土壤湿度水平和湿-干循环对硝酸钙盐积累土壤锰释放的影响

在[Ca(NO₃)²]盐处理土壤中,研究了两种湿度水平(200、400g·kg^-1)和湿干循环对土壤Mn释放的影响.结果表明,土壤水分状况影响土壤Mn的有效性,湿度大时,易还原态Mn转化为水溶态、交换态Mn;盐分对易还原态Mn的转化有一定影响,NO₃^-能缓冲土壤Eh的下降,有抑制易还原态Mn转化的作用.连续的湿干循环能使土壤2价Mn(水溶态Mn、交换态Mn)浓度降低,而Ca(NO₃)²盐能增加Mn的不溶性.这在Mn含量低的土壤上,最终将导致Mn的缺乏.     

珠江三角洲典型肝癌高发区土壤锰形态及其生态效应

通过对珠江三角洲典型肝癌高发区及低发区表层、深层土壤样品和作物样品的系统采集,分别对土壤中各化学形态Mn含量及其与土壤Mn全量、土壤理化性质、蔬菜Mn富集之间的相关关系进行研究.结果表明: 研究区土壤Mn主要来自成土母质,受人类活动影响很小,肝癌高发区土壤Mn平均含量为577.65 mg·kg^-1,显著低于肝癌低发区（718.04 mg·kg^-1）和全国土壤Mn平均含量（710 mg·kg^-1）;肝癌高发区土壤Mn以残渣态和铁锰态为主,水溶态和交换态等生物有效态含量较少,二者分配系数之和不超过4%,低发区土壤Mn形态分布也有相似的分布特征,但其绝对含量显著高于肝癌高发区.Mn全量负荷水平和pH对各形态Mn的含量有重要影响,尤其是铁锰结合态、腐植酸结合态、碳酸盐态和残渣态的含量与土壤Mn全量呈显著正相关;水溶态、有机态Mn与pH呈显著负相关.5类蔬菜中,肝癌高发区油麦菜和大白菜Mn含量及富集系数显著低于肝癌低发区,其它蔬菜品种无显著差异.Mn在蔬菜中的累积量与土壤中有效态Mn（水溶态Mn与离子交换态Mn之和）呈显著正相关,而与土壤Mn全量和其他形态均无显著相关性.     

采用浇灌方式施用甲酸钙消减当季叶菜镉污染

中轻度Cd污染农业土壤修复多采用以pH调控为主的钝化措施,但在pH中性土壤中综合效果不佳。本研究提出在蔬菜生长时期用甲酸钙溶液强化根际土壤交换态Cd向碳酸盐结态Cd的转化,在基本不改变土壤pH的情况下,阻控蔬菜对pH中性土壤Cd的吸收。室内模拟实验表明,低浓度甲酸钙(1.3~3.9 g·L~(-1))可以促使土壤交换态Cd转化为水溶态Cd;24 h内甲酸根生物降解后,土壤碱度有所提高,但pH变化不大,利于土壤交换态Cd转化为水溶态Cd后继续转化为生物有效性相对更低的碳酸盐结合态Cd。采用全Cd含量为1.03 mg·kg~(-1)、pH为7.3的棕壤开展油菜盆栽实验,结果显示,在油菜生长中后期2次以灌溉形式按76、152或228 mg·kg~(-1)土的剂量添加甲酸钙后,收获时油菜Cd含量分别比对照组减少31.6%、32.7%和39.4%,但不同处理土壤pH变化很小;在第二茬盆栽实验中,不同处理油菜Cd含量差异消失。甲酸钙阻控当季蔬菜吸收土壤Cd的作用主要归因于其对土壤交换态Cd向碳酸盐结合态Cd转化的促进作用,但土壤交换性阳离子组成与含量、铁锰氧化物和有机质等因素对甲酸钙阻控效果的影响还有待进一步研究。     

施用污泥对土壤重金属形态分布和生物有效性的影响

采用盆栽技术和BCR连续浸提法研究了污泥的添加对土壤Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn形态分布的影响及重金属在黑麦草-施污泥土壤中迁移转化规律.结果表明:污泥的添加使土壤中生物有效态的Cd和Zn含量显著增加,生物有效态Pb含量显著降低,残渣态Pb的比例较CK增加了33.3％～74.5％,而可交换态和可还原态Cu含量在污泥与土壤添加比为1∶1时,仅占总量的0.7％和0.2％.污泥的添加能促进黑麦草对Cd、Cu和Zn的吸收,抑制对Pb的吸收.多元线性回归分析结果表明,黑麦草体内Cd、Zn和Cu含量分别与土壤中可还原态Cd、Zn和可氧化态Cu含量存在正相关,草体中Pb的含量则受土壤中可交换态和可氧化态Pb含量共同影响.种植黑麦草后根际土中可氧化态Cd和Cu分别向可交换态Cd和残渣态Cu转化,可交换态和可还原态Zn向可氧化态Zn转化,Pb的生物有效性基本未受影响.     

