人巨细胞病毒先天性中枢神经系统感染小鼠模型的建立

将人巨细胞病毒（ＨＣＭＶ）接种至８￣１２周龄Ｂａｌｂ／ｃ雌雄小鼠腹腔后,交配。等雌鼠临产时剖腹取出胎鼠脑双侧大脑皮层,进行病毒分析、病理学检测及用地高辛标记的ＨＣＭＶ寡核苷酸探针对大脑皮层细胞压印片进行原位分子杂交检测。病理学研究结果证实,鼠脑为侵袭性脑膜脑炎性病理改变,并在神经细胞内发现病毒特性性的大的核内嗜碱性包涵体;原位杂交结果显示,病毒核酸存在于受染神经细胞及神经胶质细胞核内及胞浆内;在鼠     

人巨细胞病毒感染新生乳鼠原代培养脑神经细胞研究

为了研究确定人巨细胞病毒（ＨＣＭＶ）体外感染Ｂａｌｂ／ｃ新生乳鼠原代培养脑神经细胞及其感染特征,制备了培养了新生乳鼠脑神经细胞并进行病毒感染。感染后每隔２￣３天在倒置显微镜下观察活细胞培养物并摄影记录。在感染后第１￣４周,取样进行苏木素－伊红（ＨＥ）染色及尼氏（Ｎｉｓｓｌ）染色。同时,用已知抗ＨＣＭＶ外膜蛋白的单克隆抗体进行免疫细胞化学染色,和地高辛标记的ＨＣＭＶ寡核苷酸特异性探针进行原位杂交,检     

抗巨细胞病毒感染亚单位疫苗的研制和初步评价

抗巨细胞病毒感染亚单位疫苗的研制和初步评价人巨细胞病毒（ＨＣＭＶ）感染日趋引起预防医学的关注,它的先天性感染可导致广泛的脑损伤和高比率的中枢神经系统并发症。目前已证实ＨＣＭＶ是多种病症及各种癌症（如前列腺癌和宫颈癌）公认的病原因子或相关因子。免疫接种...     

TORCH综合征与先天性畸形

近年来,先天性感染引起新生儿畸形死亡的人数日益增加, Ｔ Ｏ Ｒ Ｃ Ｈ 是一组能引起先天性感染的病原微生物。１９７１ 年 Ｎａｈｍ ｉａｓ 等将引起先天性感染的病原体用英文字头命名,称为 Ｔ Ｏ Ｒ Ｃ Ｈ 感染或 Ｔ Ｏ Ｒ Ｃ Ｈ 综合征。 Ｔ 代表弓形体（ Ｔｏｘｏｐｌａｓｍ ａ ｇｏｎｄｉｉ, Ｔ Ｏ Ｘ Ｏ）, Ｏ为其它（ Ｏｔｈｅｒ,包括很多种病毒）, Ｒ 表示风疹病毒（ Ｒｕｂｅｌｌａ ｖｉｒｕｓ）, Ｃ代表巨细胞病毒（ Ｃｙｔｏｍ ｅｇａｌｏｖｉｒｕｓ, Ｃ Ｍ Ｖ）, Ｈ 表示单纯疱疹病毒（ Ｈｅｒｐｅｓ ｓｉｍ ｐｌｅｘ ｖｉｒｕｓ, Ｈ Ｓ Ｖ）。随着病原微生物学、免疫学和流行性病学研究的进展,又发现了多种能引起先天性感染的病原微生物,如水痘--带状疱疹病毒（ Ｖａｒｉｃｅｌｌａ ｚｏｓｔｅｒ ｖｉｒｕｓ, Ｖ Ｚ Ｖ）,麻疹病毒（ Ｍｅａｓｌｅｓ ｖｉｒｕｓ, Ｍ Ｖ）, 流 行性腮 腺炎 病毒（ Ｐａｒｏｔｉｔｉｓ ｖｉｒｕｓ, Ｐ Ｖ）, 人类免 疫缺 陷病毒 （ Ｈｕｍ ａｎｉｍ ｍ ｕｎｏｄｅｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ ｖｉｒｕｓ, Ｈ Ｉ Ｖ）,丙型肝炎病毒（ Ｈｅｐａｔｉｔｉｓ Ｃ ｖｉｒｕｓ, Ｈ Ｃ Ｖ）,人类疱疹病毒６型（ Ｈｕｍ ａｎ ｈｅｒｐｅｓ ｖｉｒｕｓ ｔｙｐｅ ６, Ｈ Ｈ Ｖ ６）,肠道病毒（ Ｅｎｔｅｒｏｖｉｒｕｓ, Ｅ Ｖ）,乙型肝炎病毒（ Ｈｅｐａｔｉｔｉｓ Ｂ ｖｉｒｕｓ, Ｈ Ｂ Ｖ）,人类乳头瘤病毒（ Ｈｕｍ ａｎ ｐａｐｉｌｌｏｍ ａｖｉｒｕｓ, Ｈ Ｐ Ｖ）, Ｅ Ｂ 病毒（ Ｅｐｓｔｅｉｎ Ｂａｒｒ ｖｉｒｕｓ, Ｅ Ｂ Ｖ）,人类微小病毒 Ｂ１９（ Ｈｕｍ ａｎ ｐａｒｖｏｖｉｒｕｓ Ｂ１９, Ｈ Ｐ Ｖ Ｂ１９）和人类嗜血细胞病毒１ 型（ Ｈ Ｔ Ｌ Ｖ １）等。 Ｔ Ｏ Ｒ Ｃ Ｈ 感染的特点是孕妇患其中任何一种疾病后,本人的症状极其轻微,或根本没有症状和特征。病原体虽不相同,却能使胎儿或新生儿出现相同或相似的临床表现,有时还很严重,甚至导致死亡。如在怀孕早期感染,则发生流产、死胎和胎儿畸形。中晚期感染,导致胎儿不同程度畸形和脏器损害。     

