四川当归属八种植物的核型及地理分布研究

本文首次报道四川八种当归属植物的染色体数目和核型。染色体基数x=11,除青海当归为四倍 体植物外,其余种类均为二倍体植物。金山当归 2n=22=20m+2sm;城口当归 2n=22=18m+2sm^sat+2sm;疏叶当归在不同地区有2种核型：2n=22=18m+4sm和 2n=22=16m+6sm;四川当归2n=22=16m+2sm^sat+4sm;茂汶当归2n=22=16m+6sm;青海当归 2n=4x=44=36m+8sm;当归2n= 22=14m+8sm;峨眉当归2n=22=10m+2sm+10st。除金山当归和 疏叶当归的部分居群核型为1A型外,其余种类均为2A型。根据核型的不对称性程度和外部形态分析 了各种类的演化水平,结合四川当归属植物的种类及地理分布,提出四川可能是当归属植物的原始中心和演化中心之一。     

当归属及近缘小属的核型演化及地理分布研究

本文报道了当归属Angelica及3个近缘小属12种植物的核型,其中10种为首次报道。带岭当归A．dailingensis 2n＝22＝20m+2sm(SAT);丽江当属A．likiangensis 2n＝22＝18m+4sm; 青海当归A．nitida 2n＝22＝14m+4sm+4sm(SAT);林当归A．silvestris 2n＝22＝16m+4sm(SAT)+2st(SAT);紫花前胡A．decursiva 2n=22＝16m+4sm+2sm(SAT);秦岭当归A．tsinlingensis 2n＝22＝18m+4sm; 阿坝当归A．apaensis 2n＝22＝14m+6sm+2st(SAT);隆萼当归A．oncosepala2n＝4x＝44＝28m+12sm+4st,三小叶当归A．ternata 2n=22＝10m+8sm(SAT)+4st(SAT);柳叶芹Czernaevialaevigata 2n=22＝14m+6sm+2sm(SAT);短茎古当归Archangelica brevicaulis 2n＝22＝8m+2m(SAT)+4sm+4sm(SAT)+4st;高山芹Coelopleurum saxatile 2n＝28＝12m+6sm+10st。除带岭当归核型为1A型和高山芹为2B型外,其余种类均为2A型。根据染色体长度比和平均臂比绘制了本次和我们过去已报道的当归属及近缘属23种植物的核型散点图。据核型类型和近端着丝点的有无,把当归属20个种的核型分3组。并结合外部形态、花粉类型和地理分布,探讨了各近缘属的系统演化关系。     

葱属植物物种生物学研究：Ⅰ.葱属6种材料的核型研究

分析了葱属(Allium L.)5个种6个居群的细胞学特征。这些种是太白韭(A.prattii C.H.Wright apud Forb.et Hemsl.),该种包括两个居群(Ⅰ、Ⅱ)。居群Ⅰ:K(2n)=2x=16=9m+1m(SAT)+4sm+2st,居群Ⅱ:K(2n)=2x=16=10m+5sm+1sm(SAT);天蒜(A.PaePalanthoides Airy-Shaw):K(2n)=2x=16=14m+2sm+3B;多叶韭(A.Plurifoliatum Rendle):K(2n)=2x=16=14m+2sm+1B;合被韭(A.tubiflorum Rendle):K(2n)=2x=16=12m+2m(SAT)+2sm;峨眉韭(A.omeiense Z.Y.Zhu):K(2n)=2x=22=2m+18sm+2T(SAT)。所研究的6批材料均为二倍体,除合被韭的核型为“1A”型,蛾眉韭的核型为“3A”型外,其余4批材料的核型均为“2A”型。其中峨眉韭和多叶韭的染色体数目为首次报道,天蒜和多叶韭的细胞中首次发现B染色体,并对其相互关系进行了探讨。     