不同施肥模式下土壤微量元素变化与转化特征

以长期定位试验为平台,研究不同施肥制度下土壤Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、Pb含量的变化及转化情况。结果表明:施肥对土壤全量微量元素含量没有显著影响,但对元素有效态含量影响显著,施肥导致土壤有效态微量元素含量增加,具体表现为化肥配施循环猪圈肥(NPK+M)处理微量元素有效态最高,单施化肥(NPK)处理次之,循环猪圈肥(M)处理更低,对照(CK)处理最低。各处理土壤微量元素收入均小于支出,不同处理间收支差额NPK+M相似文献   

干湿交替条件下三峡水库消落带土壤汞形态变化

对三峡水库消落带干湿交替条件下土壤汞赋存形态变化、影响因素和生物可利用性进行了模拟研究.结果表明: 干湿交替条件下土壤汞会发生形态转化和释放,总汞含量逐渐降低,两次“淹水-落干”后总汞含量降低了28.9%.土壤中不同汞形态所占比例分别为:水溶态汞(Hg-w)6.1%～16.8%;交换态汞(Hg-e)5.8%～12.9%;碳酸盐结合态汞(Hg-c)4.5%～17.7%;腐植酸结合态汞(Hg-h)12.5%～29.9%;有机质结合态汞(Hg-o)5.3%～12.8%,残渣态汞(Hg-r)34.5%～51.6%.土壤中汞形态以残渣态(Hg-r)为主,干湿交替条件下其所占比例有降低的趋势,腐植酸结合态汞(Hg-h)则逐渐增加,生物可利用态汞(Hg-w、Hg-e、Hg-c和Hg-h之和)总体呈增加趋势,易被水生生物利用并进入食物链,可能会增加水库生态系统的汞生态风险.     

生物地球化学锰循环中的微生物胞外电子传递机制

微生物是生物地球化学元素循环的重要驱动者,在锰等变价金属元素的氧化还原过程中起着至关重要的作用。近年来,Mn(Ⅲ)的发现以及在一些环境中的广泛存在,丰富了人们对Mn(Ⅲ)以及自然界锰循环过程的认识。研究发现,锰的生物地球化学循环,尤其是锰还原过程,与微生物胞外电子传递紧密相关,且目前已知的5种胞外电子传递机制均与锰还原有关联。因此,本文综述了锰的生物地球化学循环及其意义,并从微生物胞外电子传递的机制、微生物介导锰氧化、微生物介导锰还原等3个方面来介绍参与锰循环的微生物多样性;以及微生物地球化学锰循环的环境意义。对微生物参与锰循环过程的研究不仅可以进一步丰富相关理论,同时也能推动生物除锰、污染物原位修复及生物冶金等应用领域的发展。     