人类巨细胞病毒感染实验室定量检测的新进展

人类巨细胞病毒（ＨＣＭＶ）的感染对人类健康威胁较大,尤以先天性感染、器官移植、艾滋病及反复输血患者的感染最严重。近处来在诊断ＨＣＭＶ感染方面取得的主要突破是早期、快速、定量测定。因此,本文就ＨＣＭＶ感染病毒血症、抗原血症的定量测定及标本中ＤＮＡ定量多了聚酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术测定一简单综述。     

人巨细胞病毒PP71基因序列分析与表达

人巨细胞病毒 (Ｈｕｍａｎｃｙｔｏｍｅｇａｌｏｖｉｒｕｓ)在人群中存在非常普遍 ,大多数呈临床不显性或潜伏感染 ,孕妇ＨＣＭＶ复发感染或新的感染均可引起新生儿宫内或围产期感染 ,导致胎儿畸形、智力低下和发育迟缓等。人是ＨＣＭＶ的唯一宿主 ,病毒可通过人与人间的直接或间接接触传播。近年来对ＨＣＭＶ的致病机理的研究已日趋深入 ,已有多项研究证实 ,ＨＣＭＶ ＰＰ71(ＵＬ82 )基因是病毒抗原之一。亦有研究证实 ,ＨＣＭＶ ＰＰ71是 (ＵＬ82 )基因产物 ,可促进病毒后期的基因表达 ,提高病毒的复制能力。本实验对ＰＰ71(ＵＬ82 )基因…     

丙型肝炎病毒结构基因转基因小鼠的建立

为探讨丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）结构基因在ＨＣＶ感染中的致病性,构建了中国丙型肝炎病毒５ＵＴＲ区与结构基因区（Ｃ＋Ｅ１＋Ｅ２）的表达质粒,并通过显微注射法将其接种入小鼠受精卵内制备转基因小鼠。共注射受精卵４１０枚,存活３１２枚,植入后产仔６０只;转基因鼠尾部组织ＰＣＲ法ＤＮＡ检测证明有靶基因的整合;转基因小鼠的肝、肾、脾、心、肺、小肠、血中均有靶基因的转录,而在脑组织中无转录。３只Ｇｏ代整合小鼠经与正     

人类巨细胞病毒与人类肿瘤

人类巨细胞病毒（ＨＣＭＶ）感染能导致多种细胞生物学特性的改变,通过分子病毒学及分子生物学方法在数种人类恶性肿瘤组织中检出ＨＣＭＶＤＮＡ和（或）基因产物。ＨＣＭＶ基因产物可通过激活细胞内多种因子基因,刺激原癌基因表达,抑制抗癌基因产物功能等多种途径干扰细胞生长,分化的调控机制,诱导细胞发生恶性变,ＨＣＭＶ持续感染可以增加受感染细胞恶性特征的表达,大量实验结果证实了ＨＣＭＶ的致癌潜能,揭示了ＨＣＭＶ在     