加拿大引进的二倍体燕麦种质的核型鉴定

采用常规压片法对砂燕麦、西班牙燕麦和短燕麦3个二倍体燕麦种进行了核型研究。结果表明:砂燕麦染色体核型公式为2n=2x=14=10m+4sm(2SAT),具近中部和中部着丝点染色体,第4对染色体组的短臂上有1对随体,核不对称系数为68.17%;西班牙燕麦染色体核型公式为2n=2x=14=10m+4sm(2SAT),具近中部和中部着丝点染色体,第7对染色体短臂上有1对随体,核不对称系数为59.31%;短燕麦染色体核型公式为2n=2x=14=6m+4sm+4st(2SAT),具近端部、近中部和中部着丝点染色体,第6对染色体组的短臂上有1对随体,核不对称系数为63.91%。虽然3个燕麦种的核型均为2A,但它们的染色体形态有明显不同,比较认为砂燕麦相对进化,短燕麦次之,西班牙燕麦较原始。本研究对燕麦种质资源的核型分析及进化地位研究具有参考价值。     

5种桤木属植物的核型分析

利用改良去壁低渗法对桦木科（Betulaceae）桤木属（Ainus Mill.）东亚地区5种植物进行染色体数目与核型研究。结果显示：所试验物种中染色体形态比较一致,多是由中部（m）及近中部（sm）着丝点染色体组成。其中A.nitida染色体数为2n=28,核型公式为K（2n）=28=22m 4sm(2SAT) 2st(2SAT);A.hirsuta染色体数为2n=42,核型公式为K(2n)=42=36m 6sm; A.cremastogyne,A.formosana 染色体数均为2n=56,核型公式分别为K(2n)=56=2M 40m(1SAT) 14sm(1SAT)和K(2n)=56=46m 8sm 2st;A.firma染色体数为2n=112,核型公式为K(2n)=112=80m 28sm 4st。     

国产13种鸢尾属植物的核型研究

对中国产13种鸢尾属Iris植物进行了核型研究。其中中甸鸢尾I.subdichotoma、长葶鸢尾I.delavayi、大锐果鸢尾I.cuniculiformis为中国特有。大锐果鸢尾的染色体数目及核型为首次报道,核型公式为2n=22=4m 6sm 12st(2SAT)。长管鸢尾I.dolichosiphon的核型为首次报道,核型公式为2n=22=4m 12sm 6st。中甸鸢尾的染色体数目为新报道,核型公式为2n=42=20m 22sm。矮紫苞鸢尾I.ruthenicavar.nana的染色体数目为新报道,3个居群的染色体数目均为2n=42,核型公式分别为中甸居群2n=42=30m 12sm(2SAT),丽江甘海子居群2n=42=28m 14sm(2SAT),中甸尼西居群2n=42=36m 6sm(4SAT)。结合以往的细胞学研究结果,显示尼泊尔鸢尾亚属subgen.Nepalensis是一个染色体数目变化较大的类群,其中的中甸鸢尾可能是联系野鸢尾属Pardanthopsis与尼泊尔鸢尾亚属的重要类群。已报道的紫苞鸢尾I.ruthenica染色体数目为2n=84,与我们所研究的变种矮紫苞鸢尾(2n=42)呈倍性关系,通过与相邻类群的分析比较,认为紫苞鸢尾应是由二倍体类群演化而来。还对鸢尾属内染色体数目的变化和核型进化的趋势进行了探讨。     

六种葱属植物核型研究

葱属粗根组和根茎组6种11个居群的染色体数目和核型的研究结果如下:A．cyathophorum: 2n=2x=16=12m+4sm(2SAT)。A．przewalskianum:西藏察雅和四川理县居群分别为2n=4x=32 =28m+4st(2SAT)and 2n=4x=32=28m+2sm+2st(2SAT)。A． polyrhizum :2n=2x=20m+8sm+ 4t(2SAT)。A．mongolicum:2n=2x=16=14m+2st(2SAT)。A.senescens:朝鲜郁陵岛和中国内蒙古 科尔沁左翼后旗居群分别为2n=4x=32=28m+2sm+2st(2SAT)and 2n=4x=32=24m+4sm+4st (2SAT)。A．tuberosum:所研究的四个居群中,山西永济居群为二倍体,2n=2x=16=14m=2st (2SAT),另三个分别来自四川的理县、汶川玉龙和成都三瓦窑的居群均为四倍体,2n=4x=32=28m +4st(2SAT)。A．przewalskianum,A．polyrhizum and A. mongolicum的核型为首次报道;并首次 在中国发现了A．tuberosum的野生二倍体居群。此外,还讨论了栽培韭的起源以及A．cyathophorum,A．przewalskianum和A. senescens种内居群间的核型分化问题。     