大气氮沉降对阔叶林红壤淋溶水化学模拟研究

在氮饱和的森林生态系统中,氮沉降的增加将导致NO3-淋溶的增加及土壤酸度的提高,从而影响土壤质量及林业的可持续发展。然而,大气氮沉降对我国南方红壤地区森林生态系统中土壤的影响研究还很少,尤其是氮沉降引起的土壤淋溶液化学组成方面。研究中,以中国科学院红壤生态实验站林草生态试验区阔叶林红壤为对象,在恒温(20℃)条件下,通过土壤淋洗柱(直径10cm、高60cm)进行了8个月间隙性淋溶试验,来模拟研究不同氮输入量(0、7.8、26mg月-1.柱-1和52mg月-1柱-1)对阔叶林红壤NO3-、NH4 、SO42-、H 和土壤盐基离子(Ca2 、Mg2 、K 和Na )的淋溶和土壤酸度的影响。结果表明,随氮输入量增加,淋溶液中NO3-、EC、H 和总盐基离子逐渐增加,但淋溶液中无NH4 。不同氮处理时,土壤有机氮总表观矿化量分别为189.6、263.9、372.8mg月-1.柱-1与554.2mg柱-1,氮输入明显促进了土壤有机氮的矿化,且土壤有机氮的表观矿化量与氮输入量间呈正线性相关(R2=0.997**)。无氮(0mg月-1柱-1)、低氮(7.8mg月-1柱-1)、中氮(26mg月-1柱-1)和高氮(52mg月-1柱-1)输入处理下,土壤交换态盐基淋溶总量分别占土壤交换性盐基总量的13.6、18.4、27.7%和48.1%。不同的盐基离子对氮输入的反应不同,Ca2 和Mg2 淋溶量随氮输入量的增加而增加,对Na 和K 则无明显影响。土壤交换态离子中随淋洗液输出最多的为Ca2 (无氮、低氮、中氮和高氮输入处理的土壤交换态输出量占土壤交换态的比例分别为22.6、31.4、46.7%和82.5%),其次为Na (无氮、低氮、中氮和高氮输入处理的土壤交换态输出量占土壤交换态的比例分别为16.0、10.7、17.6%和26.3%),最少的为Mg2 (无氮、低氮、中氮和高氮输入处理的土壤交换态输出量占土壤交换态的比例分别为5.0、6.9、11.1%和16.9%),几乎没有土壤交换性K 输出。与对照相比,有氮处理后土壤中硫酸根离子的淋失量明显减少(p<0.05)。表层土壤pH值随氮输入量的增加而显著下降,各处理间差异极显著(p<0.01)。可见,大气氮沉降的增加将加速阔叶林红壤的养分淋失和土壤酸化的程度。     

氮素输入与降水增加对温带草原土壤金属元素库存的影响

本文以内蒙多伦温带草原为对象,研究氮素输入、降水增加对土壤中Mn、Cr、V、Pb、Ni、Cu、Co和Cd等8种金属元素总量浓度及其3种形态浓度(可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、有机结合态)的影响。结果表明:9年的氮素输入和降水增加对土壤金属总量浓度无统计学上的显著性影响,但引起Mn、Pb、Ni、Co、Cd的可交换态浓度和Cr的有机结合态浓度的显著下降(P0.10)。总体来说,大气氮沉降增加和降水增加对于温带草原土壤金属元素的库存与形态影响有限,在9年时间尺度上并不会造成相关土壤环境质量的巨大变动,但需要注意金属元素可交换态浓度的变化。     

腐殖质呼吸作用及其生态学意义

腐殖质呼吸是厌氧环境中普遍存在的一种微生物呼吸代谢模式.自1996年发现以来,日益成为生态学与环境科学领域的研究热点.在厌氧条件下,一些微生物能以腐殖质作为唯一电子受体,氧化环境中的有机质或者甲苯等环境有毒物质,产生CO2,参与碳循环;同时,腐殖质呼吸作用产生的还原态腐殖质可以还原环境中的一些氧化态物质,如Fe(III)、Mn(IV)、Cr(VI)、U(VI) 、硝基芳香化合物和多卤代污染物.因此,腐殖质呼吸能够影响环境中C、N、Fe、Mn以及一些痕量金属元素的生物地球化学循环,并且能够促进重金属以及有机污染物的脱毒,在水体自净、污染土壤原位修复、污水处理等方面具有积极作用.     

Effect of organic materials addition on transformation of added manganese dioxide to alkali calcareous soils

Summary A study was made of the effect of addition and incubation of two organic materials to two alkali calcareous soils on the transformation undergone by added MnO₂. It is found that decomposition of added organic materials has a solubilizing effect on soil Mn and the added MnO₂ as it resulted in a temporary marked increase in water-soluble plus exchangeable Mn. This increase was accompanied by a decrease in the easily reducible Mn suggesting that part of it is transformed to the divalent form. The intermediate decomposition products form complexes with Mn which are soluble at the pH range of alkaline soils. A great part of the added MnO₂ was recovered in the easily reducible form while it was not extracted by the Na₂-EDTA solution. However, the Na₂-EDTA extractable Mn increased appreciably upon MnO₂ and organic materials addition and incubation, suggesting that part of the added oxide is transformed to the insoluble chelated form. A new hypothesis on the Mn cycle in soils is presented. It is based on oxidation-reduction, and production and decomposition of natural chelating agents during incubation.     

