar大鼠40只,随机分为4组(n=10)、对照组(C组)、DBP暴露组(E组)、药物预防组(P组)、药物治疗组(T组).E组食用经DBP浸泡后的食物3个月、P组食用经DBP浸泡后的食物3个月,期间每天注射抗小胶质细胞活化药物吲哚美辛(按照2.5mg/kg,2次/天,腹腔注射),T组食用经DBP浸泡后的食物3个月后使用吲哚美辛治疗(按照2.5mg/kg,2次/天,腹腔注射1周),N组给予同剂量的生理盐水腹腔注射.各组于停药后1d使用Morris水迷宫实验,末次水迷宫测试结束后1h处死大鼠,取海马组织进行化学比色法检测其海马组织内AChE活性.结果:E、P、T组与对照组组比较,大鼠学习记忆能力均明显降低(P＜0.001),AChE活性明显增加(P＜0.001);P、T组与E组,P组与T组相比,大鼠学习能力及记忆能力无显著性差异(P＞0.05),AChE活性无显著性变化(P＞0.05).结论:DBP可引起正常大鼠认知功能障碍,其机制可能与大鼠海马组织AChE活性增加有关.     

交通噪音对中缅树鼩行为、学习记忆和氧化应激的影响

为探讨噪音刺激对中缅树鼩行为、学习记忆和氧化应激的影响,将中缅树鼩在噪音0 dB、40 dB和80 dB条件下持续刺激8 h,连续28 d,测定其体重、摄食量、Y型迷宫正确反应率和行为变化,并测定脑中丙二醛（Malondialdehyde,MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide dismutase,SOD）、乙酰胆碱酯酶（Acetylcholinesterase,AChE）和一氧化氮合酶（Nitric oxide synthase,NOS）浓度,以及SOD、AChE和NOS活性。结果表明：不同噪音对中缅树鼩的体重影响不同,第28天时3组之间体重差异显著,其中80 dB条件下中缅树鼩体重较低。不同噪音对中缅树鼩摄食量的变化趋势和体重变化相似。强噪音会显著降低中缅树鼩的取食行为和活动行为,增加休息行为,但是对修饰行为的影响不显著。第28天时,不同噪音正确反应率差异显著,其中80 dB条件下正确反应率最低。不同噪音对MDA浓度、SOD浓度和AChE浓度影响差异显著,80 dB条件下MDA浓度与SOD浓度较高,AChE浓度较低;不同噪音对NOS浓度、NOS活性、SOD活性和AChE活性影响极显著,80 dB条件下SOD活性较高,NOS浓度、NOS活性与AChE活性较低。以上结果说明强噪音可降低中缅树鼩的体重、摄食量、取食行为和活动行为,增加休息行为,可诱发中缅树鼩的认知障碍。此外,强噪音刺激会导致中缅树鼩脑组织内氧化应激水平增加和出现不同程度的氧化损伤。     

Aβ25～35诱导大鼠记忆减退与星形胶质细胞及NOS阳性细胞变化

目的探讨Aβ25～35诱导模拟人类Alzheimer`s病(AD)的大鼠病理模型中星形胶质细胞变化与一氧化氮合酶神经元损伤引起的老年性记忆减退之间的关系.方法双侧海马内注射β-淀粉样多肽25～35片段(Aβ25～35)制作大鼠AD模型,注射一周后采用NOS组化染色、GFAP免疫组化染色及NOS组化和GFAP双重染色分析大鼠海马GFAP与NOS的表达.结果海马内注射Aβ25～35后出现海马星形胶质细胞增生、肥大、数目明显多于对照组(P<0.05),并出现一氧化氮阳性星形胶质细胞;海马一氧化氮神经元数量较对照组显著减少(P<0.05).结论 AD模型大鼠学习记忆功能低下与Aβ神经毒性导致NOS阳性神经元损伤、死亡直接相关,反应性星形胶质细胞参与Aβ导致NOS神经元细胞毒性损伤作用,间接导致学习记忆能力减退.     