葱属植物物种生物学研究 Ⅰ.葱属6种材料的核型研究

分析了葱属(Allium L.)5个种6个居群的细胞学特征。这些种是太白韭(A.prattii C.H.Wright apud Forb.et Hemsl.),该种包括两个居群(Ⅰ、Ⅱ)。居群Ⅰ:K(2n)=2x=16=9m+1m(SAT)+4sm+2st,居群Ⅱ:K(2n)=2x=16=10m+5sm+1sm(SAT);天蒜(A.paepalanthoides Airy-Shaw):K(2n)=2x=16=14m+2sm+3B;多叶韭(A.Plurifoliatum Rendle):K(2n)=2x=16=14m+2sm+1B;合被韭(A.tubiflorum Rendle):K(2n)=2x=16=12m+2m(SAT)+2sm;峨眉韭(A.omeiense Z.Y.Zhu):K(2n)=2x=22=2m+18sm+2T(SAT)。所研究的6批材料均为二倍体,除合被韭的核型为“1A”型,蛾眉韭的核型为“3A”型外,其余4批材料的核型均为“2A”型。其中峨眉韭和多叶韭的染色体数目为首次报道,天蒜和多叶韭的细胞中首次发现B染色体,并对其相互关系进行了探讨。     

伞形科3个种5个居群的核型分析

对伞形科前胡属(PeucedanumL.)2个种以及羌活属(NotopterygiumH.Boiss.)1个种3个居群的染色体数目和核型进行了研究。研究表明,它们的染色体数目均为2n=22,核型公式可分别表示为长前胡:2n=2x=22=22 m(1 SAT),属1A型;松潘前胡:2n=2x=22=20 m 2 sm,属2A型;宽叶羌活的3个居群分别是:马边大风顶居群1为2n=2x=22=6 m 12 sm 4 st,属2A型;马边大风顶居群2为2n=2x=22=12 m 4 sm 6 st,属2B型;屏山老君山居群为2n=2x=22=4 m 14 sm 4 st,属2A型。其中长前胡和松潘前胡的染色体数目和核型为首次报道。     

宽叶韭居群间核型研究

对宽叶韭 1 0个居群的核型进行了研究 ,结果如下 :四川武隆居群 2 n=2 x=2 2 =1 6sm+6st;四川大飞水居群 2 n=2 x=2 2 =1 6sm +4st+2 t(2 SAT) ;四川南川居群 2 n=2 x=2 2 =2 m+1 4sm+4st+2 t;四川宝兴居群 2 n=2 x=2 2 =1 4sm+6st+2 t;四川青神居群 2 n=2 x=2 2 =2 m+6sm+1 0 st+4t;四川沐川居群 2 n=2 x=2 2 =2 m+1 4sm+2 st+4t;四川屏山居群 2 n=3 x=3 3 =3 m+2 1 sm+9st;云南西双版纳居群 2 n=2 x=2 2 =1 4sm+6st+2 t(2 SAT) ;广东乳源居群 2 n=3 x=3 3 =2 1 sm+6st+6t(3 SAT) ;广西龙胜居群 2 n=3 x=3 3 =2 1 sm+6st+6t(3 SAT)。研究表明 ,除四川屏山居群、广东乳源居群、广西龙胜居群是三倍体外 ,其余均为二倍体。它们都属于 Stebbins的 3 A型。此外 ,宽叶韭的不同居群间还存在随体染色体和核型组成的多态性。本文最后讨论了宽叶韭种内居群间核型分化的原因。     