Metal contents and fractionation in contaminated soil after column leaching using [S,S]-EDDS

Abstract

Column leaching using [S, S]-ethylene diamine disuccinate ([S, S]-EDDS) on copper tailing soils was carried out to investigate metal content and fractionation after leaching. The soil column was divided into four layers after leaching. Fractionation of Cu, Pb, Zn, and Mn in soil was analyzed using a modified BCR sequential extraction method. Metal contents (Cu, Pb, Ca, Mn) in soil layers increased with the depth of the soil column after leaching in the [S, S]-EDDS treatment. The cumulative extraction efficiency was approximately 43.1% for Cu, 26.8% for Zn, 19.5% for Pb, 10.5% for Ca, 2.07% for Mg, 58.5% for Mn, and 7.92% for Fe. The removal of the reducible fractions of Cu and Mn and the exchangeable fraction of Zn was the most significant in the treatment with [S, S]-EDDS. The exchangeable fraction of Pb was the main fraction that was affected by leaching using [S, S]-EDDS. Distribution of Cu and Mn were severely modified by leaching with [S, S]-EDDS. Percentages of residual fractions of the tested heavy metals in the treatment with [S, S]-EDDS after leaching were much higher than that in the control. Although column leaching using [S, S]-EDDS could remove target metals effectively and impaired their availability, it also dissolved large amounts of major elements and modified the distribution of Mn appreciably.     

根瘤菌对土壤铜、锌和镉形态分配的影响

以湖南郴州红壤和河北巩义褐土为供试土壤。制备Cu、Zn、Cd污染土壤。接种大豆根瘤菌(Rhi-zobium fredii)HN01,用连续提取法浸提土壤中不同形态的重金属．结果表明。褐土接种根瘤菌后固相结合态Zn总量降低10％。专性吸附态、氧化锰结合态和有机结合态Zn减少达9％～26％．红壤中结合态Zn的总量变化不显著,但专性吸附态和氧化锰结合态Zn含量显著减少。交换态Zn含量显著增加．褐土中接种根瘤菌抑制了Cu向土壤溶液的释放,固相结合态Cu总量增加18％,可交换态、专性吸附态、氧化锰结合态和有机结合态的Cu增加20％～54％．接种根瘤菌对土壤中Cd的溶解没有明显的抑制或促进作用,但改变了红壤中各形态Cd的含量高低顺序．Cd污染红壤中可交换态和有机结合态Cd含量分别增加22％和11％,专性吸附态和氧化锰结合态Cd分别减少14％和29％．根瘤菌对不同类型重金属及不同土壤中重金属形态影响的差异主要与土壤pH降低有关．     

The effect of level of CaCO3, inoculation and lime pelleting on the nodulation and growth of beans in five acid soils

Summary The effect of level of CaCO₃, inoculation and lime pelleting on the nodulation, dry matter yield and % N content of common bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown in five acid soils was investigated in a greenhouse study. The soils represented a range in pH from 3.9 to 5.1, in exchangeable Al from 0.0 to 4 meq/100 gm, in exchangeable Mn from 0.35 to 2.32 me/100 gm, and in %C from 0.69 to 5.60.Nodule weight decreased with increasing %C and for the soil with highest %C (5.60) no nodules were observed. In soils with low organic matter and low exchangeable Al and Mn, inoculation increased nodule weight, dry matter yield and %N especially at the lowest pH level. Where the seeds were not inoculated, nodule weight and dry matter yield increased with soil pH. No such increases were observed where the seeds were inoculated. There was no apparent advantage in lime pelleting in such soils.In soils with low organic matter content and with substantial amounts of Al and/or Mn, liming increased nodule weight and dry matter yield, and decreased exchangeable Al and/or Mn. Lime pelleting was superior to mere inoculation in increasing nodule weight particularly at low lime rates.In soils with relatively high organic matter content, nodulation was very low or none at all. Low lime rates had little effect on exchangeable Al and Ca and dry matter yield. Higher lime rates, however, decreased exchangeable Al and dry matter yield but increased exchangeable Ca.     