Aβ325～35诱导大鼠记忆减退与星形胶质细胞及NOS阳性细胞变化

目的　探讨Aβ2 5～ 3 5诱导模拟人类Alzheimer‘s病 (AD)的大鼠病理模型中星形胶质细胞变化与一氧化氮合酶神经元损伤引起的老年性记忆减退之间的关系。方法　双侧海马内注射 β-淀粉样多肽 2 5～ 3 5片段 (Aβ2 5～ 3 5 )制作大鼠AD模型 ,注射一周后采用NOS组化染色、GFAP免疫组化染色及NOS组化和GFAP双重染色分析大鼠海马GFAP与NOS的表达。结果　海马内注射Aβ2 5～ 3 5后出现海马星形胶质细胞增生、肥大、数目明显多于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,并出现一氧化氮阳性星形胶质细胞 ;海马一氧化氮神经元数量较对照组显著减少 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　AD模型大鼠学习记忆功能低下与Aβ神经毒性导致NOS阳性神经元损伤、死亡直接相关 ,反应性星形胶质细胞参与Aβ导致NOS神经元细胞毒性损伤作用 ,间接导致学习记忆能力减退     

妇科千金胶囊联合桂枝茯苓丸对卵巢囊肿患者血清性激素水平的影响及临床疗效

目的:探讨妇科千金胶囊联合桂枝茯苓丸对卵巢囊肿患者血清性激素水平的影响及临床疗效。方法:选择我院收治的卵巢囊肿患者260例,随机分为实验组与对照组,对照组患者给予妇科千金胶囊治疗,实验组患者在对照组基础上联合使用桂枝茯苓丸治疗。观察并比较治疗前后两组患者血清雌二醇(E2)、孕酮(P)、促黄体生成素(LH)、促卵泡刺激素(FSH)、一氧化氮(NO)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平的变化情况及其临床总有效率。结果:与治疗前相比,两组患者治疗后血清E2、P及NO水平均降低,而血清LH、FSH及TNF-α水平均升高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);与对照组相比,实验组患者治疗后血清E2、P、NO水平较低,而血清LH、FSH及TNF-α水平较高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);实验组临床总有效率(90.77%)高于对照组(80.77%),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:妇科千金胶囊联合桂枝茯苓丸治疗卵巢囊肿的效果较好,推测其机制可能与降低E2、P、NO水平,升高LH、FSH及TNF-α水平有关。     

当归挥发油改善阿尔茨海默病模型大鼠学习记忆机制初探CSCD

本实验旨在从Aβ代谢角度探讨当归挥发油对阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)模型大鼠学习记忆的改善作用及其机制。大鼠分为假手术组、模型组、阳性组及当归挥发油低、中、高剂量组等6组。采用脑立体定位注射Aβ_(25-35)复制AD大鼠模型,并予以灌胃给药。Morris水迷宫检测大鼠学习记忆能力,ELISA法检测血清乙酰胆碱(acetylcholine,ACh)、胆碱乙酰转移酶(choline acetyltransferase,ChAT)活性及海马β淀粉样蛋白前体(β-amyloid precursor protein,APP)、β-淀粉样蛋白(amyloidβ-protein 1-42,Aβ_(1-42))含量,比色法测定超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase,AChE)水平。结果显示,当归挥发油可改善AD模型大鼠学习记忆能力,提升血清ACh、ChAT、SOD活性(P<0.05),降低血清AChE、MDA水平及海马APP、Aβ_(1-42)含量(P<0.05)。研究结果表明,当归挥发油能有效改善AD模型大鼠学习记忆能力,对AD具有一定的防治作用,其可能与调节胆碱能神经递质、自由基氧化等介导的Aβ代谢有关。     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.     

Synthesis and properties of N-, O-, and S-phospho derivatives of amino acids, peptides, and proteins

The literature on chemical (i.e., nonenzymic) phosphorylation of amino acids, peptides, and proteins is reviewed through 1982. The review covers synthetic methods, chemical reactions, and physical properties, with emphasis on the techniques used for separation and characterization of the products. Synthetic methods are classified by reagent rather than product, and are illustrated by experimental procedures for the most important methods. Chemical reactions are classified into four groups depending on whether the reaction site is the phospho group, the amino group, the carboxyl group, or in the case of serine the hydroxyl group. Physical data are given for all of the known N-, O-, and S-phospho derivatives of the amino acids, peptides, and proteins, within certain limitations, and are discussed in detail in the section on physical properties. Emphasis is given to the techniques used for separation of the products, such as chromatography and electrophoresis, and for characterization of the products, particularly spectroscopy. Medical and other uses of the products are mentioned.     