Study on Karyotypes of Six Species in Angelica from Sichuan,China

Karyotypes of 6 species in Angelica L . from Sichuan are studied at population level and the karyotype of A. pseudoselinum is firstly reported . It is found that the number of chromosomes are invariably 2n = 2x =22 , with most of them are median and submedian centromeric chromosomes, while subterminal centromeric chromosomes exist in A. omeiensis . The majority of karyotypes belong to 2A, and Shihuiyao population of A. laxifoliata has 1A types . As for karyotypic formula , A. omeiensis is 2n =22 = 10m+ 2sm+ 10st , A. maowenensis is 2n =22= 16m+ 4sm+ 2sm (SAT) , A. sinensis is 2n = 22 = 14m+ 8sm, A. apaensis is 2n = 22 = 14m+8sm, and A. pseudoselinum is 2n =22 = 12m+ 8sm+2sm (SAT ) . However, different populations of A. laxiforliata don’t have the same karyotypic formulae, and there are some variations between the caryotypes more or less . According to Stebbins, A. omeiensis’s evolution status was showed by the highest index of asymmetry among six species studied in this paper , while A. laxiforliata is a little primitive because of its lower index of asymmetry and its 1A caryotypes . However , the morphological, anatomic , karyotypic characters and that of pollen grains are evolving asynchronously , suggesting that, Sichuan as one of the frequency centers of Angelica L . in China , is also one of thedifferentiation centers of Angelica L .     

A Study on Karyotypes of Eight Species and Geographical Distribution of Angelica (Umbelliferae) in Sichuan

Nearly 32 species of Angelica occur in China, taking up one third of total species number of the genus in the world, with 12 species in Sichuan. In the present paper karyotypes of 8 species from Sichuan are first reported with x = 11. The parameters of chromosomes of 8 species are given in Table 1 and the karyotypes are shown in Plate 1, 2. The karyotype formulae are as follows: A. valida Diels K(2n) =22=20m+2sm (Wulong Xian, alt. 1900m); A. dielsii Boiss. K(2n) =22= 18m+2sm^sat+2sm (Songpan Xian, alt. 3000m); A. laxifoliata Diels has 2 kinds of karyotypes in 3 populations: K(2n) =22= 18m+4sm (Hanyuan Xian, alt. 1900m) and K(2n) =22= 16m+6sm (Songpan Xian, alt. 2500m and Baoji in Shaanxi, alt. = 1500m); A. setchuensis Diels K (2n) = 22 = 16m+2sm^sat+4sm (Songpan Xian, alt. 2800m); A. maowenensis Yuan et Shan K(2n) =22= 16m+ 6sm (Songpan Xian, alt. 2800); A. chinghaiensis Shan ex K.T.Fu K (2n) = 4x= 44 = 36m+8sm (Songpan Xian, alt. 3500m); A. Sinensis (Oliv.)Diels K(2n) =22= 14M+8sm (Songpan Xian, alt. 2900m); A. omeiensis Yuan et Shan K (2n) = 22 = 10m+2sm+ 10st (Mt. Omei, alt. 2100m). The karyotypes of A. valida and 2 populations of A. laxifoliata belong to “1A” and those of one population of A. laxifoliata and the rest 6 species “2A”. By analysing the correlation between the karyotypic symmetry and vertical distribution of A. laxifoliata and A. chinghaiensis, it is considered that as altitude rises, the karyotypic asymmetry and ploidy increases. Comparing with the karyotypes of other species distributed in Northeastern China and Japan previously reported, the karyotype of A. valida with oblong-ovoid fruits and 1-2-pinnate leaves is most primitive and that of A. omeiensis with nearly rounded fruits and 3-ternate-pinnate leaves is most advanced in Angelica. Based on the fact that many species including the most primitive and the most advanced species are concentrated in Sichuan, it may be suggested that the center of origin and diversity of Angelica be inSichuan characterized.     