稀有鮈鲫对草鱼出血病病毒敏感性的初步研究

本文报道稀有鲫对草鱼出血病病毒（ＧＣＨＶ）的敏感性。ＧＣＨＶ是草鱼出血病的病原,用ＧＣＨＶ人工感好１－６月龄的稀有鲫,在水温２２－３２℃时能导致稀有鲫出现出血病症状。在水温２８℃时,病鱼在ｌｄ内死亡,潜伏期为５ｄ,发病高峰期在感染后第６－８ｄ。ＧＣＨＶ能在稀有鲫体内传代,并诱导８０％以上的稀行鲫患病死亡。将人工感染ＧＣＨＶ的稀有鲫病鱼组织超薄切片,电镜观察,发现在肠道、脾脏、肾脏等组织中存在大小与形态和ＧＣＨＶ相似的病毒颗粒。从稀有鲫出血病病鱼组织中纯化病毒,免疫电镜观察,发现病毒颗粒能被ＧＣＨＶ的特异性抗体聚集成团。由上可知,稀有鲫出血病是由ＧＣＨＶ感染所致,稀有鲫对ＧＣＨＶ是敏感的,可以作为草鱼抗出血病育种的模型。     

丙型肝炎病毒颗粒研究进展

本文综述了近年来对丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）颗粒的研究进展。在ＨＣＶ感染引起的肝炎组织标本、血液标本及培养细胞中,普通透射电镜下发现有病毒颗粒的存在。核内颗粒直径为２０￣２７ｎｍ;胞质内颗粒的大小报道各异,其结构包括核心和外壳两部分,核心平均直径４０ｎｍ。这种颗粒的特性尚未被阐明。近年在ＨＣＶ感染的培养细胞及黑猩猩ＨＣＶ肝炎模型中免疫电镜检查证明这种颗粒有病毒抗原性,但在人们ＨＣＶ肝炎肝组织中这种颗料     

Glucocortiocoid Treatment of MCMV Infected Newborn Mice Attenuates CNS Inflammation and Limits Deficits in Cerebellar Development

Infection of the developing fetus with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major cause of central nervous system disease in infants and children; however, mechanism(s) of disease associated with this intrauterine infection remain poorly understood. Utilizing a mouse model of HCMV infection of the developing CNS, we have shown that peripheral inoculation of newborn mice with murine CMV (MCMV) results in CNS infection and developmental abnormalities that recapitulate key features of the human infection. In this model, animals exhibit decreased granule neuron precursor cell (GNPC) proliferation and altered morphogenesis of the cerebellar cortex. Deficits in cerebellar cortical development are symmetric and global even though infection of the CNS results in a non-necrotizing encephalitis characterized by widely scattered foci of virus-infected cells with mononuclear cell infiltrates. These findings suggested that inflammation induced by MCMV infection could underlie deficits in CNS development. We investigated the contribution of host inflammatory responses to abnormal cerebellar development by modulating inflammatory responses in infected mice with glucocorticoids. Treatment of infected animals with glucocorticoids decreased activation of CNS mononuclear cells and expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-β and IFNγ) in the CNS while minimally impacting CNS virus replication. Glucocorticoid treatment also limited morphogenic abnormalities and normalized the expression of developmentally regulated genes within the cerebellum. Importantly, GNPC proliferation deficits were normalized in MCMV infected mice following glucocorticoid treatment. Our findings argue that host inflammatory responses to MCMV infection contribute to deficits in CNS development in MCMV infected mice and suggest that similar mechanisms of disease could be responsible for the abnormal CNS development in human infants infected in-utero with HCMV.     

Immune therapy of a persistent and disseminated viral infection.

The mechanism of viral clearance was studied by using the mouse model of chronic infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Distinct patterns of viral clearance and histopathology were observed in different organs after adoptive immune therapy of persistently infected (carrier) mice. Clearance from the liver occurred within 30 days and was accompanied by extensive mononuclear cell infiltrates and necrosis of hepatocytes. Infectious virus and viral antigen were eliminated concurrently. This pattern of viral clearance was also seen in most other tissues (i.e., lung, spleen, lymph nodes, pancreas, etc.). In contrast, a different pattern of clearance was observed in the brain. Infectious virus was eliminated within 30 days, but viral antigen persisted in the central nervous systems of treated carrier mice for up to 90 days. The urinary system was the most resistant to immune therapy. Elimination of infectious virus and viral antigen from the kidney took greater than 200 days and even then was not complete; trace levels of infectious virus were still present in the kidneys of some treated carrier mice. After immune therapy, viral antigen in the kidney was located within renal tubules that costained for intracellular mouse immunoglobulin G. This unusual staining pattern, coupled with the observation of large numbers of plasma cells within the kidney, suggests that virus-immunoglobulin G complexes found in the tubules may represent in situ immune complex formation as opposed to deposition of circulating immune complexes. In conclusion, these results suggest that the site (organ) of viral persistence is an important consideration in developing treatment strategies for controlling chronic viral infections.     