Availability of iron,manganese, zinc and phosphorus in submerged sodic soil as affected by amendments during the growth period of rice crop

Summary Effect of amendments, gypsum (12.5 tonnes/ha), farmyard manure (30 tonnes/ha), rice husk (30 tonnes/ha) and also no amendment (control) on the availability of native Fe, Mn and P and applied Zn in a highly sodic soil during the growth period of rice crop under submerged conditions was studied in a field experiment. Soil samples were collected at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days of crop growth. Results showed that extractable Fe (1N NH₄OAC pH 3) and Mn (1N NH₄OAC pH 7) increased with submergence upto 60 days of crop growth but thereafter remained either constant or declined slightly. Application of farmyard manure and rice husk resulted in marked improvement of these elements over gypsum and control. Increases in extractable Mn (water soluble plus exchangeable) as a result of submergence and crop growth under different amendments were accompanied by corresponding decreases in easily reducible Mn content of the soil. Application of 40 kg zinc sulphate per hectare to rice crop could substantially raise the available Zn status (DTPA extractable) of the soil in gypsum and farmyard manure treated plots while the increase was only marginal in rice husk and control plots indicating greater fixation of applied Zn. Available P (0.5M NaHCO₃ pH 8.5) behaved quite differently and decreased in the following order with crop growth: gypsum>rice husk>farmyard manure>control.     

阿拉善荒漠灌木根际中、微量元素含量特征

探讨了阿拉善干旱荒漠区霸王、白刺、红砂、沙冬青、沙木蓼、梭梭和驼绒藜7种旱生灌木根际与非根际土壤Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu的含量特征.结果表明:(1)除梭梭根际pH值高于非根际之外,其余6种灌木根际土壤均表现出不同程度的酸化作用.(2)7种灌木根际全钙和交换性钙的含量均低于非根际.除沙木蓼和驼绒藜外,其余5种灌木根际全镁含量均高于非根际,白刺的富集率最高,为43.04%;除沙木蓼外,其余灌木根际交换性镁的含量均有所富集,梭梭的富集率最高,为26.52%.(3)7种灌木根际全铁、全锰、全锌含量总体上小于非根际,但是根际有效铁、有效锰、有效锌含量均大于非根际,表现出明显的富集效应,沙木蓼根际有效铁、有效锰、有效锌的富集率最高,分别为:29.76%、20.92%、86.99%.(4)沙木蓼根际全铜和有效铜含量略高于非根际.梭梭根际全铜含量低于非根际,但梭梭根际有效铜含量却有富集的趋势.其余五种灌木根际全铜和有效铜含量均低于非根际.(5)根际及非根际土壤各养分性状之间,存在复杂的相关性.     

祁连山西水林区土壤阳离子交换量及盐基离子的剖面分布

以祁连山西水林区分布的棕钙土、灰褐土、栗钙土和高山草甸土为对象,研究了阳离子交换量和盐基离子(K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+)的剖面分布规律及其与土壤理化因子的关系。结果表明:土壤阳离子交换量(CEC,介于4.80—48.10 cmol/kg)和盐基总量(TEB,介于4.67—21.34 cmol/kg)随剖面深度的增加逐渐减小,不同土壤类型的大小顺序为:灰褐土>高山草甸土>栗钙土>棕钙土;土壤盐基组成以Ca2+、Mg2+为主(占TEB的比例平均为71.6%、22.9%),K+、Na+所占比例较低(占TEB的比例平均为3.3%、2.2%);棕钙土、灰褐土和栗钙土盐基离子的剖面分布由浅至深呈现:K+≈Ca2+>Na+≈Mg2+,高山草甸土盐基离子则呈现:K+>Na+>Mg2+>Ca2+。不同土壤类型间盐基离子的含量及饱和度随发生层次不同存在较大差异。土壤有机质是CEC的主要贡献因素,粉粒对CEC也有显著的促进作用,而砂粒、CaCO3对CEC有显著抑制作用。土壤生物复盐基作用弱于淋溶作用,造成盐基饱和度较大(BSP,介于44.4%—97.2%),并随剖面深度的增加逐渐增大。相关性分析表明,土壤交换性Na+、Mg2+的含量及饱和度均呈极显著正相关,交换性Na+、Mg2+饱和度与CaCO3含量呈极显著正相关;pH值与BSP呈极显著正相关;土壤速效P含量与CEC呈极显著正相关,速效K含量与交换性K+含量呈极显著正相关。     

Transformations in plant-available forms of iron and manganese as influenced by manuring and cropping under irrigation

Summary Vertisols from field plots fertilized continuously with P, K, FYM alone and in combination at the rate of 60 kg P₂O₅, 30 kg K₂O and 1.5 ton FYM per ha were tested for different forms of Fe and Mn as a consequence of continuous cropping with sorghum and wheat. The transformations that occurred in different forms of plant-available iron were greater than those of Mn. Exchangeable and easily reducible Fe contents were markedly influenced by treatments. In manganese, transformations of easily reducible to exchangeable forms were conspicuous.