赖草属5个种的核型与进化

报道了国产赖草属５个种的核型,即大赖草,２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝２４ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋４ｓｍ（２ＳＡＴ）;粗穗赖草２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝２２ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋４ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ（２ＳＡＴ）;若羌赖草,２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝２０ｍ（４ＳＡＴ）＋６ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ（２ＳＡＴ）;羊草,２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝２２ｍ（４ＳＡＴ）＋２ｓｍ＋４ｓｔ（４ＳＡＴ）;窄颖赖草,２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝２２ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋４ｓｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋２ｓｔ（２Ｓ     

鹅观草属五个类群的核型与进化

报道了鹅观草属５个类群的核型,即长芒鹅观草,核型２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝２２ｍ＋６ｓｍ（２ＳＡＴ）;短颖鹅观草,核型２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝２０ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋８ｓｍ（２ＳＡＴ）;短柄鹅观草,核型２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝２２ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋６ｓｍ;纤毛鹅观草,核型２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝２０ｍ＋８ｓｍ（４ＳＡＴ）;毛盘鹅观草,核型２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝１８ｍ＋６ｓｍ（４ＳＡＴ）＋４ｓｔ。同时,通过核型重要性状的递变分析,揭示了鹅观草属５个类群的相对进化程度以及宏观分类中４个组的系统发育关系,表明鹅观草属的半颖组在系统发育中可能既派生了颖体短小的小颖组,又派生了颖体长大的大颖组和长颖组。     

鹅观草属4个种核型与进化的研究

报道了鹅观草属(Roegneria C. Koch)4个种的核型,即中华鹅观草,核型为2n=4x=28=28m(2SAT);裸穗鹅观草,核型为2n=4x=28=24m+4sm(2SAT);缘毛鹅观草,核型为2n=4x=28=22m+6sm(2SAT);缘穗鹅观草,核型为2n=4x=28=24m(2SAT)+4sm。4个种核型的共征和自征反映了形态划分中共属分种的合理性。尤其通过核型不对称性和相对进化程度的分析,表明中华鹅观草最原始,缘穗鹅观草最进化,裸穗鹅观草和缘毛鹅观草演化居中;狭颖草系高级于缘毛草系。核型不对称性所表示的进化程度似乎与系间颖芒的发生,种间花序的增长变粗、外稃芒的延伸相关。     

沙冬青属的细胞学研究

沙冬青属(Ammopiptanthus)植物仅两个种,即蒙古沙冬青(A.mongolicus)和新疆沙冬青(A.nanus),为第三纪残遗种,是中亚荒漠唯一的常绿阔叶植物,因珍稀,临危而被列为国家重点保护植物”。国内外对该属两个种的染色体数目的记载存在着差异。本文对沙冬青属两种植物的染色体数目和核型进行了分析研究,旨在为探讨该属植物的发生和系统发育,以及开展植物多样性保护和合理开发利用积累资料。     

Cytotaxonomy of Ferula L. in China

The karyotypes of somatic cells of three species in Ferula L. (Umbelliferae) from China are reported for the first time in this paper. F. licentiana Hand. -Mazz., endemic to China, has the karyotype formula of 2n= 22= 14m+ 2sm+ 6st( 2SAT), which consists of nine pairs of L chromosomes (the relative length > 8.0) and two pairs of M chromosomes (the relative length, 8.0- 6.0). The index of the karyotypic asymmetry (AS. K%) is 36.36%, and the karyotype belongs to 2A (Stebbins 1971). F. licentiana var. tunshanica (Su) Shan et Q. X. Liu has the karyotypic formula of 2n=22= 14m+ 8st(2SAT), and the other characters of karyotype are very similar to those of F. licentiana. The karyotypic formula of F. bungeana Kitag. is 2n=22= 12m+ 6sm+ 2st. There are 8 pairs of L chromosomes and 3 pairs of M chromosomes in this karyotype. The AS.K% is 45.45% and thus the karyotype is rather symmetrical (2A). Based on above data, F.licentiana var. tunshanica may be treated as a variety of F.licentiana and F.bungeana be separated from Subgen. Peucedanoides. According to our study and available data, we consider that the basic chromosome number of Ferula is x= 11. The karyotypic evolution of 11 species in the genus from China is analysed. All species are grouped into 5 groups based on the cluster analysis of chromosome data: I.F. akitschensis B. Fedtsch. ex K.-Pol.; II. F. lapidosa Korov., III. F. bungeana. The above-mentioned three species belong to Subgen. Peucedanoides in classification. IV. This group is divided into two subgroups: (1) F. syreitschikowii K.-Pol. and F. ovina (Boiss.) Boiss.; (2) F. lehmannii Boiss., F. licentiana, F. licentiana var. tunshanica, F. Kirialovii Pimen. and F. sumbul (Kauffm.)Hook. f., in which F.lehmannii belongs to Subgen. Merwia, F. syteritschikowii to Subgen. Narthex and the rest five species to Subgen.Peucedanoides. V. F.caspica M. Bieb. of Subgen. Doromatoides.     