Human retinal and brain cell lines: A model of HCMV retinitis and encephalitis

Although HIV is accepted as the etiologic agent in AIDS, other factors have been implicated in accelerating the disease. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in particular has been implicated as a cofactor in the progression from AIDS-related complex (ARC) to AIDS. HCMV infection of the central nervous system (CNS) (brain, retina) has been reported in at least 50% of AIDS patients, and has been implicated in producing encephalitis and sight-threatening retinitis. HCMV exhibits strict species specificity and animal models for human HCMV are conspicuous by their absence. We have developed a human brain cell line (mixed glial/neuronal) and a multipotential human retinal precursor cell line (neuronal in nature). We have tested the suitability of these cell lines as models for the study of HCMV infectibility. In this study, we report that these cell lines are optimal for the study of HCMV infectibility and pathogenesis in tissues of neural origin and appropriate to study HIV-HCMV interaction. Immortalized human brain and retinal cell lines were infected with a laboratory strain of HCMV (AD 169, Towne) at a multiplicity of infection moi (1-5) and viral infectibility and cell specificity monitored by: (a) phenotypic analysis (multinucleate cells, syncytium formation, etc.), (b) antigen expression (IE, E, late) by immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, (c) presence of viral particles by TEM, and (d) expression of indicator plasmids (HIV-LTR-CAT). We report that both human retinal and brain cell lines are permissive for HCMV infectibility. Cell specificity was not seen; both cells expressing glial/neuronal cell markers were positive for the presence of HCMV early/late antigens. Formation of multinucleate giant cells with nuclear inclusion bodies and syncytia were seen. Productive viral infection was confirmed by the ability of cell-free supernatant from the third passage of infected cells to produce pathogenicity and express viral particles, when added to fresh cultures. Using indicator plasmids, HIV-LTR, and CAT, we have shown that HIV and HCMV interact at the cellular level. We have also shown that HIV production in retinal and brain cell lines transfected with cloned HIV was enhanced by HCMV-IE genes. We did not see any differences in HCMV. AD 169, Towne isolate, and data from both strains is presented in this paper. This model could prove extremely useful for the study of cell specificity/cellular and molecular interaction between HIV/HCMV and to test antiviral therapies.     

Precise localization and dynamic distribution of Japanese encephalitis virus in the rain nuclei of infected mice

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a pathogen that causes severe vector-borne zoonotic diseases, thereby posing a serious threat to human health. Although JEV is potentially neurotropic, its pathogenesis and distribution in the host have not been fully elucidated. In this study, an infected mouse model was established using a highly virulent P3 strain of JEV. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, combined with anatomical imaging of the mouse brain, were used to dynamically localize the virus and construct three-dimensional (3D) images. Consequently, onset of mild clinical signs occurred in some mice at 3.5 d post JEV infection, while most mice displayed typical neurological signs at 6 d post-infection (dpi). Moreover, brain pathology revealed typical changes associated with non-suppurative encephalitis, which lasted up to 8 d. The earliest detection of viral antigen was achieved at 3 dpi in the thalamus and medulla oblongata. At 6 dpi, the positive viral antigen signals were mainly distributed in the cerebral cortex, olfactory area, basal ganglia, thalamus, and brainstem regions in mice. At 8 dpi, the antigen signals gradually decreased, and the localization of JEV tended to concentrate in the cerebrum and thalamus, while no viral antigen was detected in the brain at 21 dpi. In this model, the viral antigen was first expressed in the reticular thalamic nucleus (Rt), and the virus content is relatively stable. The expression of the viral antigen in the hippocampal CA2 region, the anterior olfactory nucleus, and the deep mesencephalic nucleus was high and persistent. The 3D images showed that viral signals were mostly concentrated in the parietal cortex, occipital lobe, and hippocampus, near the mid-sagittal plane. In the early stages of infection in mice, a large number of viral antigens were detected in denatured and necrotic neurons, suggesting that JEV directly causes neuronal damage. From the time of its entry, JEV is widely distributed in the central nervous system thereby causing extensive damage.     

A neutralization-resistant Theiler's virus variant produces an altered disease pattern in the mouse central nervous system.

Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection of mice is an animal model for human demyelinating diseases. To further define the role of this virus in the disease process, we selected a virus variant resistant to neutralization by a monoclonal antibody to VP-1. This virus variant was then injected into SJL/J mice. Central nervous system tissue was compared between variant virus- and wild-type virus-infected mice. Within the brain, no large differences were observed between the two groups as to the distribution of inflammatory infiltrates around the injection site and the number of viral antigen-positive cells during the first weeks of the observation period. In contrast, in the spinal cord major differences were found between variant virus- and wild-type virus-infected mice regarding the number of inflammatory lesions, infected cells, and the size of the areas involved with time. By immunohistochemistry, equivalent numbers of infected cells could be found in the spinal cord 1 week postinfection (p.i.): however, after that time, the number of infected cells in the wild-type virus-infected mice continued to increase, whereas the virus-positive cells from the variant virus-infected mice gradually decreased. Thus, the number of viral antigen-containing cells peaked by 1 week p.i. in the variant virus-infected animals. Conversely, the number of infected cells in the spinal cords from mice inoculated with wild-type virus steadily increased until 8 weeks p.i. At this time (8 weeks p.i.), no more variant virus antigen-positive cells could be observed within the spinal cord. Plaque assay of central nervous system tissue confirmed these differences between the two groups observed by immunohistochemistry. No infectious variant virus could be isolated after 2 weeks p.i. from the brain and 4 weeks p.i. from the spinal cord, whereas infectious wild-type virus could be detected up to the end of the observation period (12 weeks p.i.). Virus which was isolated from variant virus-infected mice still retained the neutralization-resistant phenotype. These studies emphasize the important biological in vivo activity of Theiler's virus VP-1 in determining neurovirulence.     

Vertical transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions evaluated in a transgenic mouse model

In this work we show evidence of mother-to-offspring transmission in a transgenic mouse line expressing bovine PrP (boTg) experimentally infected by intracerebral administration of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prions. PrP(res) was detected in brains of newborns from infected mothers only when mating was allowed near to the clinical stage of disease, when brain PrP(res) deposition could be detected by Western blot analysis. Attempts to detect infectivity in milk after intracerebral inoculation in boTg mice were unsuccessful, suggesting the involvement of other tissues as carriers of prion dissemination. The results shown here prove the ability of BSE prions to spread centrifugally from the central nervous system to peripheral tissues and to offspring in a mouse model. Also, these results may complement previous epidemiological data supporting the occurrence of vertical BSE transmission in cattle.     

小鼠脑组织腺苷A2A受体缺失模型的建立与评价

制备了脑组织腺苷A2A受体基因缺失的小鼠模型并对该模型进行评价。在采用2次6.2 Gy X线间隔照射对敲除A2A受体基因的雌性C57BL/6小鼠进行清髓处理后, 将野生型雄性C57BL/6小鼠骨髓细胞移植到其体内, 使其脑组织的A2A受体仍保持缺失型。然后对移植效果进行鉴定, 并对模型的生理指标进行观察和评价。结果发现: 骨髓移植6周后, 受体小鼠的白细胞性染色体基因由雌性变为雄性; 骨髓中A2A受体阳性细胞率为94.85%, 而脑内A2A受体mRNA与A2A受体基因敲除小鼠比较, 无显著差异。模型小鼠除心率略低于野生型小鼠外, 在呼吸频率、脑含水量以及脑内谷氨酸含量等生理指标上均与野生型小鼠和A2A基因敲除小鼠无显著差异。     

小鼠脑组织腺苷A2A受体缺失模型的建立与评价

制备了脑组织腺苷A2A受体基因缺失的小鼠模型并对该模型进行评价。在采用2次6.2 Gy X线间隔照射对敲除A2A受体基因的雌性C57BL/6小鼠进行清髓处理后, 将野生型雄性C57BL/6小鼠骨髓细胞移植到其体内, 使其脑组织的A2A受体仍保持缺失型。然后对移植效果进行鉴定, 并对模型的生理指标进行观察和评价。结果发现: 骨髓移植6周后, 受体小鼠的白细胞性染色体基因由雌性变为雄性; 骨髓中A2A受体阳性细胞率为94.85%, 而脑内A2A受体mRNA与A2A受体基因敲除小鼠比较, 无显著差异。模型小鼠除心率略低于野生型小鼠外, 在呼吸频率、脑含水量以及脑内谷氨酸含量等生理指标上均与野生型小鼠和A2A基因敲除小鼠无显著差异。     

Efficient reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus from mouse central nervous system tissues

For decades, numerous ex vivo studies have documented that latent herpes simplex virus (HSV) reactivates efficiently from ganglia, but rarely from the central nervous systems (CNS), of mice when assayed by mincing tissues before explant culture, despite the presence of viral genomes in both sites. Here we show that 88% of mouse brain stems reactivated latent virus when they were dissociated into cell suspensions before ex vivo explant culture. The efficient reactivation of HSV from the mouse CNS was demonstrated with more than one viral strain, viral serotype, and mouse strain, further indicating that the CNS can be an authentic latency site for HSV with the potential to cause recurrent disease.