Low-frequency dynamics and Raman scattering of crystals, of B-, A-, and Z-DNA, and fibers of C-DNA

Normal modes of vibration of DNA in the low-frequency region (10-300 cm-1 interval) have been identified from Raman spectra of crystals of B-DNA [d(CGCAAATTTGCG)], A-DNA [r(GCG)d(CGC) and d(CCCCGGGG)], and Z-DNA [d(CGCGCG) and d(CGCGTG)]. The lowest vibrational frequencies detected in the canonical DNA structures--at 18 +/- 2 cm-1 in the B-DNA crystal, near 24 +/- 2 cm-1 in A-DNA crystals, and near 30 +/- 2 cm-1 in Z-DNA crystals--are shown to correlate well with the degree of DNA hydration in the crystal structures, as well as with the level of hydration in calf thymus DNA fibers. These findings support the assignment [H. Urabe et al. (1985) J. Chem. Phys. 82, 531-535; C. Demarco et al. (1985) Biopolymers 24, 2035-2040] of the lowest frequency Raman band of each DNA to a helix mode, which is dependent primarily upon the degree of helix hydration, rather than upon the intrahelical conformation. The present results show also that B-, A-, C-, and Z-DNA structures can be distinguished from one another on the basis of their characteristic Raman intensity profiles in the region of 40-140 cm-1, even though all structures display two rather similar and complex bands centered within the intervals of 66-72 and 90-120 cm-1. The similarity of Raman frequencies for B-, A-, C-, and Z-DNA suggests that these modes originate from concerted motions of the bases (librations), which are not strongly dependent upon helix backbone geometry or handedness. Correlation of the Raman frequencies and intensities with the DNA base compositions suggests that the complex band near 90-120 cm-1 in all double-helix structures is due to in-plane librational motions of the bases, which involve stretching of the purine-pyrimidine hydrogen bonds. This would explain the centering of the band at higher frequencies in structures containing G.C pairs (greater than 100 cm-1) than in structures containing A.T pairs (less than 100 cm-1), consistent with the strengths of G.C and A.T hydrogen bonding.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.     

Sequence variation in ITS spacers and 5.8S rDNA and relationship of E, St, P, Ns, Xm, and H genomes in the genera of Agropyron, Elytrigia, Leymus, Pascopyrum, Psathyrostachys, and Hordeum

Understanding species evolution and improvement requires information of their genome origin and differentiation. Among the species in the family Gramineae, genome identities of Agropyron-Elytrigia-Leymus group are still ambiguous. In order to delineate the genome relationship, nucleotide sequence analysis in the rDNA ITS regions was carried out among the species in the genera Elytrigia, Agropyron, Psathyrostachys, Leymus, and Psacopyrum containing E, St, P, Ns, and Xm genomes. The ITS-1 and ITS-2 showed a narrow range of variation in length except for the presence of a pentanucleotide, TGGGG, in/del in some haplotypes, whereas higher numbers of nucleotide substitutions were observed in most genera. There were 187 variable sites in the ITS-1, 5.8S, and ITS-2 regions, in which a few genome specific mutations were observed. While the level of variation was similar between ITS-1 and ITS-2, the rate of transition mutation versus transversion mutations was different among the ITS-1, 5.8S, and ITS-2 segments. GC contents of the ITS regions ranged between 55–65% between genomes and the haplotypes of P and H genomes were slightly higher than others. In phylogenetic analysis, the ITS haplotypes were classified into two groups; one containing H, Ns, NsXm genomes, and another containing P, St, and E genomes, which are congruous to the genome affinities from other studies. Among the four genomes in Pascopyrum smithii (2n=8x=56, StStNsNsHHXmXm), the haplotypes of H and St genomes were identified with the reference diploid species, but the haplotypes having Ns and Xm genomes were not found in the present analysis.