角蒿属6个种的核形态学研究

对紫葳科角蒿属（Incarvillea)6种植物（其中两头毛Incarvillen arguta包括红花和白花2个类型）进行了核形态学研究,它们的间期核均为简单染色中心型,前期染色体为中国型,体细胞中期染色体数目均为2n=22,核型公式分别为：（1）两头毛（红花类型）Incanillea ar-guta(Red-flower form)2n=22=14m (2SAT) 8sm(lSAT),着丝点端化值（T.C.%)为62.71%,臂指数（N.F.值）为44;（la)两头毛（白花类型I.arguta(White-flower form)2n=22=16sm(lSAT) 6st,T.C.%值为70.62%,N.F值为38;（2）鸡肉参I.mairei 2n=22=6m 8sm(lSAT) 8st,T.C.%值为70.07%,N.F.值为36;（3）红波罗花I.delavayi 2n=22=10m 6sm 6st,T.C.%值为61.33%,N.F.值为38;（4）单叶波罗花I.forrestii2n=22\4m 8sm 10st(lSAT).T.C.%值为73.10%,N.F.值为34;（5）中甸角蒿I.zhongdianensis2n=22=4m 8sm 10st,T.C.%值为72.31%,N.F.值为34;（6）黄波罗花I.lutea2n=22=4m 8sm(2SAT) 10st,T.C.%值为69.47%,N.F.值为34。上述几种植物中,除两头毛（红花类型）的核型不对称性为2A型外,其余几种的核型不对称性都属于3A型,本文观察的6种植物的核形态结构均为首次报道。     

广西茶六个品种的核型分析

广西5个农家栽培茶和1个野生茶品种的染色体观察,它们的核型分别为:龙胜单株茶2n=30=18m+2m(SAT)+10 sm;开山茶2n=30=20m+4m(SAT)+6 sm;桂青茶2n=30=20m+2m(SAT)+8 sm;凌云茶2n=30=18m+2m(SAT)+10 sm;排旗茶2n=30=22 m+2m(SAT)+6 sm;扶绥茶(野生品种)2n=30=22 m+8 sm;它们的核型均属“2A”型。并且都为二倍体种。     

黄精属细胞分类学研究——Ⅱ.四川金佛山地区黄精属植物核型

本文对四川金佛山地区4种黄精属植物的核型进行了研究,其结果为:滇黄精:2n=26=6m+12sm(2SAT)+8st(2SAT);距药黄精:2n=26=10m+4sm+12st;垂叶黄精:2n=30=14m(2SAT)+4sm+10st+2t、2n=28=14m+6sm+6st+2t;湖北黄精:2n=30=12m+8sm+10st、2n=28=6m+10sm+10st+2t、2n=22=2m+12sm 8st。通过与其它地区黄精属植物染色体数目与形态的比较,发现本地区所有种类的染色体数目普遍偏高,无论在染色体基数或染色体形态上都比较接近喜马拉雅山地区分布的种类。从实验结果进一步看出了黄精属的染色体变异是相当明显的,并主要表现为非整倍性变异;在有些情况下,染色体数目与结构的变异能与某些形态学特征相联系。